副车架侧梁多机器人焊接工作站设计与仿真

针对目前对于副车架的生产制造的研究较多的是对其前期结构设计和优化,而对其自动化生产的研究较少的情况,通过分析其焊接过程,设计一种由两台焊接机器人和两台搬运机器人组成的自动化焊接工作站。在机器人仿真软件RobotStudio中根据机器人焊接工作站布局建立仿真环境,在仿真系统中创建Smart组件并设计组件内部信号连接以实现动画过程,为4台机器人导入各自的机器人系统,并为各系统创建I/O信号,通过工作站逻辑将各系统间信号进行连接实现各系统间通信。最后按遗传算法规划的最优焊接路径,利用仿真软件自动编程。仿真过程表明了所建工作站布局的正确性,为汽车副车架侧梁的自动化焊接和类似的仿真设计提供了指导。     

基于轨迹可达性的盾构机焊接工作站结构优化

文中从机器人焊接工件时的轨迹可达性入手,通过模拟仿真方式分析了盾构机零部件工作站结构的布局问题,并进行机器人焊接工作站优化,实现了大部分零部件的焊接生产,凸显了机器人焊接的柔性化,证明了通过模拟仿真可以实现机器人焊接工作站布局优化,为机器人焊接工作站的设计及生产提供指导。     

机器人自动焊接工作站设计与应用

基于建筑钢结构角柱焊接生产要求,设计了双机器人双工位弧焊工作站。介绍了双机器人双工位焊接工作站的设备组成、布局及设备品牌配置以及机器人工作站控制系统设计及主要设备。该设计思路及经验对机器人工作站及其自动化生产线设计与应用具有一定的参考和借鉴作用。     

机器人型TIG焊自动化工作站的设计与研究

航天运载系统中的一些小尺寸薄壁件对焊缝质量要求较高,目前大多采用手工TIG焊,焊缝质量不稳定,易受人为因素影响。焊接机器人具有故障率低、焊接质量稳定的特点,设计了一种机器人型TIG焊自动化工作站,可实现自动化焊接、焊接参数可调,并具有弧长跟踪功能,能够自动调整焊枪高度,保证焊缝稳定。介绍工作站的总体设计和自动焊接功能的实现,详述弧长跟踪功能的实现方式,并通过直焊缝、环焊缝、方焊缝的焊接实验验证了自动焊接功能和弧长跟踪功能。     

基于RobotStudio焊接机器人工作站仿真设计

以焊接机器人为研究对象,利用SolidWorks建模功能和RobotStudio仿真功能搭建了焊接机器人工作站。根据焊件的实际工况设置焊接系统参数,研究发现短路过渡的焊接方法适合薄板低碳钢的焊接。设计了供电供气系统,规划了焊接轨迹。为了提高机器人精度,采用TCP和Z、X法建立工具坐标,采用三点法设置工件坐标。创建了常用的I/O信号,并进行信号关联,使用焊接机器人专用的编程指令,编写完成了焊接程序。创建了碰撞监控,保证焊枪与焊件在示教和仿真运行时不发生碰撞。运用TCP跟踪功能验证了焊缝轨迹的准确性,调用计时器功能,记录焊接仿真时间。在示教器生产屏幕中不断优化焊接参数,从而得到理想的焊缝。通过对焊接工作站的仿真设计,有利于改善劳动条件,提高生产效率。     

基于RobotStudio的机器人分拣工作站仿真设计

以工业机器人分拣工作站为研究对象,针对其轨迹规划和自动化生产协调难度大的问题,提出ABB机器人仿真软件RobotStudio应用于工业机器人自动分拣工作站中。进行三维实体建模并构建布局,运用ABB的Virtual Controller技术,导入到RobotStudio,搭建了自动分拣工作站的三维实体模型及整体布局。对手爪气缸Smart组件进行了子组件的添加及属性设置,创建了机器人I/O信号及连接方式,通过时间管理器仿真气缸的不同姿态动作,设定了机器人和手爪气缸之间的工作站逻辑关系,完成了机器人工作站的离线编程和仿真。为机器人分拣工作站的设计与制造提供了技术参考和可行性依据,可降低生产线设计及调试成本,并可用于指导现场生产。     

弧焊机器人工作站协同作业研究

采用耦合规划方法,对弧焊机器人/变位机工作站和多机器人焊接工作站的协同作业路径进行规划。利用自主开发的协调路径规划器,构建弧焊机器人工作站仿真模型的驱动函数,完成了马鞍型焊缝和螺旋线焊缝的协同作业仿真实验,验证了协同作业路径规划方法的正确性和可行性。     

汽车水冷机壳铸件机器人打磨工作站设计

汽车电机水冷机壳完成低压铸造后，人工打磨铸件时劳动强度大、打磨工艺成本高、精度差且效率低。设计了一套机器人打磨工作站系统，包含水冷机壳旋转台夹具、IRB2600机器人、双浮动电主轴、护栏4大部件。利用机器人离线仿真软件RobotStudio进行了机器人打磨工作站的布局、动作模拟、打磨路径以及周期节拍的仿真。在实际构建机器人系统之前，先进行了水冷机壳打磨工艺过程中机壳的姿态位置、旋转角度、停顿时间和双浮动主轴的粗、精打磨工艺换刀的设计和试运行，并进一步优化打磨路径及细节来获得更高的打磨质量，为水冷机壳铸件机器人打磨提供真实的验证。该打磨工作站不但可提高去铸造毛刺的效率，也可以实现机器人打磨工作站的连贯性，进而提高电机水冷机壳行业机壳打磨的自动化水平。     

基于焊件三维装配体的机器人焊接离线编程

机器人离线编程焊接成为焊接自动化技术现代化的主要标志.基于RobotStudio焊接机器人工作站,通过导入SolidWorks软件创建的焊件三维装配体,可实现三维装配体复杂空间曲线焊缝程序的自动创建,并对程序进行解析、测试和模拟.该离线编程系统以度生成的焊缝程序可加载至车间的生产机器人真实控制器内,提高焊接质量和降低生产成本.     

焊接自动线和焊接机器人

机器人弧焊离线编程与仿真系统的设计；面向遥控焊接的焊缝模型建模技术；基于局部视觉的弧焊机器人自主焊缝轨迹规划；IGM弧焊机器人大型工作站仿真系统设计；Z4型焊接机器人；TRIBON M2焊接计划的使用与二次开发；机器视觉型焊缝跟踪技术；基于LabVIEW的位移测理系统及应用；基于LabVIEW的电弧传感跟踪控制系统。[编者按]     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.