Facile construction of composition-tuned ruthenium-nickel nanoparticles on g-C3N4 for enhanced hydrolysis of ammonia borane without base additives

Developing high-efficiency and low-cost catalysts for hydrogen evolution from hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) is significant and critical for the exploitation and utilization of hydrogen energy. Herein, the in-situ fabrication of well-dispersed and small bimetallic RuNi alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with tuned compositions and concomitant hydrolysis of AB are successfully achieved by using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) as a NP support without additional stabilizing ligands. The optimized Ru₁Ni_7.5/g-C₃N₄ catalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic activity with a high turnover frequency of 901 min^?1 and an activation energy of 28.46 kJ mol^?1 without any base additives, overtaking the activities of many previously reported catalysts for AB hydrolysis. The kinetic studies indicate that the AB hydrolysis over Ru₁Ni_7.5/g-C₃N₄ is first-order and zero-order reactions with respect to the catalyst and AB concentrations, respectively. Ru₁Ni_7.5/g-C₃N₄ has a good recyclability with 46% of the initial catalytic activity retained even after five runs. The high performance of Ru₁Ni_7.5/g-C₃N₄ should be assigned to the small-sized alloy NPs with abundant accessible active sites and the synergistic effect between the composition-tuned Ru–Ni bimetals. This work highlights a potentially powerful and simple strategy for preparing highly active bimetallic alloy catalysts for AB hydrolysis to generate hydrogen.     

Effective hydrolysis of ammonia borane catalyzed by ruthenium nanoparticles immobilized on graphic carbon nitride

Graphic carbon nitride prepared by the thermal decomposition of urea was used a catalyst support for the in situ immobilization of Ru nanoparticles (NPs) (Ru/g-C₃N₄). The catalytic property of Ru/g-C₃N₄ was investigated in the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) in an aqueous solution under mild conditions. Results show that the in situ generated Ru NPs are well dispersed on the surface of g-C₃N₄ with a mean particle size of 2.8 nm. The catalytic performance for AB hydrolysis indicates that 3.28 wt% Ru/g-C₃N₄ exhibits excellent catalytic activity with a high turnover frequency number of 313.0 mol H₂ (mol Ru·min)⁻¹ at room temperature. This strategy may provide an eco-friendly catalytic system for developing a sustainable catalytic route to hydrogen production.     

Enhanced catalytic behavior of h-BN supported CuNi bimetallic catalysts in hydrolytic dehydrogenation of NH3BH3

The hydrolysis of ammonia borane (NH₃BH₃, AB) is an efficient strategy for high-purify hydrogen evolution. However, it is indispensable to develop a suitable catalyst because this reaction is kinetically infeasible at room temperature. In this work, we prepared a series of nano hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) supported CuNi bimetallic catalysts through a facile adsorption-chemical reduction procedure. The effects of various molar ratios of Cu to Ni and CuNi loadings on AB hydrolysis were investigated in details. Benefitting from the proper porous structure, the interesting alloy effect of Cu and Ni, as well as the synergistic effect between h-BN and CuNi, 20 wt% Cu_0.5Ni_0.5/h-BN displays the highest catalytic activity among the as-prepared catalysts. Apart from satisfactory durability, the corresponding hydrogen generation rate, turnover frequency at 303 K in base solution and apparent activation energy are 2437.0 mL g^?1 min^?1, 6.33 min^?1 and 23.02 kJ mol^?1, respectively, which are very outstanding compared with many previous results. Our work not only provides a proper non-precious metal catalyst for hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of chemical hydrogen storage materials but also offers a facile strategy for synthesizing metallic functional materials.     

Hydrogen evolution from hydrolysis of ammonia borane catalyzed by Rh/g-C3N4 under mild conditions

Developing effective catalysts for hydrogen evolution from hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) is of great significance considering the useful applications of hydrogen. Herein, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) prepared through the simply pyrolysis of urea was employed as a support for Rh nanoparticles (NPs) stabilization. The in-situ generated Rh NPs supported on g-C₃N₄ with an average size of 3.1 nm were investigated as catalysts for hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of AB under mild conditions. The Rh/g-C₃N₄ catalyst exhibits a high turnover frequency of 969 mol H₂· (min·mol_Rh)^?1 and a low activation energy of 24.2 kJ/mol. The results of the kinetic studies show that the catalytic hydrolysis of AB over the Rh/g-C₃N₄ catalyst is a zero-order reaction with the AB concentration and a first-order reaction with the Rh concentration. This work demonstrates that g-C₃N₄ is a useful support to design and synthesis of effective Rh-based catalyst for hydrogen-based applications.     

Bimetallic PtNi alloy modified 2D g-C3N4 nanosheets as an efficient cocatalyst for enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Platinum-based alloy materials as effective cocatalysts in improving the performance of photocatalytic H₂ production have raised great interest. Herein, a facile strategy of chemical reduction is established to synthesize bimetallic PtNi nanoparticles on 2D g-C₃N₄ nanosheets with excellent photocatalytic activity. The addition of PtNi nanoparticles can provide new H⁺ reduction sites and increase more active sites of the material. The synergistic effect between PtNi alloy nanoparticles and 2D g-C₃N₄ nanosheets can regulate electronic structure, narrow the band, accelerate charge transfer efficiency and inhabit the recombination of photo-induced electron (e⁻) and hole pairs (h⁺), contributing to the improvement of hydrogen evolution activity. The optimal hydrogen evolution rate of Pt_0.6Ni_0.4/CN shows higher hydrogen evolution rate (9528 μmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹), which is 13.1 times than that of pure g-C₃N₄ nanosheets. Besides, a possible mechanism of photocatalytic hydrogen generation has been brought up according to a series of physical and chemical characterization. This work also provides a potential idea of developing cocatalysts integrating metal alloys with 2D g-C₃N₄ nanosheets for promoting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.     

TiO2–CdS supported CuNi nanoparticles as a highly efficient catalyst for hydrolysis of ammonia borane under visible-light irradiation

TiO₂–CdS nanotubes (NTs) were used for the first time as a support to load metal nanoparticles (NPs) for the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) which is a new strategy. The TiO₂–CdS NTs support was first synthesized using a hydrothermal method, and then the CuNi NPs were loaded using a liquid-phase reduction method. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, XPS, ICP, UV–Vis, and PL analyses. The characterization results show that the CuNi NPs existed in the form of an alloy with a size of ~1.2 nm and uniformly dispersed on the support. Compared with their single metal counterparts, the bimetallic CuNi-supported catalysts showed a higher catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of AB under visible-light irradiation: Cu_0·45Ni_0·55/TiO₂–CdS catalyst had the fastest hydrogen evolution rate with a high conversion frequency (TOF) of 25.9 mol_H2·mol_cat⁻¹ min⁻¹ at 25 °C and low activation energy of 32.8 kJ mol⁻¹. Cu_0.45Ni_0.55/TiO₂–CdS catalyst showed good recycle performance, maintaining 99.3% and 85.6% of the original hydrogen evolution rate even after five and ten recycles, respectively. Strong absorption of visible light, improved electron–hole separation efficiency, and metal synergy between Cu and Ni elements played a crucial role in improving the catalytic hydrolysis performance of AB. The catalyst prepared in this study provides a new strategy for the application of photocatalysts.     

Facile synthesis of CeO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites with significantly improved visible-light photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution

Ceria dioxide supported on graphitic carbon nitride (CeO₂/g-C₃N₄) composites were facilely synthesized to be application for photocatalytic hydrogen (H₂) generation in this present work. The physical and chemical properties of CeO₂/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites were determined via a series of characterizations. The CeO₂/g-C₃N₄ composites prepared by facile thermal annealing and rotation-evaporation method exhibit excellent photocatalytic H₂ evolution with visible-light illumination. The best hydrogen generation rate of CeO₂/g-C₃N₄ composite with 1.5 wt% Pt is 0.83 mmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹, which is almost same as that of composite with 3 wt% Pt prepared by simple physical mixing method. The significantly developed photocatalytic activity of CeO₂/g-C₃N₄ composite is majorly ascribed to the stronger interfacial effects with the more visible-light absorbance and faster electron transfer. This work reveals that construction of the CeO₂/g-C₃N₄ composite with high disperse and close knit by the facile thermal annealing and rotation-evaporation method could be an effective method to achieve excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance.     

Oxygen vacancies and morphology engineered Co3O4 anchored Ru nanoparticles as efficient catalysts for ammonia borane hydrolysis

Developing efficient but facile strategies to modulate the catalytic activity of Ru deposited on metal oxides is of broad interest but remains challenging. Herein, we report the oxygen vacancies and morphological modulation of vacancy-rich Co₃O₄ stabilized Ru nanoparticles (NPs) (Ru/V_O-Co₃O₄) to boost the catalytic activity and durability for hydrogen production from the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB). The well-defined and small-sized Ru NPs and V_O-Co₃O₄ induced morphology transformation via in situ driving V_O-Co₃O₄ to 2D nanosheets with abundant oxygen vacancies or Co²⁺ species considerably promote the catalytic activity and durability toward hydrogen evolution from AB hydrolysis. Specifically, the Ru/V_O-Co₃O₄ pre-catalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic activity with a high turnover frequency of 2114 min^?1 at 298 K. Meanwhile, the catalyst also shows a high durability toward AB hydrolysis with six successive cycles. This work establishes a facile but efficient strategy to construct high-performance catalysts for AB hydrolysis.     

In-situ synthesis of PdAg/g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst for highly efficient photocatalytic H2 generation under visible light irradiation

Novel PdAg bimetallic alloy nanoparticle modified graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheet was designed and prepared by an in situ chemical reduction procedure. By optimizing the loading content of the PdAg alloy NPs, the PdAg/g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst showed a champion photocatalytic hydrogen generation rate of 3.43 mmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹, and the apparent quantum yield (AQY) was determined to be 8.43% at 420 nm. Moreover, the photoluminescence and photoelectrochemical experimental results suggest that a higher separation efficiency of photo-induced charge carriers (e^- and h⁺) was obtained after loading PdAg alloy NPs on g-C₃N₄. The experimental outcomes indicate that there is a synergistic effect formed between PdAg and g-C₃N₄, which could significantly promote the charge transfer photo-induced charge carriers in the hybrid sample. A reasonable catalytic mechanism for the enhanced photocatalytic performance of the composite photocatalyst was proposed and verified by TRPL measurement, which could be taken as a guidance for the development of novel high performance catalytic system.     

Mesoporous g-C3N4/Zn–Ti LDH laminated van der Waals heterojunction nanosheets as remarkable visible-light-driven photocatalysts

Mesoporous g-C₃N₄/Zn–Ti layered double hydroxide (LDH)-laminated van der Waals heterojunction nanosheets were prepared by a facile one-step in situ hydrothermal method. Due to the strong electrostatic interactions between the positively charged Zn–Ti LDH and negatively charged g-C₃N₄ nanocrystal, a laminated van der Waals heterostructure was successfully formed between Zn–Ti LDH and g-C₃N₄. The mesoporous g-C₃N₄/Zn–Ti LDH-laminated van der Waals heterojunction, which had a narrow bandgap of 2.41 eV extended the photoresponse to the visible light region. The obtained heterojunctions showed excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance for the complete removal of ceftriaxone sodium (up to ∼97%) and a high hydrogen production rate (∼161.87 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹). This was mainly attributed to the formation of the laminated van der Waals heterojunctions, which favoured charge separation and the absorption of visible light, and the mesoporous structure, which provided more surface active sites. This facile strategy for preparing mesoporous g-C₃N₄/Zn–Ti LDH-laminated van der Waals heterojunctions offers new insights for the fabrication of high-performance van der Waals heterojunction photocatalytic materials.     

Chloroplast-granum-inspired porous nanorods composed of g-C3N4 ultrathin nanosheets as visible light photocatalysts for highly enhanced hydrogen production

Metal-free photocatalysts have attracted great attention in hydrogen production under visible light due to their low cost and abundance. Inspired by the structure of chloroplast-granum, here we prepare a new porous nanorod composed of F-doped g-C₃N₄ ultrathin nanosheet for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The obtained g-C₃N₄ (FCN-PNRs) show layer-by-layer stacked structure for highly efficient light hasting, exhibit F-doping for highly charge separation efficiency, and display porous structure for exposing a large amount of photocatalytic activity sites. These findings have been studied by various characterizations, such as Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and Photoluminescence. As a result, the hydrogen production performance for the optimized FCN-PNRs photocatalyst reaches 2600 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹ under visible light, which is almost 16 times higher than bulk g-C₃N₄. This study not only reports a new chloroplast-granum-inspired g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst, but also provides new views to the fabrication and design of nature-inspired metal-free structures for catalysis applications.     

Ruthenium supported on nitrogen-doped porous carbon for catalytic hydrogen generation from NH3BH3 hydrolysis

In this paper, ruthenium supported on nitrogen-doped porous carbon (Ru/NPC) catalyst is synthesized by a simple method of in situ reduction using ammonia borane (AB) as reducing agent. The composition and structure of Ru/NPC catalyst are systematically characterized. This catalyst can efficiently catalyze the hydrolysis of AB. The hydrogen production reaction is completed within about 90 s at a temperature of 298 K and the maximum rate of hydrogen production is 3276 ml·s⁻¹·g⁻¹ with a reduced activation energy of 24.95 kJ·mol⁻¹. The turnover frequency (TOF) for hydrogen production is about 813 mol_H2·mol_Ru⁻¹·min⁻¹. Moreover, this catalyst can be recycled with a well-maintained performance. After five cycles, the maximum rate of hydrogen generation is maintained at 2206 ml·s⁻¹·g⁻¹, corresponding to 67.3% of the initial catalytic activity. Our results suggest that Ru/NPC prepared by in situ reduction is a highly efficient catalyst for hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB.     

Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-stabilized ruthenium supported on bamboo leaf-derived porous carbon for NH3BH3 hydrolysis

In this work, poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP)-stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles (NPs) supported on bamboo leaf-derived porous carbon (Ru/BC) has been synthesized via a one-step procedure. The structure and morphology of the as-synthesized samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). As a catalyst for hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of ammonia-borane (AB, NH₃BH₃) at room temperature, Ru/BC stabilized with 1 mg of PVP exhibited high activity (TOF = 718 mol_H2·mol_Ru⁻¹·min⁻¹) and low activation energy (E_a = 22.8 kJ mol⁻¹). In addition, the catalyst could be easily recovered and showed fairly good recyclability with 55.6% of the initial catalytic activity retained after ten experimental cycles, which confirmed that PVP could stabilize the Ru NPs and prevent their agglomeration on BC surface. Our results suggest that PVP-stabilized Ru/BC is a highly efficient catalyst for the hydrolysis of AB.     

CuO–NiO/Co3O4 hybrid nanoplates as highly active catalyst for ammonia borane hydrolysis

Dehydrogenation of hydrogen-rich chemicals, such as ammonia borane (AB), is a promising way to produce hydrogen for mobile fuel cell power systems. However, the practical application has been impeded due to the high cost and scarcity of the catalysts. Herein, a low-cost and high-performing core-shell structured CuO–NiO/Co₃O₄ hybrid nanoplate catalytic material has been developed for the hydrolysis of AB. The obtained hybrid catalyst exhibits a high catalytic activity towards the hydrolysis of AB with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 79.1 mol_H2 mol cat⁻¹ min⁻¹. The apparent activation energy of AB hydrolysis on CuO–NiO/Co₃O₄ is calculated to be 23.7 kJ.mol⁻¹. The synergistic effect between CuO–NiO and Co₃O₄ plays an important role in the improvement of the catalytic performance. The development of this high-performing and low-cost CuO–NiO/Co₃O₄ hybrid catalytic material can make practical applications of AB hydrolysis at large-scale possible.     

Rationally designed ternary CdSe/WS2/g-C3N4 hybrid photocatalysts with significantly enhanced hydrogen evolution activity and mechanism insight

Excellent light harvest, efficient charge separation and sufficiently exposed surface active sites are crucial for a given photocatalyst to obtain excellent photocatalytic performances. The construction of two-dimensional/two-dimensional (2D/2D) or zero-dimensional/2D (0D/2D) binary heterojunctions is one of the effective ways to address these crucial issues. Herein, a ternary CdSe/WS₂/g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst through decorating WS₂/g-C₃N₄ 2D/2D nanosheets (NSs) with CdSe quantum dots (QDs) was developed to further increase the light harvest and accelerate the separation and migration of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and thus enhance the solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency. As expected, a remarkably enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 1.29 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ was obtained for such a specially designed CdSe/WS₂/g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst, which was about 3.0, 1.7 and 1.3 times greater than those of the pristine g-C₃N₄ NSs (0.43 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹), WS₂/g-C₃N₄ 2D/2D NSs (0.74 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) and CdSe/g-C₃N₄ 0D/2D composites (0.96 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹), respectively. The superior photocatalytic performance of the prepared ternary CdSe/WS₂/g-C₃N₄ composite could be mainly attributed to the effective charge separation and migration as well as the suppressed photogenerated charge recombination induced by the constructed type-II/type-II heterojunction at the interfaces between g-C₃N₄ NSs, CdSe QDs and WS₂ NSs. Thus, the developed 0D/2D/2D ternary type-II/type-II heterojunction in this work opens up a new insight in designing novel heterogeneous photocatalysts for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.     

Montmorillonite-hybridized g-C3N4 composite modified by NiCoP cocatalyst for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by dye-sensitization

The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of g-C₃N₄ was enhanced via the hybridization with montmorillonite (MMT) and using NiCoP as cocatalyst. The highest hydrogen-evolution rate from water splitting under visible-light irradiation observed over MMT/g-C₃N₄/15%NiCoP was 12.50 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under 1.0 mmol L⁻¹ of Eosin Y-sensitization at pH of 11, which was ∼26.0 and 1.6 times higher than that of MMT/g-C₃N₄ (0.48 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) and g-C₃N₄/15%NiCoP (7.69 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). The apparent quantum yield at 420 nm reached 40.3%. The remarkably improved photocatalytic activity can be ascribed to the increased dispersion of g-C₃N₄ layers, staggered conduction band potentials between g-C₃N₄ and NiCoP, as well as the electrostatic repulsion originated from negatively charged MMT. This work demonstrates that MMT can be an outstanding support for the deposition of catalytically active components for photocatalytic hydrogen production.     

The charge transfer pathway of g-C3N4 decorated Au/Bi(VO4) composites for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

In this report, a novel g-C₃N₄/Au/BiVO₄ photocatalyst has been prepared successfully by assembling gold nanoparticles on the interface of super-thin porous g-C₃N₄ and BiVO₄, which exhibits outstanding photocatalytic performance toward hydrogen evolution and durable stability in the absence of cocatalyst. FESEM micrograph analysis suggested that the intimate contact between Au, BiVO₄, and g-C₃N₄ in the as-developed photocatalyst allows a smooth migration and separation of photogenerated charge carriers. In addition, the XRD, EDX and XPS analysis further confirmed the successful formation of the as-prepared g-C₃N₄/Au/BiVO₄ photocatalyst. The photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of the developed photocatalyst was evaluated under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) using methanol as a sacrificial reagent. By optimizing the 5-CN/Au/BiVO₄ composite shows the highest H₂ evolution rate (2986 μmolg⁻¹h⁻¹), which is 15 times higher than that of g-C₃N₄ (199 μmolg⁻¹h⁻¹) and 10 time better than bare BiVO₄ (297 μmolg⁻¹h⁻¹). The enhancement in photocatalytic activity is attributed to efficient separation of the photoexcited charges due to the anisotropic junction in the g-C₃N₄/Au/BiVO₄ system. The enhancement in photocatalytic activity is attributed to efficient separation of the photoexcited charges due to the anisotropic junction in the g-C₃N₄/Au/BiVO₄ system.     

Heterostructured boron doped nanodiamonds@g-C3N4 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic capability under visible light irradiation

Boron doped nanodiamonds (BDND) were coupled with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets to form a heterojunction via a facile pyrolysis approach. The BDND@g-C₃N₄ heterojunction exhibits enhanced visible-light absorbance, improved charge generation/separation efficiency and prolonged lifetime of carriers, which lead to the enhanced photocatalytic activities for the hydrogen evolution and organic pollution under visible-light irradiation. The optimal H₂ evolution rate and apparent quantum efficiency at 420 nm of the BDND@g-C₃N₄ heterojunction is 96.3 μmol h⁻¹ and 6.91%, which is about 5 and 2 times higher than those of pristine g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (18.2 μmol h⁻¹ and 3.92%). No obvious decrease in hydrogen generation rate is observed in the recycling experiment due to the high photo-stabilization of the BDND@g-C₃N₄ composite. The degradation kinetic rate constant of organic pollution of the BDND@g-C₃N₄ structure is 0.1075 min⁻¹, which is 3 times higher compared to pristine g-C₃N₄. This work may provide a promising route to construct highly efficient non-metal photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and organic pollution degradation under visible light irradiation.     

Facile fabrication of nickel/porous g-C3N4 by using carbon dot as template for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production

Ni/porous g-C₃N₄ was prepared by high temperature thermal polymerization process using carbon dots as soft template and photodeposition. With nickel nanoparticles supported as co-catalyst, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of the photocatalyst has been significantly enhanced under visible light, which is up to 1273.58 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, superior to pristine g-C₃N₄ (4.12 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). This is attributed to the inhibited recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and the much better electron transport efficiency. The formed porous structure of carbon nitride could facilitate light utilization and together with nickel nanoparticles, better charge separation can be realized which are proved by the photoluminescence, time-resolved photoluminescence spectra, transient photocurrent measurements and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy. This work provides a useful route to obtain less expensive and efficient photocatalyst containing no noble metals for hydrogen production.     

Facile synthesis of B and P doped g-C3N4 for enhanced synergetic activity between photocatalytic water splitting and BPA degradation

A facile construction of B and P doped carbon nitride as a potential photo-catalyst for splitting water to generate hydrogen or oxygen and BPA removal under visible light. B and P doping are confirmed by a series of characterizations. As the symmetrical π-conjugated rings of g-C₃N₄ could be destroyed by B and P doping to enhance the visible-light absorbance and n → π1 electronic transition to provide a new pathway for the directional separation of photoexcited electrons to boost the photocatalytic activity. Significantly, the CN-BP catalyst demonstrates excellent H₂ and O₂ evolution rates of 4.0 mmol_H2 h⁻¹ g⁻¹ and 0.3 mmol_O2 h⁻¹ g⁻¹ under visible light, which is about ∼3.8 and 21.6 times higher than that of g-C₃N₄, respectively. Notably, without sacrificial agent, the CN-BP could remove BPA completely by oxidation to generate 30 μmol h⁻¹g⁻¹ H₂. Both DFT calculations and characteristic results reveal that B and P doped carbon nitride reduce band gap energy, improve light harvesting and separation rate of electron-holes carriers for upgrading the photocatalytic activity.