Effect of hydrogen enrichment and TiO2 nanoparticles on waste cooking palm biodiesel run CRDI engine

In this study, we deal with the production and utilization of waste-cooking palm biodiesel (WCB) and.evaluated the influence of the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles in hydrogen-enriched single-cylinder CRDI diesel engine. XRD, SEM, and EDX decide the structure and morphology of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The TiO₂ nanoparticles were dispersed in the tested fuels at a dosage of 50–75 ppm with the aid of ultra-sonication. Based on the oxidation stability study, the B20 + 75 ppm (TiO₂) fuel blend is the pilot fuel for the engine test. Further, the engine is enriched with a hydrogen (H₂) flow of 10 lpm. Results revealed that the performance parameters were improved with the addition of H₂ enrichment and TiO₂ nanoparticles compared to D. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine was improved by 8.21%. In comparison, brake-specific fuel consumption decreased by 42.86%. Furthermore, adding nanoparticles also reduced CO and HC emissions by 74% and 27.27%, respectively, whereas the NO_x emission was slightly increased. Thus, the findings demonstrated that hydrogen-enriched nanoparticles added to biodiesel might be considered a substitute for fossil fuels and report a positive impact on diesel engine performance without requiring significant modifications.     

Effect of natural antioxidant additive on hydrogen-enriched biodiesel operated compression ignition engine

The environmental degradation and depletion of fossil fuel, urges the need of renewable fuel for IC engines. Among the renewable fuel, biodiesel are widely used as alternative fuel but for recent years hydrogen is also considered as alternative fuel because of zero emission but it possess higher auto ignition temperature. In order to reduce the self-ignition temperature of hydrogen and another liquid fuel is mixed and operated as a dual fuel mode condition in CI engine. The current investigation aims to analyse the impact of natural antioxidant additive on hydrogen-enriched biodiesel operation in a diesel engine. During the experimentation process hydrogen is admitted at the intake manifold and B20 blend of juliflora biodiesel is injected in combustion cylinder. The three test fuel samples are used for the experimentation process such as diesel, B20 and B20 with hydrogen in different flow rates such as 8, 10, 12, 16,20lpm. B20 with hydrogen shows an increment of brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Among the test fuels B20 + 16lpm and B20 + 20lpm blends have better improvement of BTE of 28.815% and 28.32%, which is higher than the conventional engine at maximum load CO, HC emission is also lower for B20 + 16lpm and B20 + 20lpm than other blends but the NO_x emission increases of 26 and 28% than diesel respectively. In order to minimize the NO_x emission, natural antioxidant additive Melia Azedarach (MA) of 1000 ppm is added to B20 + 16lpm and found that B20 + 16lpm with MA shows an improvement of BTE 2.17% higher than B20 + 16lpm without additive and the NO_x emission for B20 + 16lpm with additive is 1079 ppm, which is 21.9% lower than B20 + 16lpm without additives. Therefore B20 + 16lpm with additive is superior than other test blends.     

Effect of hydrogen enrichment in the intake air of diesel engine fuelled with honge biodiesel blend and diesel

In the current investigation, the enrichment of hydrogen with the honge biodiesel blend and diesel is used in a compression ignition engine. The biodiesel is derived from the honge oil and mixed with diesel fuel by 20% (v/v). Thereafter, hydrogen at different volume flow rates (10 and 13 lpm) is introduced into the intake manifold. The outcomes by enrichment of hydrogen on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics are investigated by examining the brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, HC, CO, CO₂, NOₓ emissions, in-cylinder pressure, combustion duration, and rate of heat release. The engine fuelled with honge biodiesel blend is found to enhance the thermal efficiency, combustion characteristics. Compare to diesel, the BTE increased by 2.2% and 6% less fuel consumption for the HB20 + 13H₂ blend. Further, reduction in the emission of exhausts gases like CO and HC by 21% and 24%, respectively, are obtained. This is due to carbon-free structure in hydrogen. Moreover, due to high pressure in the cylinder, there is a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen emission compare to diesel. The combustion characteristics such as rate of heat release, combustion duration, and maximum ₂rate of pressure rise and in-cylinder pressure are high due to hydrogen.     

Comparative performance analysis of diesel engine fuelled with hydrogen enriched edible and non-edible biodiesel

In the present study, a comparative analysis of enrichment of hydrogen alongside diesel fuel and two different sources of biodiesel namely rice bran oil is an edible oil, and karanja oil being non-edible is tested. Hydrogen at a fixed flow rate of 7 lpm is inducted through the intake manifold. A total of six fuel samples are considered: diesel (D), hydrogen-enriched diesel (D + H₂), hydrogen-enriched 10, and 20% rice bran biodiesel blend (RB10 + H₂ and RB20 + H₂), and hydrogen-enriched 10 and 20% karanja biodiesel blend (KB10 + H₂ and KB20 + H₂). Results indicate that enrichment of hydrogen improves combustion and results in 2.5% and 1.6% increase in the brake thermal efficiency of diesel fuel and rice bran biodiesel, respectively. For karanja biodiesel the increment is negligible. Fuel consumption of the D + H? is 6.35% lower and for RB10 + H? and KB10 + H? it is decreased by 2.9% and 1.3%, respectively. The Presence of hydrogen shows the 4–38% lower CO emissions and 6–14% lower UHC emission due to better combustion. The blends RB10 + H? and KB10 + H? produce up to 6–13% higher NOx emission and that for the blends RB20 + H? and KB20 + H? it goes up to 25%. Overall rice bran oil is found to provide better performance than karanja biodiesel.     

Experimental evaluation of hydrogen enrichment in a dual-fueled CRDI diesel engine

The influence of hydrogen enrichment on the dieselengine fueled with diesel and palm biodiesel blend (P20) is investigated in this study. The hydrogen is injected into the intake manifold at different flow rates of 7 lpm and 10 lpm for each loading condition of 30%, 60%, 80%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. Hydrogen enrichment improves the BTE and BSEC due to its high calorific value and decreases emissions like HC, CO, and CO₂ due to its carbon-free structure. However, due to a rise in EGT, NO_x emission has increased. With the addition of hydrogen, combustion properties such as in-cylinder pressure (ICP), heat release rate (HRR), and ignition delay (ID) improve while the combustion duration (CD) drops. Compared to P20 fuel,P20 + 10H₂ has a 28% increase in BTE and a 20% decrease in BSEC at 90% load. Similarly, HC, CO, and CO₂ emissions decrease by 16%, 35%, and 12%, while NO_x emission increases by 13% compared to P20. At full load, P20 + 10H₂increasesin-cylinder pressureand heat release ratebyupto 1–5%, while CD decreases by 12.5% compared to the P20 blend.     

Effect of hydrogen and ethanol addition in cashew nut shell liquid biodiesel operated direct injection (DI) diesel engine

In this experimental research, the hydrogen gas at a different flow rate (4 lpm, 8 lpm, & 12 lpm) is introduced into the intake port of a diesel engine fueled with B20 (20% CNSL (Cashew nut shell liquid) + 80% diesel) biodiesel blend to find out the best H₂ flow rate. Then, ethanol-blended (5%, 10%, and 15% by volume) B20 blend along with the best H₂ flow rate are tested in the same engine to examine the engine performance. The experimental results showed that B20 with 8 lpm H₂ flow gives the maximum brake thermal efficiency and subsequently reduces the BSFC. Furthermore, by blending ethanol with the B20 blend, the BTE of the engine is improved further. The 10% ethanol blended B20 blend with 8 lpm hydrogen flow gives the maximum BTE of 37.9% higher than diesel whose values are 33.6% at full load. Also, this fuel combination led to the maximum reduced levels of CO and HC emissions with an increase in exhaust gas temperature and NOx emissions. From the results, the 10% ethanol blended B20 blend with 8 lpm H₂ flow dual-fuel configuration is recommended as an alternative to sole diesel fuel.     

Hydrogen-enriched palm biodiesel as a potential alternative fuel for diesel engines: Investigating performance and emission characteristics and mitigation strategies for air pollutants

Palm biodiesel is one of the most suitable alternative fuels due to its capability to replace traditional fossil fuel usage in IC engines. Even as palm biodiesel (POBD) reduces harmful pollutant gases, the engine performance is not on an equal scale with neat diesel. To address this shortcoming, an investigation was carried out to examine the application of palm biodiesel (PBD) and hydrogen induction through the intake air at the flow rates of 6 and 8LPM (Litre Per Minute) in the compression ignition (CI) engine. The experimental study shows that POBD has poor engine performance and moderate pollution reduction compared with neat diesel. When compared to POBD and neat diesel, the higher calorific value and other H₂ characteristics improve combustion properties, resulting in higher engine performance and lower pollutant gases (except NOx). When compared to the palm biodiesel blend (BD 30), the results of BD30+8LPM reduced the Specific fuel consumption (SFC) by 0.0885kg/kWh and improved the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 6.67%. The Carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon (HC), and smoke opacity were reduced by 0.047% volume, 29.2 ppm, and 6.52% respectively. A marginal increase in NOx was seen as 297.6 ppm.     

Effect of induction on exhaust gas recirculation and hydrogen gas in compression ignition engine with simarouba oil in dual fuel mode

Biofuels extracted from non-edible oil is sustainable and can be used as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. This study presents the performance, emission and combustion characteristic analysis by using simarouba oil (obtained from Simarouba seed) as an alternative fuel along with hydrogen and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in a compression ignition (CI) engine operating on dual fuel mode. Simarouba biofuel blend (B20) was prepared on volumetric basis by mixing simarouba oil and diesel in the proportion of 20% and 80% (v/v), respectively. Hydrogen gas was introduced at the flow rate of 2.67 kg/min, and EGR concentration was maintained at 30% of total air introduction. Performance, combustion and emission characteristics analysis were examined with biodiesel (B20), biodiesel with hydrogen substitution and biodiesel, hydrogen with EGR and were compared with neat diesel operation. Results indicate that BTE of the engine operating with biodiesel B20 was decreased when compared to neat diesel operation. However, introducing hydrogen along with B20 blend into the combustion chamber shows a slight increase in the BTE by 1%. NO_x emission was increased to 18.13% with the introduction of hydrogen than that of base fuel (diesel) operation. With the introduction of EGR, there is a significant reduction in NO_x emission due to decrease in in-cylinder temperature by 19.07%. A significant reduction in CO, CO_2, and smoke emissions were also noted with the introduction of both hydrogen and EGR. The ignition delay and combustion duration were increased with the introduction of hydrogen, EGR with biodiesel than neat diesel operation. Hence, the proposed biodiesel B20 with H₂ and EGR combination can be applied as an alternative fuel in CI engines.     

Multi-objective optimization of diesel engine performance,vibration and emission parameters employing blends of biodiesel,hydrogen and cerium oxide nanoparticles with the aid of response surface methodology approach

Recent surges in crude oil prices have motivated researchers to find an alternative sustainable fuel called biodiesel from various inedible oils with lower carbo impact on the environment. The research is performed in diesel engine fuelled with blends of biodiesel coupled with cerium oxide nanoparticles and hydrogen content so as to optimize various factors which are responsible for performance, vibration and emission characteristics. Multi-objective optimization is achieved by employing RSM which also examines prime input parameters (engine load, nanoparticle concentration, compression ratio, hydrogen blend percentage and ignition pressure) responsible in varying engine characteristics. Henceforth, blends of Water Hyacinth can be successfully applied in diesel engine with lower environmental impact and enhanced cost effectiveness. Experimentation is performed on the central composite rotating design (CCRD) matrix with 5-level factor. Engine load was applied between 0 and 100%, NPC varied between 0 and 80 ppm, CR ranges between 17 and 19, hydrogen blend percentage varies between 0 and 40% and at a maximum injection pressure of 240 bar. Pareto-optimal conditions achieved for input conditions of 28.68% biofuel blend, 87.88 engine load, 80 ppm NPC, compression ratio of 19 and 194.54 bar infusion pressure were BTE, BSEC, NOx, UBHC and vibration reduction are 33.57%, 0.2550, 461.3002 ppm vol., and 28.08 ppm vol. And 22.21%, respectively.     

Effect of changing injection pressure on Mahua oil and biodiesel combustion with CeO2 nanoparticle blend on CI engine performance and emission characteristics

Alternative fuels have sparked a lot of interest as oil deposits have decreased and environmental concerns have grown. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is being researched as a possible replacement for fossil fuels. In the current investigation, the combustion performance, and emission characteristics of CI(Compression Ignition) engine were examined by changing the fuel injection pressure (180, 200, 220 and 240 bar). The biodiesel (B20) used in this analysis was obtained from Mahua oil at 20% v/v blended with neat diesel (20% Mahua Biodiesel + 80% Diesel). CeO₂(Cerium Oxide) nanoparticles were introduced to the B20 fuel at four distinct concentrations are 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Performance characteristics such as BTE(Brake Thermal Efficiency) and BSFC(Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) were inferior to diesel, at 240 bar B20 with 25 ppm CeO₂ indicated 1.9% increased BTE and 3.8% reduced BSFC compared B20 and 6% lower EGT (Exhaust Gas Temperature) compared diesel. At 200 bar, fuel samples indicated slightly higher In-Cylinder pressure and lower HRR (Heat release rate) compared to diesel. At 200 bar FIP(Fuel Injection Pressure), HC(Hydro Carbon) and CO(Carbon Monoxide) emissions were reduced significantly compared to diesel. The largest reduction in smoke opacity and NOx(Nitrous Oxide) emissions were observed at 240 bar with 75 ppm dosage, but CO₂(Carbon Dioxide) emissions were higher at 220 bar.     

Experimental investigations on the effect of fuel injection parameters on diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blend in diesel with hydrogen enrichment

Fuel injection pressure and injection timing are two extensive injection parameters that affect engine performance, combustion, and emissions. This study aims to improve the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine by using karanja biodiesel with a flow rate of 10 L per minute (lpm) of enriched hydrogen. In addition, the research mainly focused on the use of biodiesel with hydrogen as an alternative to diesel fuel, which is in rapidly declining demand. The experiments were carried out at a constant speed of 1500 rpm on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine. The experiments are carried out with variable fuel injection pressure of 220, 240, and 260 bar, and injection timings of 21, 23, and 25 °CA before top dead center (bTDC). Results show that karanja biodiesel with enriched hydrogen (KB20H10) increases BTE by 4% than diesel fuel at 240 bar injection pressure and 23° CA bTDC injection timing. For blend KB20H10, the emissions of UHC, CO, and smoke opacity are 33%, 16%, and 28.7% lower than for diesel. On the other hand NOx emissions, rises by 10.3%. The optimal injection parameters for blend KB20H10 were found to be 240 bar injection pressure and 23 °CA bTDC injection timing based on the significant improvement in performance, combustion, and reduction in exhaust emissions.     

Impact of HHO gas enrichment and high purity biodiesel on the performance of a 315 cc diesel engine

Biodiesel and oxyhydrogen (HHO) gas have shown promising results in improving engine performance and emissions. In this work, the effects of HHO gas and 5% biodiesel blends (B5) and their combined use in a 315 cc diesel engine have been analyzed. Biodiesel is produced by base catalyzed transesterification and cleaned by emulsification. Its calculated cetane index (CCI) was 61.4. HHO gas is produced from electrolysis of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution. The use of 5% biodiesel blend resulted in a significant rise of 9.4% in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and a maximum reduction of 8.19% in the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). HHO enrichment of diesel and biodiesel at 2.81 L/min through the intake manifold improved the torque and power by an average of over 3%. HHO addition also improved the BTE of diesel by a maximum of 3.67%. The combination of high CCI biodiesel fuel and HHO creates a mixture that has shortened the ignition delay (ID) to the point that adverse effects were observed due to the premature combustion as shown by the average decrease in the BTE of 2.97% compared to B5. Thus, B5, on its own, is found to be the optimum fuel under these conditions.     

Effects of oxyhydrogen on the CI engine fueled with the biodiesel blends: A performance,combustion and emission characteristics study

The main purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of oxy hydrogen (HHO) along with the Moringa oleifera biodiesel blend on engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. HHO gases were generated using the typical electrolysis process using the potassium hydroxide solution. The experiments were performed under various engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in a constant speed engine. Biodiesel from the M. oleifera was prepared by the transesterification process. Further, the procured biodiesel blends mixed with neat diesel at the concentration of 20% (B20) and 40% (B40). In addition to above, the HHO gas flow rate to the engine chamber maintained at the flow rate of 0.5 L^-1. The use of the 20% and 40% blends with HHO reported less BTE compared to the neat diesel. However, B20 reported marginal rise in the BTE due to the addition of the HHO gas. On the other hand, addition of HHO gas to the blends significantly dropped the brake specific fuel consumption. With regard to the emissions, addition of the biodiesel blends reduced the concentration of the CO, HC, and CO₂. Nevertheless, no reduction reported in the formation of the NO. However, adding the HHO to the biodiesel reduced the average NOx by 6%, which is a substantial effect. Overall, HHO enriching biodiesel blends are the potential replacement for the existing fossil fuels for its superior fuel properties compared to the conventional diesel.     

Optimization of exhaust emissions,vibration, and noise of a hydrogen enriched fuelled diesel engine

In this study, the effects of various input parameters are examined on exhaust emissions, vibration, and noise of an unmodified diesel engine. The primary aim of this study is to optimize the vibration, noise, and exhaust emissions of the engine to get optimal configuration parameters. Experiments were carried out on a four-stroke, four-cylinder, diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-hydrogen blends. To minimize the number of experiments Box-Behnken design (BBD) has been adopted. Optimum desirability is found as 0.862 with hydrogen addition of 4.63 L/min, fuel blend of 26.8% and 1500 rpm engine speed for the diesel engine. When the diesel engine is operated at 1500 rpm engine speed and fuelled with 4.63 L/min hydrogen addition and 26.8% biodiesel blend ratio; the optimum responses of CO, CO₂, NO_x, vibration, and noise are established as 214 ppm, 1.35%, 90.4 ppm, 38.6 m/s², and 91.3 dB[A], respectively. The predicted values were confirmed experimentally and the errors in predicted values are found in a limit range.     

Influence of surfactants on quaternary emulsion blend and experimental investigations on the influence of hydrogen enriched quaternary blend in DICI engine

In this research work, phase behaviour of the synthesized Schizochytrium algae biodiesel, diesel and octanol was studied with water in oil emulsions (Quaternary blend). The effects of different hydrophilic lipophilic balance were investigated by varying the ratio of Span 80 and Tween 80 (20–100%) in the quaternary blend to find an optimum HLB number. The optimum fuel blend of HLB number 12 (Span 20%: Tween 80%) showed no phase separation for 25 days. The influence of hydrogen addition in quaternary blend (QB20) and biodiesel blend (B20) under variable hydrogen flow rates (1 l/min and 2 l/min) was investigated to improve the engine parameters using dual fuel mode of operation. The dual fuel mode of operation increased the brake thermal efficiency from 29.71% for quaternary blend to 32.01% with the addition of 2 l/min hydrogen. In terms of emission, UHC was reduced by 30% and 5% for QB20 + 1 l/m H2 and QB20 + 2 l/m H2, respectively. The maximum of 11% CO emission was reduced by the hydrogen inducted QB20 + 2 l/m H2 blend.     

Effect of fuel opening injection pressure and injection timing of hydrogen enriched rice bran biodiesel fuelled in CI engine

Fuel opening injection pressure and injection timing are important injection parameters, and they have a significant influence on engine combustion, performance, and emissions. The focus of this work is to improve the performance and emissions of single-cylinder diesel engines by using injection parameters in engines running with rice bran biodiesel 10% blend (RB10+H₂) and 20% blend (RB20+H₂) with a fixed hydrogen flow rate of 7 lpm. In addition, hydrogen and biodiesel are excellent alternatives to conventional fuels, which can reduce energy consumption and strict emission standards. The investigation is conducted for three different opening injection pressure of 220, 240, 260 bar, and four different injection timings of 20°, 22°, 24°, and 26° bTDC. Results indicate that the sample ‘RB10+H₂’ provides 3.32% higher BTE and reduces the fuel consumption by 13% as diesel fuel. The blend RB10+H₂ attributes a maximum cylinder pressure of 68.7 bar and a peak HRR value of 49 J/ºCA. Further, compared to diesel, RB10+H₂ blend emits lower CO, HC, and smoke opacity by 17%, 22%, and 16%, respectively. However, an almost 12% increase of nitrogen oxides for the RB10+H₂ blend is observed. However, with advanced injection timing and higher opening injection pressure, NOx emissions is slightly increased.     

Synergetic effect OF CI engine characteristics when fuelled with neem oil methyl ester enriched with a oxy-hydrogen gas

The Neem-oil methyl ester (NME) produced from transesterification of Neem-oil was mixed with diesel fuel in the share of 10%(N10) and 20%(N20) were used with varying flow rate of oxy-hydrogen gas (HHO) gas at 5%,10% and 15% energy share along with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in a 3.7 kW CI engine. Presence of fuel-borne oxygen in NME, facilitates increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at high load related to neat diesel operation. Further the BTE was improved by introducing varying flow rate of HHO gas in order to maintain energy share of 5, 10 and 15% at all loads. The BTE was found as 33.80% and 35.40% for N20 + 10%HHO and N20 + 15%HHO compared to 31.5%, 30.4% and 29.4% for N20, N10 and Neat diesel fuel respectively. Significant emission reduction of CO, CO₂, uHC and smoke opacity were observed during NME + HHO gas operation, but NOx emission was augmented which was controlled using EGR along with further improvement in the engine characteristics.     

Investigation on combustion and emission characteristics of hydrogen-enriched dual-fuel engine operated under waste frying oil biodiesel

Using nonedible waste frying oil (WFO) as biodiesel and hydrogen in the mix composition may partly replace significant quantities of diesel fuel and help reduce fossil fuel reliance. The combination of diesel fuel, waste-fired biodiesel, and hydrogen gas can improve the performance, combustion, and emissions of single-fuel and dual-fuel diesel engines. This may lead to a novel alternative fuel mix pattern and modification for diesel engines, which is the research gap. Although there has been some research on waste-fired biodiesel and hydrogen gas-powered dual-fuel engines with the goal of partly replacing fossil fuels to a larger degree, there has been very little progress in this area. As a result, the current research effort focuses on using diesel fuel (100%, 30%, and 60%), waste-fired biodiesel (at 100%, 70%, and 40%), and hydrogen gas as fuel sources (5 and 10 liters per minute [LPM]). According to the current experiment, it was perceived in both dual-fuel and single-fuel modes. Under duel-fuel mode, the engine results for WFOB70D30 + H10 fuel blend had higher 4.2% (brake thermal efficiency [BTE]), 19.72% (oxides of nitrogen [NO_x]), and 9.09% (ignition delay [ID]) with a minimal range of (in-cylinder pressure, MFB, volumetric efficiency and heat release rate [HRR]) and a dropped rate of 4.34% (brake-specific energy consumption [BSEC]), 33.33% (carbon monoxide [CO]), 39.28% (hydrocarbons [HC]), 9.43% (smoke), and 6.97% (combustion duration [CD]) related to diesel fuel at peak load. However, single-fuel powered diesel engines provide minimal performance for the WFOB40D60 fuel blend with (11.32% lower BTE and 2.04% higher BSEC) and minimal rate of combustion (lower cylinder pressure, 2.12% minimal CD, 14.72% higher ID, minimal HRR combustion, volumetric efficiency, and MFB). Emitted fewer emissions (9.09% less CO, 4.87% less HC, 0.92% higher NO_x, and 1.69% more smoke) than diesel fuel at peak load. Therefore, it was concluded that adding 10 LPM of hydrogen gas to the biodiesel under a dual-fuel condition leads to better combustion, better performance, and less pollution than the single-fuel mode of operation.     

Investigation on performance,combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel - Ethanol blends with hydrogen in CI engine

The current research work focus on the utilization of hydrogen as a fuel in CI engine has been increased tremendously, since it is a zero-emission fuel. But higher self-ignition temperature than conventional fuel, makes to operate in dual fuel mode condition in CI engine. The diesel or biodiesel along with hydrogen in a CI engine results in the improvement in the performance but increase of NO. In order to minimize the NO emission, addition of ethanol with jamun B20 biodiesel blend (biodiesel-diesel-ethanol) and two ternary blends such as B20E05 and B20E10 are formed. In the present study, biodiesel along with H₂ is admitted in the CI engine. Ethanol addition reduces combustion temperature and act as cetane improver for the biodiesel. This induces better combustion of the fuel and reduce NO. The biodiesel production from jamun seed is carried out through transesterification process. H₂ of 4 lpm is allowed at the air inlet and jamun B20 blend is injected through the fuel injector. Improvement of brake thermal efficiency and increase in the NO are observed for the hydrogen with biodiesel operated CI engine. The performance and emission behaviors of CI engine done for the test samples. At full load condition (ternary blend) B20E05 assisted H₂ shows the drastic reduction of NO emission of 8.2% than B20 assist H₂ blend. In other hand emission like hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke opacity show a notable reduction for B20E05 blend assist H₂ than other test sample fuel. The thermal efficiency is 30.98% for B20E05 assist H₂ and it is 7.55% and 4.7% higher than B20 and B20E05 assist H₂ blend respectively.     

Promotion of bio oil,H2 gas from the pyrolysis of rice husk assisted with nano silver catalyst and utilization of bio oil blend in CI engine

This paper reports on the pyrolytic distillation of rice husk with catalyst and its influence on both condensable and non-condensable volatiles. The catalyst used for pyrolysis was nano sized silver particles obtained through chemical reduction method. The structural features of the nano silver particles were explored through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) with Energy-dispersive-X-ray spectroscope (EDX), and the size of the nano particles was confirmed as 90 nm. After intimately mixing the rice husk (30 g) with the catalyst, the pyrolysis at various temperatures (400 °C, 450 °C, 500 °C, 550 °C) was performed. The products obtained during catalytic pyrolysis like gaseous fuel, bio oil, and bio char were separately collected and characterized through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). About 50% of the solid biomass was converted into more useful liquid and gaseous fuel. It was noticed that during catalytic pyrolysis, the quantity of H₂ obtained was more (19.12%) in contrast to thermal pyrolysis and could be attributable to the influence of silver nano particles towards the enhancement in hydrogen gas production. The liquid hydrocarbon obtained during the catalytic distillation was blended with diesel in the ratio 20:80 in the compression ignition (CI) engine. The quality of the blended bio oil was assessed from brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emission of nitrogen oxides (NO_X), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC). At full load, the diesel fuel emitted 1780 ppm of NO_x while the diesel blended with bio oil emitted only 1510 ppm which was 15.17% less than the diesel oil which proved its eco-friendly nature. In future, the bio oil obtained from catalytic pyrolysis can be used as a blend for diesel oil, since it reduces NO_x emission and replaces 20% of diesel oil.