Hydrogen tightness evaluation in bedded salt rock cavern: A case study of Jintan,China

Hydrogen is regarded as one of the most important energy sources for the future. Safe, large-scale storage of hydrogen contributes to the commercial development of the hydrogen industry. Use of bedded salt caverns for natural gas storage in China provides a new option for underground hydrogen storage (UHS). In this study, the physical properties of multicomponent gases in UHS and salt rock are reviewed and discussed, along with the flow of hydrogen in the surrounding salt rock. Mathematical models of the two-phase multicomponent flow of the gas–brine system in the UHS were established. A numerical model of a simplified elliptical salt cavern was built to simulate the migration of the gas–brine system in the UHS. The hydrogen tightness of the UHS was evaluated through simulation with different storage strategies, salt rock and interlayer permeabilities, and gas components. The results indicate that: (1) Cyclic injection and withdrawal facilitate hydrogen leakage, which is accelerated by increasing the frequency. (2) The huff-n-puff of hydrogen gas in the injection and withdrawal cycles forces the gas into pore space and enhances the relative permeability of the gas phase. The migration of hydrogen and brine weakens the hydrogen tightness. Brine saturation is an important index for evaluating the hydrogen tightness of UHS. (3) The leakage rate of UHS increases with an increase in the permeability of the salt rock and interlayer and the total thickness of the interlayers. The average permeability K_wa weighted by the thickness of layers for the bedded salt formation is proposed to integrate three variables to facilitate field application of the simulation results. The critical K_wa is less than 3.02 × 10⁻¹⁷ m² if the recommended annual hydrogen leakage rate is less than 1%. (4) The difference between hydrogen and other gas species is another important factor in the leakage rate and should be considered. This study provides theoretical guidance for evaluating the feasibility of UHS in salt caverns and site selection in China.     

Photo-fermentative hydrogen gas production from dark fermentation effluent of acid hydrolyzed wheat starch with periodic feeding

Hydrogen gas production by photo-fermentation of dark fermentation effluent of acid hydrolyzed wheat starch was investigated at different hydraulic residence times (HRT = 1-10 days). Pure Rhodobacter sphaeroides (NRRL B-1727) culture was used in continuous photo-fermentation by periodic feeding and effluent removal. The highest daily hydrogen gas production (85 ml d⁻¹) was obtained at HRT = 4 days (96 h) while the highest hydrogen yield (1200 ml H₂ g⁻¹ TVFA) was realized at HRT = 196 h. Specific and volumetric hydrogen formation rates were also the highest at HRT = 96 h. Steady-state biomass concentrations and biomass yields increased with increasing HRT. TVFA loading rates of 0.32 g L⁻¹ d⁻¹ and 0.51 g L⁻¹ d⁻¹ resulted in the highest hydrogen yield and formation rate, respectively. Hydrogen gas yield obtained in this study compares favorably with the relevant literature reports probably due to operation by periodic feeding and effluent removal.     

Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of calcium hydride

Calcium hydride has shown great potential as a hydrogen storage material and as a thermochemical energy storage material. To date, its high operating temperature (above 800 °C) has not only hindered its opportunity for technological application but also prevented detailed determination of its thermodynamics of hydrogen sorption. In addition, calcium metal suffers from high volatility, high corrosivity from Ca (and CaH₂), slow kinetics of hydrogen sorption, and the solubility of Ca in CaH₂. In this work, a literature review of the wide-ranging thermodynamic properties of CaH₂ is provided along with a detailed experimental investigation into the thermodynamic properties of molten and solid CaH₂. The thermodynamic values of hydrogen release from both molten and solid CaH₂ were determined as ΔH_des (molten CaH₂) = 216 ± 10 kJ mol⁻¹.H₂, ΔS_des (molten CaH₂) = 177 ± 9 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹.H_2, which equates to a 1 bar hydrogen equilibrium temperature for molten CaH₂ of 947 ± 65 °C. Similarly, in the solid-state: ΔH_des (solid CaH₂) = 172 ± 12 kJ mol⁻¹.H₂, ΔS_des (solid CaH₂) = 144 ± 10 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹.H₂. Moreover, the activation energy of hydrogen release from CaH₂ was also calculated using DSC analysis as E_a = 203 ± 12 kJ mol⁻¹. This study provides the first thermodynamics for the Ca–H system in over 60 years, providing more accurate data on this emerging energy storage material.     

Inhibitory effects of acetate and ethanol on biohydrogen production of Ethanoligenens harbinese B49

Inhibitory effects of acetate and ethanol on biohydrogen production from glucose by Ethanoligenens harbinese B49 were investigated in this study. In batch test, sodium acetate (0, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 150 mmol/l) and ethanol (0, 20, 40, 80, 100 and 200 mmol/l) were added respectively. Their inhibitory effects on glucose degradation, cell growth, distribution of liquid products and hydrogen production were discussed. Compared with ethanol, acetate exhibited more significant inhibition on growth and hydrogen producing performance of E. harbinese B49. The inhibitory effects of acetate and ethanol were compared and analyzed on the basis of a noncompetitive product inhibition model. For acetate addition, the maximum specific hydrogen production rate r_max = 722 ml/gVSS/h, inhibition constant K_C = 55 mmol/l and the exponent of inhibition n = 0.6 were estimated, whereas the maximum hydrogen yield r_max = 2.2 mol H₂/mol glucose, K_C = 57 mmol/l and n = 0.8 were calculated from kinetic analysis. For ethanol addition, the maximum specific rate r_max = 729 ml/g VSS/h, K_C = 139 mmol/l and n = 0.8 were estimated, whereas the maximum hydrogen yield r_max = 2.2 mol H₂/mol glucose, K_C = 153 mmol/l and n = 0.9 were calculated. In addition, deducing from dose-response curves, the C_I,50 values of ethanol and acetate were 154 and 62 mmol/l, respectively. Acetate has a strong inhibitory effect on hydrogen production with ethanol-type fermentation. Thus, hydrogen production can be improved by optimizing the fermentation strategy through removing the acetate as soon as it was produced.     

Bio-hydrogen production from acid hydrolyzed waste ground wheat by dark fermentation

Waste ground wheat was subjected to acid hydrolysis (pH = 3.0) at 90 °C for 15 min using an autoclave. The sugar solution obtained from acid hydrolysis was subjected to dark fermentation for hydrogen gas production after neutralization. In the first set of experiments, initial total sugar concentration was varied between 3.9 and 27.5 g L⁻¹ at constant biomass (cell) concentration of 1.3 g L⁻¹. Biomass concentration was varied between 0.28 g L⁻¹ and 1.38 g L⁻¹ at initial total sugar concentration of 7.2 ± 0.2 g L⁻¹ in the second set of experiments. The highest hydrogen yield (1.46 mol H₂ mol⁻¹ glucose) and the specific formation rate (83.6 ml H₂ g⁻¹ cell h⁻¹) were obtained with 10 g L⁻¹ initial total sugar concentration. Biomass (cell) concentration affected the specific hydrogen production rate yielding the highest rate (1221 ml H₂ g⁻¹ cell h⁻¹) and the yield at the lowest (0.28 g L⁻¹) initial biomass concentration. The most suitable X_o/S_o ratio, maximizing the yield and specific rate of hydrogen gas formation was X_o/S_o = 0.037. Dark fermentation of acid hydrolyzed ground wheat was found to be more beneficial as compared to simultaneous bacterial hydrolysis and fermentation.     

Development of a novel simulator for modelling underground hydrogen and gas mixture storage

Underground hydrogen storage can store grid-scale energy for balancing both short-term and long-term inter-seasonal supply and demand. However, there is no numerical simulator which is dedicated to the design and optimisation of such energy storage technology at grid scale. This study develops novel simulation capabilities for GPSFLOW (General Purpose Subsurface Flow Simulator) for modelling grid-scale hydrogen and gas mixture (e.g., H₂–CO₂–CH₄–N₂) storage in cavern, deep saline aquifers and depleted gas fields.The accuracy of GPSFLOW is verified by comparisons against the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) online thermophysical database and reported lab experiments, over a range of temperatures from 20 to 200 °C and pressure up to 1000 bar. The simulator is benchmarked against an existing model for modelling pure H₂ storage in a synthetic aquifer. Several underground hydrogen storage scenarios including H₂ storage in a synthetic salt cavern, H₂ injection into a CH₄-saturated aquifer experiment, and hydrogen storage in a depleted gas field using CO₂ as a cushion gas are used to test the GPSFLOW's modelling capability. The results show that GPSFLOW offers a robust numerical tool to model underground hydrogen storage and gas mixture at grid scale on multiple parallel computing platforms.     

Turbulent flame structure characteristics of hydrogen enriched natural gas with CO2 dilution

This paper investigated the hydrogen enriched methane/air flames diluted with CO₂. The turbulent premixed flame was stabilized on a Bunsen type burner and the two dimensional instantaneous OH profile was measured by Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). The flame front structure characteristics were obtained by extracting the flame front from OH-PLIF images. And the turbulence-flame interaction was analyzed through the statistic parameters. The role of hydrogen addition as well as CO₂ dilution on the features of turbulent flame were revealed by those parameters. In this work, hydrogen fractions of 0, 0.2 and CO₂ dilution ratios of 0, 0.05 and 0.1 were studied. Results showed that hydrogen addition can enhance turbulent burning velocity ST/S_L through decreasing the scale of the finer structure of the wrinkled flame front, caused by the smaller flame instability scale. In contrast, CO₂ dilution decreased turbulent burning velocity S_T/S_L due to its inactive response to turbulence perturbation and larger flame wrinkles. For all flames, the probability density function (PDF) profile of the local curvature radius R shows a bias to positive value, resulted from the flame intrinsic instability. The PDF profile of R decreases with CO₂ dilution, while the value of local curvature radius corresponding to the peak PDF is larger. This indicates that larger wrinkles structure was generated due to CO₂ dilution, which leads to the decrease in S_T/S_L as a consequence. Hydrogen addition increases the flame volume and results in more intense combustion. CO₂ dilution has a decrease effect on flame volume for both X_H2 = 0 and X_H2 = 0.2 while the decrease is obvious at X_H2 = 0.2, Z_CO2 = 0.1. In all, hydrogen enrichment improves the combustion while CO₂ can moderate combustion. Therefore, adding hydrogen and CO₂ in natural gas can be a potential method for adjusting the combustion intensity in combustion chamber during the combustor design.     

Development of Ti–Cr–Mn–Fe based alloys with high hydrogen desorption pressures for hybrid hydrogen storage vessel application

Three series of Ti–Cr–Mn–Fe based alloys with high hydrogen desorption plateau pressures for hybrid hydrogen storage vessel application were prepared by induction levitation melting, as well as their crystallographic characteristics and hydrogen storage properties were investigated. The results show that all of the alloys were determined as a single phase of C14-type Laves structure. As the Fe content in the TiCr_1.9−xMn_0.1Fe_x (x = 0.4–0.6) alloys increases, the hydrogen absorption and desorption plateau pressures increase, and the hydrogen storage capacity and plateau slope factor decrease respectively. The same trends are observed when increasing the Mn content in the TiCr_1.4−yMn_yFe_0.6 (y = 0.1–0.3) alloys, except for the plateau slope factor. Compared with the stoichiometric TiCr_1.1Mn_0.3Fe_0.6 alloy, the titanium super-stoichiometric Ti_1+zCr_1.1Mn_0.3Fe_0.6 (z = 0.02, 0.04) alloys have larger hydrogen storage capacities and lower hydrogen desorption plateau pressures. Among the studied alloys, Ti_1.02Cr_1.1Mn_0.3Fe_0.6 has the best overall properties for hybrid hydrogen storage application. Its hydrogen desorption pressure at 318 K is 41.28 MPa, its hydrogen storage capacity is 1.78 wt.% and its dissociation enthalpy (ΔH_d) is 16.24 kJ/mol H₂.     

Enhancement of H2 uptake due to morphological modulation in vanadium pentoxide foam

The high pressure H₂ sorption isotherms for vanadium pentoxide foam (VOF) were obtained at a liquid nitrogen temperature. The enhancement of hydrogen storage capacity occurred in as-prepared VOF (∼1.0 wt%) in contrast to that in pristine vanadium pentoxide (∼0.2 wt%). The maximum capacity of hydrogen storage (∼2.0 wt%) was achieved by thermal annealing at T_a = 623 K. The enhancement of hydrogen storage in VOF is attributed to the morphological modulation by thermal annealing.     

Experimental simulations of hydrogen migration through potential storage rocks

In the framework of future decarbonization of the energy industry, the safe and effective storage of hydrogen is an important approach to add to a climate-friendly energy system. Until the development of sufficiently large electrical storage systems, the storage of hydrogen in the order of GWh to TWh is envisaged in salt caverns or porous geological formations with a gas-tight covering of salt or claystone. In order to calculate gas losses from these H₂ storage facilities, the H₂ diffusivity of the storage and cap rocks must be known. To determine the hydrogen diffusion rates in these rocks, an experimental set-up was designed, constructed and tested. The set-up comprises two gas chambers, separated by the rock sample under investigation with an exposed area of approximately 7 cm². The driving force for gas migration through the rock sample from the hydrogen-containing feed gas chamber to the hydrogen-free permeate chamber is the chemical potential (concentration) gradient. With respect to hydrogen migration behaviour, hydrogen breakthrough times and hydrogen diffusion coefficients were determined for dry and wet Bentheimer sandstone, Werra rock salt and Opalinus clay samples. Breakthrough times varied between less than 1 h and 843 h. Based on concentration changes at the permeate side, hydrogen diffusion coefficients were derived ranging from 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁸ m²/s. The differences between the materials and the effect that wetted or water-saturated samples have higher hydrogen retention due to closed pores and microcracks were clearly shown. The experimental set-up proves to be a suitable approach to determine site-specific rock characteristics such as hydrogen diffusion coefficients and breakthrough times for natural geomaterials.     

Enhanced cycling stability and reduced hysteresis of AB5-type hydrogen storage alloys by partial substitution of Sn for Ni

Rare-earth AB₅-type alloys have been widely studied due to their great application potential in gaseous hydrogen storage, but their overall hydrogen storage properties still need to be further improved for more extensive applications. In this work, the effect of Sn partial substitution for Ni on the plateau characteristics and cycling performance of the LaNi_5-xSn_x (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) alloys are systematically studied. It is found that the segregation effect caused by Sn addition leads to the multi-CaCu₅ phase structure with different cell parameters which may have a positive effect on stabilizing the alloys’ structure during cycling by playing a buffer role. Also, the replacement of Sn element results in a higher anisotropic c/a value, which reduces microstrain and improves the cycle life. The capacity retention after 1000 cycles increases from 83.2% (x = 0) to 95.8% (x = 0.75). Moreover, the addition of Sn significantly reduces the hysteresis of the alloys from 0.212 (x = 0) to 0.023 (x = 0.5) at 383 K, owing to the reduction of the microstrain during hydrogen absorption/desorption.     

Dispersion of a buoyant plume in a turbulent pressure-driven channel flow

Direct numerical simulations of the turbulent dispersion of a buoyant line of hot fluid released at the inlet of a plane channel flow are reported (Re_τ = 180, Gr = 10⁷ and Pr = 0.7). Results of turbulent dispersion of a neutrally buoyant scalar and mixed convection flow are also included. The buoyancy force induces a vertical movement that, although small in mean, exhibits a significant fluctuation in the vertical velocity component and deflects the plume with the consequent loss of symmetry found in the neutrally buoyant results. The modification of the budgets for the time averaged momentum and heat transport equations reflects the rearranging of the different contributions induced by the buoyancy force.     

Kinetic analysis of biohydrogen production from complex dairy wastewater under optimized condition

Present work describes a kinetic analysis of various aspects of biohydrogen production in batch test using optimized conditions obtained previously. Monod model and Logistic equation have been used to find growth kinetic parameters in batch test under uncontrolled pH. The values of μ_m, K_s, and X_m were 0.64 h⁻¹, 15.89 g-COD L⁻¹, and 7.26 g-VSS L⁻¹, respectively. Modified Leudeking-Piret and Michaelis–Menten equation corroborates a flux of energy to hydrogen production pathway and energy sufficiency in the system. Modified Gompertz equation illustrates that the overall rate and hydrogen yield at 15 g-COD L⁻¹ was higher compared to a dark fermentation of other wastewaters. Besides, Andrew's equation also suggests that since the higher value of K_I (19.95 g-COD L⁻¹), k (255 mL h⁻¹ L⁻¹) was not inhibited at high S. The experimental results implied that the entire products during the fermentation process were growth and substrate degradation associated. The result also confirms that the acetate and butyrate were substantially used for hydrogen production in acidogenic metabolism under uncontrolled pH.     

High-capacity hydrogen storage in Li-decorated (AlN)n (n = 12, 24, 36) nanocages

The capability of Li-decorated (AlN)_n (n = 12, 24, 36) nanocages for hydrogen storage has been studied by using density functional theory (DFT) with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). It is found that each Al atom is capable of binding one H₂ molecule up to a gravimetric density of hydrogen storage of 4.7 wt% with an average binding energy of 0.189, 0.154, and 0.144 eV/H₂ in the pristine (AlN)_n (n = 12, 24, 36) nanocages, respectively. Further, we find that Li atoms can be preferentially decorated on the top of N atoms in (AlN)_n (n = 12, 24, 36) nanocages without clustering, and up to two H₂ molecules can bind to each Li atom with an average binding energy of 0.145, 0.154, 0.102 eV/H₂ in the Li_n(AlN)_n (n = 12, 24, 36) nanocages, respectively. Both the polarization of the H₂ molecules and the hybridization of the Li-2p orbitals with the H-s orbitals contribute to the H₂ adsorption on the Li atoms. Thus, the Li-decorated (AlN)_n (n = 12, 24, 36) nanocages can store hydrogen up to 7.7 wt%, approaching the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) target of 9 wt% by the year 2015, and the average binding energies of H₂ molecules lying in the range of 0.1–0.2 eV/H₂ are favorable for the reversible hydrogen adsorption/desorption at ambient conditions. It is also pointed out that when allowed to interact with each other, the agglomeration of Li-decorated (AlN)_n nanocages would lower the hydrogen storage capacity.     

Kinetic limitations in the Mg-Si-H system

Magnesium silicide (Mg₂Si) has attracted interest as a hydrogen storage material due to favorable thermodynamics (ΔH_desorption = 36 kJ/mol H₂) for room temperature operation. To date, direct hydriding of Mg₂Si under hydrogen gas to form MgH₂ and Si has only been attempted at low pressure and has been hindered by poor kinetics of absorption. In this paper we study the dehydrogenation reaction with in-situ neutron powder diffraction and present results of our attempts to hydrogenate Mg₂Si under both hydrogen and deuterium gas up to temperatures of 350 °C and pressures of 1850 bar. Even under these extreme absorption conditions Mg₂Si does not absorb any measureable quantity of hydrogen or deuterium.     

Study on low-vanadium Ti–Zr–Mn–Cr–V based alloys for high-density hydrogen storage

To reduce the cost and modulate hydrogen storage performances of Ti-based Laves phase alloys for the application of inputting 3.2 MPa feed hydrogen and outputting 8 MPa hydrogen with water bath, three series of less-vanadium Ti–Zr–Mn–Cr–V based alloys were prepared by induction levitation melting, and their microstructure and hydrogen storage properties were systematically investigated. All alloys consist of a single C14-type Laves phase with well-distributed elements. With vanadium decreasing in Ti_0.95Zr_0.05Mn_0.9+xCr_0.9+xV_0.2-2x (x = 0–0.02) and Ti_0.93Zr_0.07Mn_1.1+yCr_0.7+zV_0.2-y-z (y = 0, 0.05, z = 0–0.05) stoichiometric alloys, the hydrogen equilibrium pressure increases and hydrogenation kinetics is slightly deteriorated. After introducing Ti hyper-stoichiometry, Ti_0.93+wZr_0.07Mn_1.15Cr_0.7V_0.15 (w = 0–0.04) alloys show decreased hydrogen equilibrium pressure, high hydrogen capacity and enhanced kinetics. Among alloys mentioned, Ti_0.95Zr_0.07Mn_1.15Cr_0.7V_0.15 has optimum performances including useable capacity of 1.07 wt% at working conditions, together with satisfactory cycling durability. This study guides for compositional design of high-density hydrogen storage multi-component alloys.     

Escherichia coli (XL1-BLUE) for continuous fermentation of bioH2 and its separation by polyimide membrane

In this work continuous hydrogen production by Escherichia coli (XL1-BLUE) and its purification by membrane gas separation were studied. Firstly, a kinetic investigation was performed on formate supplemented broth in order to determine exponential growth phase (5–7 h) while the most intense hydrogen fermentation takes place. Furthermore, important process design parameters such as saturation constant and maximal growth rate were calculated (K_S = 0.77 g l⁻¹, μ_max = 0.39 h⁻¹). Afterward, based on the kinetic study, continuous hydrogen fermentations using cultures of E. coli (XL1-BLUE) were carried out in a CSTR reactor configuration applying various hydraulic retention times (HRT) related to both exponential and stationary growth period (5 h, 7 h, 9 h). The results indicated that highest hydrogen yield (0.26 mmol H₂/mmol formate added) and productivity (5.1 mmol H₂ l⁻¹ d⁻¹) could be achieved by applying HRT = 7 h that does not allow the living cells to reach stationary phase. In addition to hydrogen production, the concentration of bioH₂ by polyimide membrane under different operational circumstances was investigated using pure and mixed gases, as well. The results of single gas experiments indicated that increasing the temperature has positive effect on separation efficiency. Moreover, the influence of retentate and feed flow ratio (Q_R/Q_F) was studied applying binary H₂/CO₂ gaseous mixture and it was found that polyimide membrane has high potential for H₂ purification since 18% increase in H₂ concentration and 22% decrease in CO₂ content could be attained in the permeate by a one-step separation process.     

High-performance La–Mg–Ni-based alloys prepared with low cost raw materials

La–Mg–Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys showed good application prospects owing to their high hydrogen storage capacity. However, the poor cycling stability was a key problem. In order to improve the cycling stability, low cost YFe_0.85 master alloy was used as raw material to prepare La–Mg–Ni-based La_0.8-xY_xMg_0.2Ni_3-0.85xFe_0.85x (x = 0.50, 0.55, 0.60) hydrogen storage alloys by powder sintering method. The alloys were mainly composed of PuNi₃ phase and MgCu₄Sn phase. With the increase of Y and Fe, the cell parameters of PuNi₃ phase decreased. Lower mismatch coefficient promoted the cycling stability. As the case of x = 0.60, the capacity retention rate rose up to 95.45%. Aside from the cycling stability, appropriate substitution content contributed to higher capacity and satisfactory kinetics. As the case of x = 0.55, the hydrogen storage capacity reached 1.529 wt%, and hydriding time for the x = 0.60 alloy shrank to 76.7% of that for alloys without Y and Fe at 303 K.     

Hydrogen permeation and diffusion in densified MOF-5 pellets

The metal-organic framework Zn₄O (BDC)₃ (BDC = 1,4-bezene dicarboxlate), also known as MOF-5, has demonstrated considerable adsorption of hydrogen, up to 7 excess wt.% at 77 K. Consequently, it has attracted significant attention for vehicular hydrogen storage applications. To improve the volumetric hydrogen density and thermal conductivity of MOF-5, prior studies have examined the hydrogen storage capacities of dense MOF-5 pellets and the impact of thermally conductive additives such as expanded natural graphite (ENG). However, the performance of a storage system based on densified MOF-5 powders will also hinge upon the rate of hydrogen mass transport through the storage medium. In this study, we further characterize MOF-5 compacts by measuring their hydrogen transport properties as a function of pellet density (ρ = 0.3–0.5 g cm⁻³) and the presence/absence of ENG additions. More specifically, the Darcy permeability and diffusivity of hydrogen in pellets of neat MOF-5, and composite pellets consisting of MOF-5 with 5 and 10 wt.% ENG additions, have been measured at ambient (296 K) and liquid nitrogen (77 K) temperatures. The experimental data suggest that the H₂ transport in densified MOF-5 is strongly related to the MOF-5 pellet density ρ.     

Hydrogen desorption from a hydride container under different heat exchange conditions

The desorption behavior of a hydrogen storage prototype loaded with AB₅H₆ hydride, whose equilibrium pressure makes it suitable for both feeding a PEM fuel cell and being charged directly from a low pressure water electrolyzer without need of additional compression, was studied. The nominal 70 L hydrogen storage capacity of the container (T = 20 °C, P = 101.3 kPa) suffices for ca. 2.5 h operation of a 50 W hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell stack. The hydride container is provided with aluminum extended surfaces to enhance heat exchange with the surrounding medium. These surfaces consist of internal disk-shaped metal foils and external axial fins. The characterization of the storage prototype at different hydrogen discharge flow rates was made by monitoring the internal pressure and the temperatures of the external wall and at the center inside the container.