小型点燃式发动机应用LPG的微粒排放特性

介绍了液化石油气(LPG)在点燃式发动机上应用时微粒排放特性的试验研究．试验在一台四行程、水冷125mL单缸电喷式发动机上进行．结果表明,LPG在点燃式发动机上应用时也有大量的微粒排放,但其排放的总颗粒数与使用汽油燃料时基本相同．LPG燃料排放的微粒在粒度分布上有双峰分布的特点,但有时第1个峰的特征不明显,第2个峰对应的粒径大小同汽油机基本相同,发动机中等负荷时的微粒排放量最大,浓混合气的微粒排放量高,微粒的粒数浓度在中等转速时最大。     

DME-LPG混合燃料的试验研究

通过在火花点火式发动机燃用二甲醚混合燃料与汽油的对比试验,评价了二甲醚混合燃料的不同组份在发动机上的应用特性,分析了由二甲醚、液化石油气和甲醇组成的两种配比混合燃料的经济性能、动力性能及怠速时的排放性能。结果表明,发动机燃用二甲醚—液化石油气混合燃料基本达到了燃用汽油的水平。     

A review of hydrogen usage in internal combustion engines (gasoline-Lpg-diesel) from combustion performance aspect

Demand for fossil fuels is increasing day by day with the increase in industrialization and energy demand in the world. For this reason, many countries are looking for alternative energy sources against this increasing energy demand. Hydrogen is an alternative fuel with high efficiency and superior properties. The development of hydrogen-powered vehicles in the transport sector is expected to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution from exhaust emissions. In this study, the use of hydrogen as a fuel in vehicles and the current experimental studies in the literature are examined and the results of using hydrogen as an additional fuel are investigated. The effects of hydrogen usage on engine performance and exhaust emissions as an additional fuel to internal combustion gasoline, diesel and LPG engines are explained. Depending on the amount of hydrogen added to the fuel system, the engine power and torque are increased at most on petrol engines, while they are decreased on LPG and diesel engines. In terms of chemical products, the emissions of harmful exhaust gases in gasoline and LPG engines are reduced, while some diesel engines increase nitrogen oxide levels. In addition, it is understood that there will be a positive effect on the environment, due to hydrogen usage in all engine types.     

A computer simulation of hydrogen fueled spark ignition engine

The work reported here pertains to some of the computer simulation models developed for hydrogen fueled spark ignition (SI) engines. The engine combustion process is modeled by using a semi-empirical turbulent flame speed expression. This combustion model has been employed to account for the hydrogen-air combustion process over a wide range of stoichiometric variables for the Varimax engine operating at various speeds and compression ratios. Based on the computed results, graphs showing the variation of combustion crank angle and flame speed with fuel-air equivalence ratio, engine speed, compression ratio etc., have been plotted.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of using gasoline–ethanol blends in spark-ignition engines

The effects of ethanol addition to gasoline on an SI engine performance and exhaust emissions are investigated experimentally and theoretically. In the theoretical study, a quasi-dimensional SI engine cycle model, which was firstly developed for gasoline-fueled SI engines by author, has been adapted for SI engines running on gasoline–ethanol blends. Experimental applications have been carried out with the blends containing 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, 10.5 and 12 vol% ethanol. Numerical applications have been performed up to 21 vol% ethanol. Engine was operated with each blend at 1500 rpm for compression ratios of 7.75 and 8.25 and at full throttle setting. Results obtained from both theoretical and experimental studies are compared graphically. Experimental results have shown that among the various blends, the blend of 7.5% ethanol was the most suitable one from the engine performance and CO emissions points of view. However, theoretical comparisons have shown that the blend containing 16.5% ethanol was the most suited blend for SI engines. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the proposed SI engine cycle model has an ability of computing SI engine cycles when using ethanol and ethanol–gasoline blends and it can be used for further extensive parametric studies.     

LPG／汽油双燃料发动机排放规律的试验研究

介绍LPG／汽油双燃料发动机的排放特性,主要分析燃用LPG时发动机的排放规律,并对比分析了燃用汽油和燃用LPG时发动机的排放规律。     

The effects of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine

Alcohols have been used as a fuel for engines since 19th century. Among the various alcohols, ethanol is known as the most suited renewable, bio-based and ecofriendly fuel for spark-ignition (SI) engines. The most attractive properties of ethanol as an SI engine fuel are that it can be produced from renewable energy sources such as sugar, cane, cassava, many types of waste biomass materials, corn and barley. In addition, ethanol has higher evaporation heat, octane number and flammability temperature therefore it has positive influence on engine performance and reduces exhaust emissions. In this study, the effects of unleaded gasoline (E0) and unleaded gasoline–ethanol blends (E50 and E85) on engine performance and pollutant emissions were investigated experimentally in a single cylinder four-stroke spark-ignition engine at two compression ratios (10:1 and 11:1). The engine speed was changed from 1500 to 5000 rpm at wide open throttle (WOT). The results of the engine test showed that ethanol addition to unleaded gasoline increase the engine torque, power and fuel consumption and reduce carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. It was also found that ethanol–gasoline blends allow increasing compression ratio (CR) without knock occurrence.     

双点火及补气对摩托车发动机性能影响的研究

针对摩托车发动机经济性差、排放高的问题,笔者在一台加装了双火花塞和进气补气系统的单缸摩托车发动机上,在不同转速条件下,就双火花塞点火和补气对内燃机燃烧与排放特性的影响进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,采用双点火配合进气补气的方法可以有效降低发动机CO、HC排放及比燃油消耗率。在转速为3500r.min-1的条件下,采用双点火配合进气补气的发动机比燃油消耗率较原机降低约12.5%。在发动机转速高于3000r.min-1时,采用双点火也可以在一定程度上改善发动机经济性并降低CO和HC排放。但NOx排放在双点火条件下较原机略有升高。     

液化石油气与汽油燃烧特性的对比试验研究

在点燃式发动机上分别燃用液化石油气和汽油,通过采集示功图并进行放热规律计算,对两种燃料在相似工况、相同过量空气系数下的燃烧特性进行对比分析。结果表明,在不改变样机结构和点火提前角的情况下,燃用液化石油气造成样机最大输出功率下降了7.64%。标定工况下,过量空气系数的变化对样机燃用汽油时的功率影响较大。两种燃料标定工况下的比热耗均随过量空气系数的增大而降低,但液化石油气降低的幅度较小。相似工况、相同过量空气系数下,相对于汽油,液化石油气的滞燃期短,燃烧持续期短,燃烧速度快。     

液化石油气摩托车发动机排气净化研究

本文介绍了液化石油气的特性及在摩托车上的应用特点。运用实验的方法对摩托车发动机燃用液化石油气与燃用汽油时的排放特性及动力性进行对比研究，并分析排放特性与发动机转数、负荷及混合气空燃比的关系。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Efficiency and emissions in a vehicle spark ignition engine fueled with hydrogen and methane blends

This paper shows the results of the tests carried out in a naturally aspirated vehicle spark ignition engine fueled with different hydrogen and methane blends. The percentage of hydrogen tested was up to 50% by volume in methane. The tests were carried out in a wide range of speeds with the original ignition timing of the engine. Also, lean equivalence ratios were proved. Just the fuel injection map was modified for each fuel blend and equivalence ratio tested. In this paper, the results of thermal efficiency and pollutant emissions achieved at full load have been compared with the corresponding gasoline test results. The best balance between thermal efficiency and pollutant emissions was observed with the 30% hydrogen and 70% methane fuel blend.     

轻便摩托车发动机燃用液化石油气与排气催化净化研究

本文对燃用液化石油气(LPG)加配金属载体的稀土贵金属催化净化装置的幸福XF135QMA-2轻便摩托车发动机的排放特性进行了试验研究，并与燃用汽油的排放特性进行了比较。结果表明：与燃用汽油相比，LPG能使摩托车发动机CO、HC排放有效降低，加配催化净化技术后能进一步降低排放。     

Combustion and emissions performance of a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine at idle and lean conditions

Due to the narrow flammability of gasoline, pure gasoline-fueled spark-ignited (SI) engines always encounter partial burning or even misfire at lean conditions. Gasoline engines tend to suffer poor combustion and expel large emissions at idle conditions because of the high variation in the intake charge and low combustion temperature. Comparatively, hybrid hydrogen engines (HHE) fueled with the mixtures of hydrocarbon fuels and hydrogen seem to achieve lower emissions and gain higher thermal efficiencies than the original hydrocarbon-fueled engines due to the wide flammability and high flame speed of hydrogen. Since a HHE only requires a small amount of hydrogen, it also removes concerns about the high production and storage costs of hydrogen. This paper introduced an experiment conducted on a four-cylinder SI gasoline engine equipped with a hydrogen port-injection system to explore the performance of a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine (HHGE) at idle and lean conditions. The injection timings and durations of hydrogen and gasoline were governed by a hybrid electronic control unit (HECU) developed by the authors, which can be adjusted freely according to the commands from a calibration computer. During the test, hydrogen flow rate was varied to ensure that hydrogen volume fraction in the intake was constantly kept at 3%. For the specified hydrogen addition level, gasoline flow rate was reduced to make the engine operate at idle and lean conditions with various excess air ratios. The test results demonstrated that cyclic variations in engine idle speed and indicated mean effective pressure were eased with hydrogen enrichment. The indicated thermal efficiency was obviously higher for the HHGE than that for the original gasoline engine at idle and lean conditions. The indicated thermal efficiency at an excess air ratio of 1.37 was increased from 13.81% for the original gasoline engine to 20.20% for the HHGE with a 3% hydrogen blending level. Flame development and propagation periods were also evidently shortened after hydrogen blending. Moreover, HC, CO and NOx emissions were all improved after hydrogen enrichment at idle and lean conditions. Therefore, the HHE methodology is an effective and promising way for improving engine idle performance at lean conditions.     

缸内直接喷射汽油机的新技术

本文从燃油喷射系统、燃烧系统、混合气形成的基础理论研究、燃烧和排放等几方面介绍了汽油缸内直接喷射技术取得的新进展以及目前尚未解决的技术难题，指出排放问题将是决定缸内直喷汽油机发展的关键因素。     

Performance and exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine using artificial neural network

This study deals with artificial neural network (ANN) modelling of a gasoline engine to predict the brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and exhaust emissions of the engine. To acquire data for training and testing the proposed ANN, a four-cylinder, four-stroke test engine was fuelled with gasoline having various octane numbers (91, 93, 95 and 95.3), and operated at different engine speeds and torques. Using some of the experimental data for training, an ANN model based on standard back-propagation algorithm for the engine was developed. Then, the performance of the ANN predictions were measured by comparing the predictions with the experimental results which were not used in the training process. It was observed that the ANN model can predict the engine performance, exhaust emissions and exhaust gas temperature quite well with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.983–0.996, mean relative errors in the range of 1.41–6.66% and very low root mean square errors. This study shows that, as an alternative to classical modelling techniques, the ANN approach can be used to accurately predict the performance and emissions of internal combustion engines.     

Fuel conversion efficiency of a port injection engine fueled with gasoline–isobutanol blends

This paper describes the comparative advantages of using isobutanol as a fuel for SI (spark ignition) engines instead of ethanol. An experimental study of fuel conversion efficiency was performed on a port injection engine fueled with mixtures containing 10, 30 and 50% isobutanol blended with gasoline. Efficiency as well as performance levels were maintained within acceptable limits for all three types of fuel blends compared to running the engine on straight gasoline. These results show that isobutanol is an attractive drop-in fuel for SI engines, and can be blended with gasoline in much higher concentrations compared to ethanol, without any modifications to the fuel system or other engine components.     

汽油机燃用含氧混合燃料时燃烧特性和碳氢排放的研究

开展了汽油机燃用含氧混合燃料时燃烧特性和碳氢排放的研究 ,分析了质量燃烧率和发动机碳氢排放。基于实测示功图的计算结果表明 ,与汽油相比 ,燃用汽油 乙醚混合燃料可明显缩短火焰发展角和快速燃烧角。当汽油中加入的醇类燃料比例较小时 ,与燃用汽油相比 ,可缩短火焰发展角和明显缩短快速燃烧角 ;而当汽油中加入的醇类燃料比例较大时 ,反而会增加火焰发展角和快速燃烧角。试验结果表明 ,与燃用汽油相比 ,燃用含氧混合燃料可降低发动机碳氢排放量 ,燃用汽油 乙醚混合燃料比燃用汽油 醇类混合燃料具有更低的碳氢排放。     

Particulate emissions from laser ignited and spark ignited hydrogen fueled engines

Exponentially increasing energy demand and stricter emission legislations have motivated researchers to explore alternative fuels and advanced engine technologies, which are more efficient and environment friendly. In last two decades, hydrogen has emerged as promising alternative fuel for internal combustion (IC) engines and vehicles. For gaseous fuels, laser ignition (LI) has emerged as a novel ignition technique due to its superior characteristics, leading to improved combustion, engine performance and emission characteristics. Numerous advantages of LI system such as flexibility of plasma location, lower NO_x emissions and capability of igniting ultra-lean fuel–air mixture makes LI system superior compared to conventional spark ignition (SI) system. This study experimentally compares particulate emissions from hydrogen fueled engine ignited by LI and SI systems. Experiments were performed in a constant speed engine prototype, which was suitably modified to operate on gaseous fuels using both LI as well as SI systems. Particulate were characterized using engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) spectrometer. Results showed that LI engine resulted in relatively higher particulate number concentration as well as particulate mass compared to SI engine. In both ignition systems, particulate emissions increased with increasing engine load however rate of increase was relatively higher in LI system. Relatively larger count mean diameter (CMD) of particulate emitted from SI engine compared to LI engine was another important observation. This showed emission of relatively smaller particles in larger numbers from LI engine, compared to baseline SI engine.     

二甲醚发动机燃烧特性的试验与数值模拟研究

在一台直喷式压燃发动机上开展了二甲醚燃烧与排放特性的试验与数值模拟研究。测量了二甲醚在高压燃油泵内的泄漏量及其与发动机转速之间的定量关系,并就发动机分别燃用二甲醚和柴油的运转性能进行了对比试验研究,结果表明,发动机燃用二甲醚要比燃用柴油具有更好的性能与排放水平;另从二甲醚低温着火的化学反应机理人手,开展了其自燃着火过程的数值模拟研究,进而建立了计及温度、压力和燃空当量比因素的DME滞燃期数据库;通过将该数据库与发动机循环模拟程序相耦合,对DME发动机的运转性能进行了变参数预测分析,预测结果与试验结果吻合较好。