Modeling the static liquefaction of unsaturated sand containing gas bubbles

As a modification of the deviatoric hardening plasticity model, a material state-dependent model was proposed to simulate the response of unsaturated sand containing gas bubbles under undrained triaxial conditions. Affected by the compressibility of gas, the stress paths under undrained conditions approach the drained response of sand when the initial degree of saturation is low. Upon an increase in the degree of saturation, the stress path gradually approaches the saturated undrained response. According to the prediction based on the second-order work criterion, static liquefaction occurs in loose sand, but not in dense sand. Increases in the degree of saturation and the initial gas pressure reduce the stress ratio at the instability points. The instability line obtained by connecting those instability points in the p-q space is nonlinear, and its slope depends on the initial void ratio, the initial degree of saturation, the initial gas pressure, and the confining stress. After comparing the experimental results in the literature with the theoretical prediction, the proposed model was shown to precisely predict the onset of the static liquefaction of unsaturated sand containing gas bubbles.     

Stress-fractional soil model with reduced elastic region

The original stress-fractional plasticity approach was developed for the axisymmetric stress state. However, it cannot accurately capture the stress-strain behaviour, e.g., quasi-steady state flow, temporary stress peak and state-dependent dilatancy of soils under different loading conditions. In this study, a modified fractional-order plasticity model for soils under the general stress state is developed using an alternative yielding surface with a reduced elastic region at the dry side of the critical state line. The proposed model is then validated against the results of a series of drained and undrained tests conducted on different soils, including sand, rockfill, ballast and clay, subjected to different loading paths. It is observed that the proposed model can reasonably simulate the key features, such as the hardening/softening, contraction/dilation, liquefaction, quasi-steady state flow and steady state flow behaviour, of different soils.     

部分排水条件下饱和砂土的力学特性研究

利用英国GDS公司的STDTTS标准应力路径三轴仪开展了饱和砂土的部分排水试验,从超静孔隙水压力、有效应力路径与渐近状态特性等方面研究了部分排水条件下饱和砂土的力学特性。将渐近状态方程与剪胀方程耦合,并引入描述排水程度的状态参量mtml_15-0208_bak/img_0.png10.015.0,提出了相变应力比方程,将方程引入到土的应力路径本构模型,建立了饱和砂土的渐近状态本构模型。通过部分排水条件下饱和砂土的三轴试验结果,验证了所建模型的合理性。研究结果表明：排水条件控制着土体剪胀特性的发挥程度,进而从两个方面影响土的力学特性,一是荷载条件,即影响土体的有效应力路径,以及加载模式;二是土性条件,即影响土的抗剪强度的发挥程度,形成渐近状态。     

饱和砂土的物态变化特性

通过饱和砂土的往返加卸载三轴试验 ,揭示了饱和砂土的初剪缩、剪胀、次剪缩、反向剪缩等物态变化特性 ,论证了它们与不排水条件下饱和砂土孔压的变化和排水条件下剪缩剪胀体应变的变化具有内在的联系 ,从而验证了往返加卸载复杂应力条件下饱和砂土不同物态的客观存在性 ,为进一步揭示动荷条件下饱和砂土的复杂变形特性提供了研究基础。     

Effect of Dilatancy on Instability,Pre-Instability Strain Softening of Sand Along Proportional Strain Paths

The roles of dilatancy in granular materials are experimentally and numerically explored with regard to material instability and failure. Experimental results of sand corresponding to proportional strain paths show that either pre- or post-failure instability may take place, depending on the density and the imposed rate of volume change. Pre-instability strain softening is observed for both dense and very loose sand, however, strain softening is not a necessary condition for the occurrence of material instability. Both experimental results and constitutive modeling show that the difference between the forced rate of volume change and the inherent potential of dilation dominates the occurrence of strain softening and material instability. The dependency of inherent dilation on void ratio and stress level is a key factor in predicting the complicated stress responses of sand deforming along imposed strain paths.     

砂土剪胀剪缩特性及其对抗剪强度的影响

为了研究饱和砂土的剪胀剪缩特性及其对抗剪强度的影响,选取滹沱河细砂,利用空心圆柱扭剪仪较系统地开展了一系列不同初始密度、不同固结压力条件下的排水与不排水纯扭剪试验研究,在总应力保持不变的情况下研究了砂土的剪胀剪缩特性,着重探讨了在排水与不排水试验中,不同密度和不同有效围压的砂土在单调剪切荷载作用下的应力-应变关系、硬化与软化、土体的剪胀剪缩以及强度等特性。结果表明:砂土密度和固结压力对砂土剪胀剪缩特性具有显著的影响;砂土的剪胀剪缩特性对砂土的排水、不排水强度以及应力-应变关系产生显著的影响;由于剪胀剪缩特性的影响,砂土的不排水抗剪强度甚至可能高于排水抗剪强度;研究成果可为今后砂土的本构模型和数值模拟提供试验资料。     

砂土液化分析的散粒体模型(英文)

在归纳砂土组构张量研究成果的基础上提出一个与已有弹塑性模型不同的新的增量非线性模型。该模型全面地考虑了平均压应力、归一化剪应力、Ｌｏｄｅ 角和主应力轴变化所引起的可逆和不可逆的变形,成功地模拟了单调荷载下密砂的剪胀软化和松砂的不排水剪切失稳现象,往复荷载下的残余变形和孔隙压力积累以及Ｌｏｄｅ 角和主应力轴变化下的液化现象。     

循环荷载下砂土变形的细观数值模拟Ⅱ:密砂试验结果

采用颗粒流理论模拟了不同排水条件下密砂的双轴试验,通过开发的细观组构统计程序记录加载不同时刻试样的细观组构演化,研究了循环荷载作用下密砂变形过程中细观配位数、接触方向、粒间接触力等的演化规律及其与试样宏观力学响应之间的内在联系。探讨了密砂在循环荷载作用下诱发各向异性、剪胀软化、循环活动性等产生的微细观机理。与松砂相比,密砂在循环荷载作用下,组构各向异性与应力各向异性彼此相协调,没有产生配位数的连续累积损失。     

Plasticity Modeling of the Effect of Sample Preparation Method on Sand Response

Experimental evidence shows that different preparation methods produce sand samples with distinctly different stress-strain response. This paper explores and draws conclusions from the measured differences on the monotonic undrained triaxial response of Toyoura sand, prepared by different methods at the same values of void ratio and initial effective stresses. This is achieved by comparing data and simulations performed with a recently developed plasticity constitutive model, which accounts for the effect of inherent fabric anisotropy on the mechanical response. The inherent fabric anisotropy is represented by a second order symmetric fabric tensor, and its effect on the response at different loading directions is expressed by an appropriate dependence of certain constitutive ingredients on a joint isotropic invariant of the loading direction and the fabric tensor. Use of this constitutive scheme to simulate the aforementioned data on Toyoura sand exploits the fact that the preparation method affects both the dilatancy and the hardening response in a systematic manner. Under the premise that these effects are due to the different inherent fabric created by the preparation method, it follows that the foregoing simulations do not require changes in constitutive equations or entirely different sets of model constants. On the contrary, only model constants related to this inherent fabric anisotropy scheme need readjustment, providing insight to how the sample preparation method affects the response and what can be done to model it.     

土的基本特性及本构关系与强度理论

土的基本特性及本构关系与强度理论是土力学及岩土工程学科的重要理论基础之一。本 文针对饱和黏土、砂土及堆石料等粗粒土,总结了这三类土在基本力学特性及本构强度理论方 面的研究现状和发展趋势。饱和黏土部分主要包括压缩特性、剪切特性—临界状态及剪胀/剪缩 、结构性及其破坏、中主应力影响、各向异性及主应力偏转效应、不排水抗剪强度、流变特性 、微观力学解析模型等;砂土部分包括临界状态概念与剪胀性、砂土各向异性、应变局部化等 ;堆石料等粗粒土部分则以颗粒破碎对堆石料等粗粒土的力学性质的影响为主线,重点介绍了 颗粒破碎的度量方法、颗粒破碎对剪胀性、临界状态线的影响以及相应的本构模型、宏观-微观 的力学分析方法。     

复杂应力路径下饱和砂土静态液化失稳预测

饱和砂土应力–应变关系具有各向异性和状态相关特性,因此其静态液化的触发与应力路径密切相关。现有文献已提出多种静态液化判别准则,但其准确性往往仅在三轴应力路径下被进行校验。对于涉及主应力方向旋转和不同中主应力比的复杂应力路径,现有判别准则是否可以准确预测静态液化的触发有待进一步验证。为此,基于状态相关各向异性砂土本构模型,结合前人的空心圆柱扭剪单元体试验,比较了二阶功、弹塑性刚度矩阵对称部分和失稳模量3种准则对复杂应力路径下砂土静态液化失稳预测的效果。发现包括:基于弹塑性刚度矩阵对称部分的失稳触发表达式不依赖于加载路径,具有更好的通用性,其预测的失稳点早于或与实际失稳点吻合;失稳模量理论可预测实际液化失稳的位置,但判定表达式因加载条件不同而变化。获得了复杂应力路径下的失稳线,分析了静态液化触发前砂土可发挥峰值摩擦角受中主应力、主应力方向等因素的影响。     

砂土材料状态相关临界状态各向异性模型

考虑材料状态对砂土临界状态的影响,采用宏细观结合的方法建立了砂土的各向异性模型。将新的各向异性状态变量引入砂土模型的临界状态方程,增加了各向异性参量、应力状态和应力与材料组构方向关系3个因素对临界状态的影响,扩展了砂土材料状态相关的概念。随应力状态和应力与材料组构方向几何关系变化,π平面上模型的临界状态线、相变状态线和峰值状态线的形状和位置自然产生变化,各向异性越大,状态线偏离的静水压力轴也越远,形状变化也越大。模型的剪胀方程和硬化规律也是状态参量函数,随细观参量的变化,细化和量化了砂土物理状态变量对剪胀性及硬化规律的描述。模型用一组参数可以描述较大围压和密度范围砂土各向异性强度-变形的力学响应。     

Modelling the Undrained Response of Fibre Reinforced Sands

Mixing a loose clean sand with random discrete flexible fibres has been found beneficial in decreasing the susceptibility to the phenomenon of liquefaction under monotonic loading. The addition of fibres can convert the strain softening response, typical of a loose unreinforced sand, into a strain hardening response by affecting the pore pressure generation and the effective stress path response. A new constitutive model based on the rule of mixtures has been used to simulate the undrained response of fibre reinforced sands. The model superimposes the individual contributions of the sand and the fibres according to their volumetric fraction. An apparent densification of the sand matrix induced by the presence of the fibres is accounted for in the model by assigning some of the void space to the fibres. This apparent densification is considered responsible for the observed strain hardening behaviour of reinforced sands. The proposed model is able to accommodate any distribution of fibre orientation: the orientation of fibres plays a key role in explaining the experimentally observed effective stress paths.     

超固结度对超固结饱和黏土不排水蠕变特性的影响研究

以具有不同超固结度的重塑黏土试样为研究对象,在加载应力比等同于临界状态线斜率的应力条件下开展了一系列不排水蠕变试验,研究了超固结饱和黏土的蠕变特性。试验结果表明,对强超固结度黏土试样,随着蠕变时间的增加,孔压一直降低,并从正孔压降到负孔压。强超固结度试样的初始应力路径虽然都到达了正常固结土试验获得的临界状态线,但强超固结度的试样在蠕变阶段并不破坏。在蠕变初始阶段,对于不同强超固结度轴应变速率与对数蠕变时间的关系线是相互平行的直线。整个蠕变过程中,强超固结度试样都处于剪胀状态中,且超固结度越大,到达最大剪胀状态的蠕变时间越长。在相同的应力比下,超固结度是影响超固结试样不排水蠕变破坏与否的重要因素。     

黏土和砂土简单的三维本构模型(英文)

把修正剑桥模型推广为适合于黏土和砂土的简单、统一三维本构模型是基于以下两点提出的 :第一点 ,把由笔者已提出的基于SMP准则的一个变换应力张量用于修正剑桥模型使其简单实现了三维化 ,改进的模型对于黏土实现了从剪切屈服到剪切破坏的统一及临界状态理论同SMP准则的结合 ;第二点 ,为了建立对于黏土和砂土简单、统一的本构模型 ,推导出了一个新的硬化参数 ,新硬化参数不仅能描述砂土不同程度的剪胀性 ,对于正常固结黏土又能退化成塑性体积应变 ,所提硬化参数的合理性也被各种路径下分别在三轴压缩和三轴伸长下的试验结果所证实。所提模型的计算参数仅为 5个常规试验参数 ,易于确定     

考虑主应力轴旋转的砂土变形特性试验研究

采用空心圆柱扭剪仪(HCA)进行一系列排水试验,研究主应力轴旋转条件下砂土的变形特性。试验采用2种类型的加载路径,第一种保持偏应力不变旋转主应力轴,第二种在增加偏应力的同时旋转主应力轴。通过改变偏应力的应力水平,研究砂土的变形以及非共轴度的变化规律。同时,对同等试验条件、材料和加载路径下不同密实度试样的试验结果分析,研究密实度对于非共轴度的影响。另外,采用2种材料进行对比试验(Portaway砂与LB砂),研究砂土初始各向异性与非共轴性之间的关系。试验研究结果表明：砂土的变形随着主应力轴的旋转而累加,并体现出显著的非共轴特性。砂土的非共轴度与材料所处的应力水平、密实度及初始各向异性均存在一定相关性。     

一个能够模拟软土时效特性的简单弹黏塑性模型(英文)

基于Perzyna超应力理论与修正剑桥模型,建立了一个能够模拟软土时效特性的简单的弹黏塑性本构模型,提出了参数的实验室确定方法。以室内试验为基础,模拟了不同试验条件下软土的时效特性:应变速率对先期固结压力和不排水抗剪强度的影响;一维固结与次固结特征及竖向应力对次固结系数的影响;不同应力水平下的不排水蠕变特征;不同应变水平下的应力松弛特征。通过实验数据与数值模拟的比较,对模型进行了验证,发现上述本构模型能够较好地描述不同加载路径下的正常固结与微超固结土的时效特征。同时,通过对同一试样的多阶段加卸载三轴实验、现场压力仪实验及实验室压力仪实验的模拟,发现此模型可以较好地拟合实验过程中复杂应力路径下软土的时效特征。     

Unified modeling behavior of rockfill materials along different loading stress paths

Rockfill materials used for dam construction show obvious stress path dependency during construction process. The constitutive model for rockfill materials are mainly established based on conventional triaxial test. This brings some deviation to the numerical calculation for earth rockfill dam engineering, and it is necessary to develop a constitutive model considering stress paths effect. In the framework of generalized plasticity, plastic modulus can be expressed as the function of dilatancy equation and tangent modulus, hence the influence of stress paths on model can be transfer to the dilatancy equation and tangent modulus. This leads to a new method to describe stress-strain response of rockfill under various loading stress paths. Based on the analysis of large-scale triaxial experiments of rockfill materials with various stress paths, we proposed new dilatancy equation and tangent modulus to better describe stress paths effect and corresponding modified generalized plasticity model is established. Through the prediction and comparison of three groups of rockfill materials triaxial tests, the model established in this paper can simulate behaviors of rockfill materials under various stress paths, using only a set of parameters.     

松散砂土不稳定性试验研究

 对松散丰浦砂进行三轴不排水和常偏应力排水剪切(constant shear drained,简写为CSD)试验。试验采用高精度变围压三轴仪可实现CSD试验全过程偏应力不变,得到比以往研究更为可靠的试验结果。试验发现,在不排水试验中,同一孔隙比的试样在不同围压下具有相同的不稳定线,但同一围压下不稳定线的斜率随孔隙比的增大逐渐减小并趋于稳定。试样在完全排水条件下会发生不稳定,即试样产生明显塑性变形,轴向应变和体积应变迅速增大。以往的研究中CSD应力路径的施加采用轴向力不变,试验过程中偏应力的减小会对不稳定性的判断造成影响,这可能是不同研究者得出不一致结论的重要原因。对松散砂土在不排水和排水条件下不稳定性的区别与联系进行分析,得出如下结论：松散砂土无论在不排水条件下还是在完全排水条件下,相同孔隙比的试样均是在同一应力比下达到不稳定状态。试验结果为排水条件下不稳定性机制研究提供更强有力的试验依据,可用于解释某些边坡的破坏机制。