Numerical investigation on the wave transformation in the ionic liquid compressor for the application in hydrogen refuelling stations

The ionic liquid compressor exhibits excellent advantages in hydrogen refuelling stations due to the specific design based on the hydraulic system and the ionic liquid piston. The application of the ionic liquid column results in a complex two-phase flow issue inside the compression chamber. This two-phase flow behaviour is critical for the compressor design as it influences the wave dynamics during the compression, but it is absent in the open literature. In this paper, transit numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the wave transformation during a compression cycle by the volume of fluid (VOF) method under different heights of the ionic liquid piston. The effect of liquid height on the wave transformation, discharged quantity of ionic liquid and hydrogen gas, and the turbulence kinetic energy was analysed. The minimum crest value of the turbulent kinetic energy was observed as 0.54 kJ in the cases of 30 and 40 mm. The optimal height of the ionic liquid piston was recommended 40 mm under the presented design condition based on the simulation results.     

Theoretical study of the dynamic characteristics of a self-commutating liquid piston hydrogen compressor

Hydrogen is being more and more widely deployed in various fields for its ‘clean’ character. For applications in automobiles where hydrogen has already been adopted for years, higher pressure means better mileage. To improve the pressure of the hydrogen compressor, a novel self-commutating liquid piston hydrogen compressor is proposed in the present study. A two-stage hydrogen booster is designed on both sides of the hydraulic cylinder piston, which is driven by a spool installed in the cylinder piston. The benefits of the novel hydrogen compressor are reducing the throttling loss and enhancing the response of the piston. Furthermore, the principle of the hydrogen compressor is illustrated, based on which a dynamic model is established while taking oil compressibility, leakage and flow force in the compression process into consideration. Moreover, system simulation model is established by applying the simulation software, verifying the feasibility and validity of the novel structure. Accordingly, the energy efficiency on the mechanical-hydraulic structure is improved.     

Numerical simulation of a fountain flow on nonstaggered Cartesian grid system

A liquid–air fountain flow due to the downward motion of a rectangular sleeve over a stationary piston is studied in the paper. Two-dimensional incompressible laminar flows are assumed to prevail in both air and liquid regions. A single set of governing equations over the entire physical domain including the liquid, the air, and the liquid–air interface (free surface) is solved with the extended weighting function scheme and the NAPPLE (nonstaggered APPLE) algorithm on a fixed nonstaggered Cartesian grid system. To ensure the required dynamic contact angle, the liquid meniscus near the sleeve wall is corrected by solving the force balance equation with the geometry method. This is equivalent to introducing a slip condition at the contact line, and thus successfully removes the stress singularity. Steady state solution of the velocity and the pressure as well as the shape of the free surface is obtained. The numerical result evidences the existence of a toroidal-like motion on the free surface postulated by Dussan [E.B. Dussan V., Immiscible liquid displacement in a capillary tube: the moving contact line, AIChE J. 23 (1977) 131–133], although it is quite weak and thin. The resulting free surface profile agrees with the existing experimental observation excellently. Influence of the piston on the flow is discussed.     

转子式压缩机吸气带液时排气状态的变化

滚动转子式压缩机具有较好的抗湿压缩性能,利用少量吸气带液可有效降低压缩机排气温度,且不造成额外的系统成本.对滚动转子式压缩机少量吸气带液时,排气温度、排气比焓的变化趋势进行了实验研究,并对压缩机功耗、吸气比焓和机壳散热量等三个排气比焓的影响因子进行了分析.结果表明:少量吸气带液能有效降低排气温度,且压缩机运行性能良好;当吸气干度x为0.9x1.0时,三个影响因子均趋向定值,且机壳散热所占比例很小(低于1%).     

活塞裙部流体动力润滑数值分析

对内燃机活塞-缸套系统的流体动力润滑与动力学行为进行了耦合分析,在考虑活塞二阶运动的基础上建立了活塞裙部润滑的数值模型。运用龙格-库塔方法求解二阶运动模型,并采用有限元方法求解裙部润滑的平均雷诺方程。分析了裙部不同型线、活塞销不同偏置的油膜厚度、油膜压力和活塞摆角等二阶运动状况。在润滑油不同粘度以及是否考虑粘压特性条件下,对油膜摩擦力和摩擦功率进行了对比。结果表明,裙部采用中凸椭圆型线,活塞销向主推力侧偏置,可减小二阶运动,改善润滑状态,润滑油粘度对裙部摩擦损失有较大的影响,而粘压特性则对裙部润滑的影响较小。     

Dynamic and energy analysis of a liquid piston hydrogen compressor

Liquid piston compressor is the most promising compressor to be used for hydrogen-refueling stations. However, their energy transfer and the energy dissipation processes of are poorly studied and not well understood. In this paper, a new energy analysis method for an ionic-liquid type liquid piston compressor is proposed. In the compressor section, porous media is used to promote heat transfer from the hydraulic oil during the compression process. A mathematical model has been formulated considering the heat transfer and damping effects of the porous media on the compressor performance. Moreover, the compressibility of the hydraulic oil and its overflow loss on the compressor performance were also established. In the model, the seven stages of the entire working cycle of the compressor were look into in detail, alongside with its energy efficiency. The results show that the key parameters governing the energy efficiency of the compressor are the heat transfer efficiency of the compressor and the overflow losses of the hydraulic oil.     

A new high-pressure clearance seal with flexible laddered piston assembly in oil-free miniature compressor for potential hydrogen applications and investigation on its dynamic sealing efficiency

In this paper, a new flexible laddered piston assembly of clearance seal without any soft seal part was proposed for a long life time run of high-pressure stage in oil-free miniature compressor for potential hydrogen applications. In this assembly, the functions of radial load bearing and gas sealing were undertaken independently by large and small piston. The dynamic sealing performance evaluation was carried out by comprehensively considering the real-time variation of gas properties and piston motion with thermodynamic process in the compression chamber. Simulation study shows that the introduced clearance gap has a great influence on the expansion, compression and discharge process. Leakage through the clearance would lead to the in-cylinder pressure drop during the discharge process and bring about oscillation and earlier closure of the discharge valve. Sealing clearance exert more significant influence on the sealing efficiency in the high-pressure stage compared to sealing length and shaft speed.     

液压自由活塞发动机活塞运动规律自适应特性的研究

在一台液压自由活塞发动机(HFPE)样机上进行了活塞运动规率的试验。研究表明:活塞的运动规律对于燃烧相位和累积放热量的变动具有自适应性;随着燃烧相位的提前或累积放热量的增大,活塞换向提前,最大升程和压缩比降低;这种自适应性可有效避免均质压燃过程中的爆震与后燃现象,保证缸内最高压力、最大放热速率的稳定,减少指示功的损失。     

低速二冲程柴油机活塞环-缸套润滑模型及相关软件开发

在传统润滑模型基础上,将活塞环润滑特性、活塞环动力学、滑油输运、环组窜气、几何结构参数、缸套变形,固体颗粒等多因素进行耦合,建立了考虑针对低速二冲程柴油机的结构与供油方式的特殊性的供油润滑模型,并对环组间的窜气以及低速二冲程柴油机缸套表面所特有的表面织构与油槽结构进行研究。结果表明：低速机活塞环跨越动压、混合以及边界润滑三个区域,润滑油的供给条件及固体颗粒的存在直接影响着活塞环—缸套摩擦副的润滑状态。     

Dynamic analysis of a free piston Stirling engine working with closed and open thermodynamic cycles

In free piston Stirling engines the power generated by the engine is related to the length of the piston and displacer strokes. Length of strokes vary with respect to the hot end temperature, external load, charge pressure, rod diameter, stiffness of springs, masses of piston and displacer and static positions of the piston and displacer. When the length of displacer and piston strokes exceeds the estimated limits, some mechanical collisions occur between piston and displacer or displacer and cylinder. In this work, the dynamic model of a free piston Stirling engine working with closed and open thermodynamic cycles was derived and numerically solved for an optional pair of the piston and displacer masses. Safe ranges were investigated for the hot end temperature, charge pressure, damping coefficient of the piston motion, stiffness of the piston spring and area of the displacer rod. The stiffness of the displacer spring and static positions of the piston and displacer were optimized. Analysis indicated that, a free piston Stirling engine working with a closed thermodynamic cycle performs a stable operation within a small range of the hot end temperature and damping coefficient of the piston motion. By means of inverting the engine into an open-cycle engine, the limited range of the hot end temperature and the damping coefficient of the piston motion were partially enlarged.     

Investigation of the effects of vapour quality and oil concentration on performance of a swash plate compressor

The main objective of the present study is to experimentally investigate the effects of vapour quality and oil concentration on the performance of a swash plate compressor for automotive air conditioning systems. R‐134a is used as refrigerant. The compressor used is a typical automotive swash‐plate‐type compressor driven by a 10 hp variable‐speed electric motor and lubricated by polyalkylene glycol (PAG) oil. The variables measured during the experiment are pressure, temperature, oil concentration, total mass flow rate and vapour mass flow at the inlet and outlet of the compressor. The experiment was performed at varying compressor speeds, compression ratios and vapour quality. The results revealed some unknown aspects of the compression process in an automotive air conditioning system. The vapour quality does not affect volumetric efficiency, but influences isentropic efficiency of the compressor. In the vapour quality range of 80–90%, isentropic efficiency decreases with increasing vapour quality. During the compression process, only a portion of the liquid refrigerant evaporates. However, at the outlet of the compressor, refrigerant/oil mixture never reaches steady state. The evaporation ratio decreases with increasing compressor speed, and with increasing vapour quality as well. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滚动转子式压缩制冷系统润滑油的流动

润滑油的流动对制冷系统的性能和可靠性有重要影响.建立滚动转子式压缩系统实验台,观测和研究膨胀阀出口和蒸发器出口制冷剂/油混合物的两相流流型.结果发现:在蒸发器出口处混合物的流动表现为"油渍"蠕动、"油膜"线状流、"油膜"环状流和雾状湿蒸汽流等流型;在膨胀阀出口有液气分相流和泡气分相流等流型.在一定的运行工况下,压缩机正过热度越小,"油膜"流动速度越快,越利于压缩机回油;当压缩机排气温度等于冷凝温度时,高含油量的液体节流后形成泡状流,使得系统性能恶化甚至造成压缩机损坏.     

Gas dynamic characteristic of displacer in Stirling cryocoolers

Based on the vector analysis of the dynamic characteristic of the displacer in split-type Stirling cryocoolers, experimental study was performed on a 2 W@80 K cooler to uncover the relationship among pressure fluctuation, damped impedance, inherent frequency, cold-tip temperature and the cooling performance. The result shows that the pressure amplitude and phase shift between pressure and displacer motion decrease when the cooling temperature decreases; the dynamic damp of the displacer increases at lower cooling temperature, which results in the increase of pressure drop of the regenerator, the decrease of average pressure of the cold cubage, the decrease of gas dynamic pressure, the decrease of phase shift between pressure and displacer motion, and the displacement of the regenerator and the PV power; at lower cooling temperature, the inherent frequency of the displacer increases because of the augmentation of gas spring constant. And as the inherent frequency is getting closer to the operating frequency, the drive current of the motor decreases; the piston of the compressor affects the displacer by the pressure fluctuation engendered by its motion, and the displacer reacts by changing the mass and momentum distribution to adjust the gas spring constant and the damp coefficient.     

两相流振荡换热过程数值模拟分析

为深入了解振荡条件下的两相流运动过程与流动换热特性,采用数值仿真研究方法,摒弃活塞复杂的结构因素,以简化模型为研究对象,从基础问题出发探索各因素对两相流振荡换热过程的影响。通过一系列的数值模拟,直观地展现了油腔内两相流运动过程是高度紊乱的不对称流动。研究结果表明:除活塞二阶运动产生偏离外,油腔上下运动引起的压力变化也将引起油柱倾斜,造成喷油与油腔入口偏离;活塞运动产生的强制振荡是影响腔内流动换热波动的决定性因素,油腔表面传热系数、填充率等的波动频率都与活塞运动频率完全吻合。此外,研究还发现喷油速率、活塞转速等参数对填充率和传热系数都会产生显著的影响,但这些影响因素可能并不是单一作用而是相互耦合的。喷油油柱在进入油腔时的速度与活塞的最大运动速度之间的匹配度可能是影响油腔填充率及传热系数的一个关键因素;当喷油的绝对速度与活塞最大速度接近或大于活塞最大速度时,将达到较为理想的填充率和传热系数。     

活塞系统对机油消耗影响的分析与改进

针对某系列发动机机油消耗偏高的问题,基于CAE对活塞二阶运动、活塞环动力学和机油消耗特性进行了分析,找出影响机油消耗的主要原因,并指导活塞、环组的改进设计工作。改进后样件的相关试验验证表明:CAE预测值与试验值较吻合,改进设计在机油消耗方面得到了较满意的效果。     

活塞动力学二阶运动的仿真方法与试验研究

采用多体动力学在时间域内迭代计算活塞、缸套及润滑油膜相互耦合子系统的运动学与动力学方程,在考虑活塞体径向刚度、活塞体及缸套冷热态型面的影响下,得到活塞主、副推力侧实际工况下的热态配缸间隙;动力学仿真方法计算出活塞二阶运动结果,包括:活塞主、副推力面间换向的径向运动和绕活塞销的转动;二阶运动对缸套的动态敲击力作为载荷边界条件施加在有限元模型上,计算出气缸体在活塞敲击下的振动响应;同时,在发动机台架上对气缸体两侧的活塞敲击处布置加速度传感器、以及布置缸内爆压传感器和上止点位置测量得到气缸体结构振动响应,试验结果验证了仿真模型的有效性.     

Role of the Thermodynamics,Heat Transfer,and Fluid Mechanics of Lubricant Oil in Hermetic Reciprocating Compressors

This paper reviews recent developments regarding the influence of oil on several thermophysical phenomena in reciprocating compressors. Besides the more essential role of lubrication, the oil is responsible for several tasks in the compressor, from cooling to keeping a low system pressure while the compressor is idle. Thermodynamics dictates the number of phases in equilibrium and the amount of dissolved refrigerant the oil can retain in a liquid phase under a particular condition. Hence, when full miscibility exists, the viscosity of the lubricant mixture is directly affected by the refrigerant solubility in the oil. Heat transfer is crucial for keeping a low temperature in the compressor because thermodynamic losses increase with increasing gas temperature. Fluid mechanics is essential to guarantee that oil is delivered to the bearings and that lubrication is performed efficiently under any operating condition.     

自由活塞式内燃发电机振动特性

对自由活塞式内燃发电机建立了数学模型,理论上阐述了自由活塞的运动特性并对应制作了该系统的固有频率特性脉谱图;利用Matlab/Simulink建立了该系统仿真模型,分析讨论了自由活塞的实际运动规律,并与上述理论解进行了对比、分析.研究结果表明,自由活塞式内燃发电机的活塞运动不同于传统旋转内燃机,它可视为变阻尼、变刚度的单自由度受迫振动,振动频率与外部周期性燃烧激励相关联;此外,由于该系统的等效刚度系数以及阻尼系数均为正数,它对周期性激励表现出的响应最终稳定收敛进而保障内燃机稳定运行.该结果有利于进一步掌握自由活塞式内燃发电机的运动特性,并为实际样机设计提供了理论依据.     

Motion characteristic of a free piston linear engine

A mathematical model of a free piston linear engine is established. The motion characteristics as well as the natural frequency map of the free piston are established. Then, its motion characteristics are successfully explained from the oscillation point. The full simulation model is built up in Matlab/Simulink for a better understanding of its motion features. The results show that the free piston system is a forced vibration system with variable damping coefficient and stiffness. Its steady-state response of periodical excitation is convergent which means that the system is stable under the periodical combustion. Furthermore, it has some unique features which are different from those of traditional Internal Combustion (IC) engines.     

自由活塞式内燃发电机起动机构动态特性仿真研究

针对自由活塞式内燃机直线运动的特点,选用电磁铁作为它的起动机构。在此基础上,针对电磁铁特性建立数学模型,再利用Matlab／simulink为其搭建一个简单而通用的动态仿真模块,通过改变仿真参数,探究影响电磁铁动态特性的因素,为自由活塞式丙燃机起动机构的设计提供理论参考。