基于生态保护的流域水权分配的思考

针对流域初始水权分配的现状,探讨了基于生态保护的流域水权分配问题,提出了基于生态保护的水权内涵:一是流域初始水权分配应重点考虑水源地的生态资本价值,并在初始水权的分配中予以体现.二是提出优水优价的理念.水价应包含水量和水质两个内容,缺一不可.在此观点的基础上,提出了基于生态保护的水权分配实现框架.基于生态保护的流域水权...     

黄河流域水权分配体系研究

介绍了新中国成立以来黄河流域水量分配方案的发展历程,认为应借鉴澳大利亚水权制度的成功经验,在界定水权的基础上构建黄河流域初始水权分配体系,包括流域层次和省内层次两部分的水权分配.流域水权分配的步骤为确定流域环境用水要求、可分配水资源量、省(区)间的分配;省内水权分配分为3个层次,即省内可用水资源、批发水权、初始水权.     

运用现代水利理念探讨流域初始水权分配

随着社会经济的进一步发展,水资源短缺的问题将会愈加突出,流域沿岸各用水主体的水权分配问题将更加严重.现代水利理念力求水系的资源功能、环境功能、生态功能都得到完全的发挥,使全流域的安全性、舒适性都不断得到改善,对流域初始水权分配具有较强的指导意义.通过介绍我国古代水权分配制度、现代水利理念及国外流域初始水权分配原则,运用现代水利理念提出了流域初始水权分配的几点原则,对水权交易做了初步探讨,最后针对流域初始水权分配提出了几点结论和建议.     

松辽流域水权体系框架及实现途径初探

结合松辽流域水资源综合规划工作,通过对流域水资源量及对应水权的结构划分,构建了松辽流域水权体系框架.对松辽流域初始水权分配的实现途径和监管手段进行了探讨,以期用清晰的思路来完成松辽流域的初始水权分配工作.     

卫河流域初始水权分配方案研究

根据卫河流域特点和初始水权分配的需要,在摸清流域地表水资源的区域分布及特征前提下,界定了"已开发水权"和"待开发水权",研究提出了流域初始水权分配原则.在研究初始水权分配管理基本模式的基础上,按照"交易成本最小化"原理,推荐了卫河流域不同区域适宜的水权管理模式,并提出了落实初始水权分配方案的措施.     

松辽流域初始水权分配实践与探索

根据松辽流域用水现状和需水预测．流域水资源承载能力将成为流域经济社会可持续发展的关键制约因素。面对松辽流域水资源管理的实际情况．流域初始用水权分配是实现战略举措的一项基础工作．也是水权制度建设和水市场建立的起步工作。松辽委适时组织开展了流域初始用水权分配专题研究．并在霍林河与大凌河流域进行了初始用水权分配的实践探索。     

基于模糊优选和CRITIC法的流域初始水权分配 ——以漳卫南子流域为例

根据公平性、高效性和可持续性原则,建立了漳卫南运河子流域初始水权分配指标体系,应用CRITIC法确定了指标权重,并结合模糊优选法计算了子流域初始水权的分配比例。结果表明,该初始水权分配结果符合实际情况,为漳卫南运河流域水权制度的建立奠定了基础。     

松辽流域初始水权分配实践与探索

根据松辽流域用水现状和需水预测,流域水资源承载能力将成为流域经济社会可持续发展的关键制约因素.节水型社会建设是解决这一问题的战略举措.水权制度建设和水市场建立是水资源管理适应市场经济的正确选择.面对松辽流域水资源管理的实际情况,流域初始用水权分配是实现战略举措的一项基础工作,也是水权制度建设和水市场建立的起步工作.结合松辽流域的具体情况,松辽委适时组织开展了流域初始用水权分配专题研究,并在霍林河与大凌河流域进行了初始用水权分配的实践探索.     

基于改进破产规则和验证惩罚机制的流域初始水权两阶段优化分配方法

初始水权分配中，流域管理者与区域用水户之间存在不对称信息和不同的用水目标，往往导致水资源无法合理分配与高效利用。为提高初始水权分配与利用效率，从流域管理者角度，结合区域及行业用户需求、区域影响因子和行业影响因子，提出基于破产理论的初始水权优化分配框架，得到初始优化方案，进而依据奖惩规则制定监管机制，形成两阶段优化分配方法。将该方法应用于典型流域初始水权分配，并对机制实施与效果调研，结果表明，这一模型不仅可以提高水资源分配效率，还可以有效约束超额用水户行为，不断优化水资源配置效果与提高水资源的利用效率，从而支撑水资源初始水权的合理分配与有效监管。研究成果有利于流域管理者合理分配及利用水资源。     

水权与初始水权分配研究综述

对当前国内外的关于水权的各种解释以及初始水权的概念进行了研究 , 讲述了以河岸权为原则和以先占用为原则的初始水权分配体系及其特点,分析了我国当前实行的以取水许可制度为核心的行政主导的初始水权分配体系的优缺点及发展前景,构建了我国初始水权分配体系建设的原则。通过对我国部分流域和区域内初始水权分配和实践状况的总结,在此基础上提出了研究展望。     

Expectations in Water-right Prices

Water markets are increasingly being used and promoted as an economically efficient means to transfer water rights. Knowledge of water-right price determinants and trends is important in developing markets, and in evaluating the comparative benefits and costs of water supply alternatives. Potential determinants of homogeneous water-right prices are identified, and a two-equation model based on rational expectations theory is developed. The model is tested using empirical evidence from the established market for Colorado-Big Thompson water rights. The model results support observations that returns to water in irrigation do not adequately explain the level of water-right prices. Socioeconomic and speculative factors are found to explain successfully the variations in historical prices, and appear to play a substantial role in water-right price formation. These findings have important implications in assessing the benefits of proposed water-transfer policies.     

区块链技术在水资源管理中的应用展望

实施最严格水资源管理制度以来,水资源管理面临业务需求不断增长,信息数据不断扩张的挑战,对此,区块链技术在水资源管理领域具有宽广的应用前景。在回顾区块链技术的概念、技术特点和发展历程的基础上,分析我国供水系统管理、用水过程管理、水权交易及政务服务实践过程中存在的问题。根据区块链技术去中心化、智能合约、公开透明、不可篡改的特点,提出了区块链技术在解决上述问题中信任机制、管理精度、管理效率、信息交互等难点的技术思路与结构框架。就未来需要开展的研究方向提出了完善顶层设计以构建标准平台、加强区块链技术攻坚以提升区块链性能、完善管理技术基础等建议。未来区块链技术将深度融入水资源管理过程中,使政府水资源治理体系和治理能力现代化迈上新的台阶。     

玉米光合产物分配与转移模拟方法的研究

光合产物分配与转移的模拟是作物生长模拟的重要组成部分。以山西省文峪河试验站春玉米3个年度（2018、2019和2020年）灌溉试验（高水处理T1和零水处理T2）资料对光合产物分配方法（分配系数法和分配指数法）进行模拟研究。结果表明：从拟合精度来看,两种方法对茎、叶、穗模拟值与实测值的拟合优度R²均大于0.9,其中穗模拟精度最高（R²>0.95）。水分胁迫会导致茎分配指数减小、叶和穗分配指数增大,且穗分配指数受水分胁迫影响最大;水分胁迫主要是通过影响生长相关性（茎叶比、穗茎比和根冠比）来影响分配系数,其中穗茎比随时间变化过程的模拟效果最好（R²=0.882）;茎叶比水分胁迫指数为-0.130,表明水分胁迫会导致茎叶比减小;穗茎比和根冠比的水分胁迫指数分别为0.248和0.143,表明水分胁迫会使穗茎比和根冠比增大;茎、叶、根分配系数在生长前期受水分胁迫影响较小,生长后期水分胁迫导致茎、叶、根分配系数增大以及穗分配系数减小;水分胁迫使光合产物的转移率减小。整体而言,两种方法对光合产物的拟合精度非常接近,但分配系数法对光合产物转移量的模拟结果更接近于实际情况,表明分配系数法具有更好的机理性。     

Regional Flood Frequency Analysis of the Seven Sites of Punjab, Pakistan, Using L-Moments

L-moments based regional flood frequency analysis has been carried out on the seven sites of Punjab, Pakistan. Discordancy measure in terms of L-moments has been used to screen the data on each of the seven sites. Homogeneity of the region has been tested using the L-moments based heterogeneity measure (H). H has been calculated using four parameter Kappa distribution with 500 simulations. In order to find the most suitable distribution for quantile estimates, a number of L-moments based frequency distributions, such as, generalized logistic (GLO), generalized extreme-value (GEV), generalized normal (GNO), Pearson type III (PE3), generalized Pareto (GPA) and five parameter Wakeby (WAK) distribution, have been used. Based on the L-moment ratio diagram and Z ^DIST statistic, three distributions; GNO, GPA and GEV have been identified as the suitable candidates for regional distribution. Accuracy measures for the estimated regional growth curves and quantiles have been calculated for the three candidate distributions, using Monte Carlo simulations. Simulations study showed that GNO distribution is the robust distribution with GPA as suitable alternative but GEV is not an appropriate distribution for the study area.     

An Optimization Model for Crucial Key Pipes and Mechanical Reliability: A Case Study on a Water Distribution System in Taiwan

This study develops a new method to calculate the water distribution system’s mechanical reliability and locates crucial pipes by using the minimum cut-sets method, exhaustive enumeration method and an optimal allocation model. First, a full domain optimization model was established to analyze the water distribution system. Next, the minimum cut-sets method and exhaustive enumeration method were used to discover the water distribution system’s key pipes. At last, water distribution system’s mechanical reliability can be calculated. The major contributions are that we can use optimal allocation model to locate crucial pipelines in the water distribution whose failure will severely impair the source-demand connectivity. Besides, we can calculate water distribution system’s mechanical reliability. Thus we can offer these results for hydraulic construction funds consulting. The developed methodology is applied to a water distribution system in Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.     

基于输水损失动态变化特性的渠系优化配水模型研究

渠系优化配水是灌区减少渠道渗漏损失、提高渠系水利用效率的重要节水管理措施,但当前渠系优化配水模型的渗漏损失计算方法难以真实反映渠床土壤透水性随时间动态变化的特征,导致人为的配水偏多或者偏少.鉴于此,本文探索性引入渠床土壤前期影响含水量的概念来描述渠床土壤湿润程度在渠道输配水过程中的动态变化,提出了一种新的渠道输水渗漏损...     

接触面法-切向应力非线性分布的梯形渠道冻胀力学模型

针对开放系统下的寒区梯形渠道,考虑衬砌各点地下水补给条件的横向差异提出非线性分布法向冻胀力的计算方法,通过引入冻土与衬砌接触界面切向相互作用的Winkler假设导出非线性分布切向冻结力的计算方法,进而构建接触面法-切向应力非线性分布的梯形渠道冻胀力学模型。以塔里木灌区某梯形渠道为例,分析了不同地下水埋深w对各截面弯矩的影响规律。结果表明：地下水埋深越浅,则衬砌板截面弯矩分布的不均匀性越强,最大弯矩的量值迅速呈非线性增大,坡板危险截面位置约在距坡脚30%~42%坡板长处,底板危险截面在渠底中部附近,与调查结果相符。同时分析了顶盖板约束下不同接触面切向刚度(k_p)对各截面切向位移及切向冻结力分布的影响规律。结果表明：切向位移及切向冻结力均自坡顶向坡脚处逐渐增大,在坡顶处为零,在坡脚处达到最大值。k_p较小时,截面切向位移及切向冻结力趋于线性分布;随着k_p的增大,两者逐渐偏离线性分布,且k_p越大两者非线性分布越明显。研究结果可为寒区梯形衬砌渠道抗冻设计提供参考。     

Impacts of the 1976–77 Drought in the U.S.A.

ABSTRACT

The gamma distribution model is a useful one to describe distributions and many types of data and information. Applications can be made in every discipline. Among these are reliability. quality assurance and control disciplines. It is often used in hydrology and meteorology to describe water supply and precipitation distribution. It is known that the shape parameter of precipitation distributions tends to become larger when the periods over which precipitation is measured become larger.

This paper provides the mathematical expression for the gamma distribution. illustrations of the physical representation of the model, and examples to illustrate the relationship of the parameters to increasing periods of time. This paper is written so that the younger scientists entering the disciplines of geophysics. oceanography. and/or meteorology/hydrology are introduced to some important aspects of the distribution and an application.     

Variant modification of three-parameter gamma distribution

Conclusion  The modification of the three-parameter gamma distribution obtained is more flexible and more adequately descrit right tail of the empirical probability distribution. The proposed probabilistic model is more statistically stable (robu ative to the initial (input) information, since it satisfies the invariance property: the parameters of the new distributive are invariant. The analytically substantiated modification of the three-parameter gamma distribution is invariantly robust. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 25–29, April, 1997.     

Applying Bivariate Normal Distribution to Flood Frequency Analysis

Abstract

This article provides a procedure for using the bivariate normal distribution to describe the joint distributions of correlated flood peaks and volumes as well as correlated flood volumes and durations. The Box-Cox transformation (power-transformation) method is used to normalize original marginal distributions of flood peaks, volumes, and durations regardless of the original forms of these distributions. The power-transformation parameter is estimated using the maximum likelihood method. The joint cumulative distribution function, the conditional cumulative distribution function, and the associated return periods can be readily obtained based on the bivariate normal distribution. The method is tested and validated using observed flood data from the Batiscan River basin in the province of Quebec, Canada. The resulting theoretical distributions show a good fit to observed ones.