Milk and urine excretion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their hydroxylated metabolites after a single oral administration in ruminants

The aim of this study was to establish the transfer of phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene and their major hydroxylated metabolites to milk and to urine after a single oral administration (100 mg per animal of each compound) in 4 lactating goats. Detection and identification of the analytes (native compounds, 1-OH pyrene, 3-OH phenanthrene, 3-OH benzo[a]pyrene) were achieved using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Benzo[a]pyrene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were rapidly detected in the plasma stream, whereas 1-OH pyrene and 3-OH phenanthrene appeared later in plasma. These data suggest that pyrene and phenanthrene are progressively metabolized within the organism. Recovery rates of pyrene and phenanthrene in milk over a 24-h period appeared to be very low (0.014 and 0.006%, respectively), whereas the transfer rates of their corresponding metabolites were significantly higher: 0.44% for 1-OH pyrene and 0.073% for 3-OH phenanthrene. Recovery rates in urine were found to be higher (1 to 10 times) than recovery rates in milk. The 1-OH pyrene was found to be the main metabolite in urine as well as in milk. Thus, as has been established for humans, 1-OH pyrene could be considered as a marker of ruminant exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Because 1-OH pyrene and 3-OH phenanthrene were measured in milk (unlike their corresponding native molecules), metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons should be taken into consideration when evaluating the safety of milk. Benzo[a]pyrene and 3-OH benzo[a]pyrene were (less than 0.005%) transferred to milk and urine in very slight amounts. This very limited transfer rate of both compounds suggests a low risk of exposure by humans to benzo[a]pyrene or its major metabolite from milk or milk products.     

Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their hydroxylated metabolites in infant foods

Eleven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been analysed in commercial milk formulae and infant cereals. Two hydroxylated PAHs metabolites (1-OH-Pyr and 3-OH-B[a]P) and their conjugates were also analysed in milk samples. To determine the selected PAH metabolites, a simple, fast quantitative and economic method was developed. This method comprising ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, solid-phase clean-up and detection by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC–FD) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) as confirmatory technique. The method was evaluated by constructing calibration curves, measurement of recovery, precision and the limits of detection. The purpose of this survey was to determine the selected analytes, to assess the exposure of babies and infants and to produce data for comparison with proposed limits that were being considered at the time of the survey. The results showed that not only no samples would have exceeded the limit for benzo[a]pyrene which is used as an indicator for the presence of PAHs, but also no hydroxy PAH metabolites have been detected.     

Contamination of cheese by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in traditional smoking. Influence of the position in the smokehouse on the contamination level of smoked cheese

This paper sets out to determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination degree of a traditionally smoked cheese: Herreño cheese, which comes from one of the Canary Islands. Its PAH profile is thoroughly studied by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in SIM mode, and compared with that of an unsmoked cheese. Furthermore, a parameter not previously studied is evaluated, namely the influence of the position of the individual cheeses in the smokehouse on their PAH contamination level. Heavy PAH, among which are included most of the carcinogens, are very scarce and their concentrations low. In fact, benz[a]anthracene, together with chrysene+triphenylene, are the only heavy PAH detected in all of the smoked samples studied. The concentration of benzo[a]pyrene, detected only in 1 of the samples, is below the limit established in Spain for the rind of smoked cheese. In contrast, high concentrations of light PAH have been found, especially of naphthalene and its alkyl derivatives, whose effect on human health is not yet well established. The results derived from the analysis of the PAH profile suggest the potential usefulness of certain ratios between some pairs of PAH (phenanthrene/anthracene, naphthalene/acenaphthylene) to provide information on the PAH contamination source. Furthermore, differences have been found, depending on the position of the cheeses in the smokehouse, those placed in the path followed by the smoke being more contaminated. Therefore, the findings of this study could help in improving the design of smokehouses, to decrease the PAH contamination degree of smoked cheese.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) from the Argentinean market

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurrence in 50 samples marketed in the main supermarkets from Argentina was surveyed. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was applied with fluorescence detection (FLD) and UV—VIS diodes array detector (DAD) for the analysis of 16 PAHs in “yerba mate” (Ilex paraguariensis), with recoveries higher than 89% and limits of detection and quantification lower than that found by other methodologies in previous studies. Contamination expressed as the sum of 16 analysed PAHs ranged between 224.6 and 4449.5 μg kg^?1 on dry mass. The contamination expressed as PAH4 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene) varied between 8.3 and 512.4 μg kg^?1. The correlation coefficient for PAH2 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene and chrysene) and PAH4 groups was 0.99, for PAH2 and PAH8 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and indeno(1,2,3cd) pyrene) 0.97 and for PAH4 and PAH8 0.98.     

An immunoassay to evaluate human/environmental exposure to the antimicrobial triclocarban

A sensitive, competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC) was developed. The haptens were synthesized by derivatizing the para position of a phenyl moiety of TCC. The rabbit antisera were screened and the combination of antiserum 1648 and a heterologous competitive hapten containing a piperidine was further characterized. The IC(50) and detection range for TCC in buffer were 0.70 and 0.13-3.60 ng/mL, respectively. The assay was selective for TCC, providing only low cross-reactivity to TCC-related compounds and its major metabolites except for the closely related antimicrobial 3-trifluoromethyl-4,4'-dichlorocarbanilide. A liquid-liquid extraction for sample preparation of human body fluids resulted in an assay that measured low part per billion levels of TCC in small volumes of the samples. The limits of quantification of TCC were 5 ng/mL in blood/serum and 10 ng/mL in urine, respectively. TCC in human urine was largely the N- or N'-glucuronide. TCC concentrations of biosolids measured by the ELISA were similar to those determined by LC-MS/MS. This immunoassay can be used as a rapid, inexpensive, and convenient tool to aid researchers monitoring human/environmental exposure to TCC to better understand the health effects.     

Polyaromatic hydrocarbon and PAH metabolite burdens in oiled common guillemots (Uria aalge) stranded on the east coast of England (2001 -2002)

Aside from the physical effects of oiling (e.g., hypothermia, dehydration, emaciation), chronic toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination is an important factor influencing long-term recovery of oiled sea birds following an oil spill. Monitoring PAH exposure can help identify populations at risk from toxic effects of PAHs for further study and/or protection. This is the first studyto quantify PAH and metabolite tissue burdens in sea birds directly oiled following oil spills. PAHs and hydroxylated PAHs were quantified in liver samples from oiled Common Guillemots (Uria aalge) stranded along the East Coast of England using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Mean parent and metabolite PAH concentrations were 0.25+/-0.09 (range 0.04-0.97) and 0.52+/-0.14 (range 0.05-1.48) microg/g (wet wt.), respectively. The main source of PAH exposure was via ingestion of crude oil during preening, resulting in PAH uptake and tissue contamination beyond levels expected from exposure via the food chain. PAH composition corresponded with number of benzene rings in each compound and was typical of contamination from petrogenic sources; pentacyclic < tri- and tetracyclic < tricyclic < dicyclic PAHs. The occurrence of PAH metabolites detected in liver samples also provided evidence of the presence and stereoselectivity of hepatic microsomal CYP1A1 in common guillemots.     

Assessment of the dietary habits and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in primary school children

Thirty Italian children, 7–9 year aged, living in Naples were investigated on their dietary habits and on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure by a food diary-questionnaire and one week duplicate diet sample analyses. Daily total food consumption mean value was 632 ± 215 g day^?1, median value 613 g day^?1. The daily energy intake and the diet composition meanly agreed with the official guidelines for the Italian children. Sixteen PAHs were simultaneously detected and, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach, benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[a]pyrene + chrysene (PAH2); PAH2 + benz[a]anthracene + benzo[b]fluoranthene (PAH4); PAH4 + benzo[k]fluoranthene + benzo[ghi]perylene + dibenz[a, h]anthracene + indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (PAH8) were considered in evaluating the children's dietary exposure to PAHs. The benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) median concentrations in foods varied from 0.06 to 0.33 µg kg^?1. Only three samples of cooked foods (one fish and two meat samples) exceeded legal limits fixed by the European Union for BaP. Daily median intakes of benzo[a]pyrene, PAH2, PAH4, and PAH8 were 153; 318; 990; 1776 ng day^?1; their median exposure values were 5; 10; 28; 54 ng kg^?1 bw day^?1. The Margins of Exposure (MOEs) in median consumers agreed with the EFSA safety values except for PAH8.     

Study of mammary epithelial role in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons transfer to milk

Food would appear to be one of the main routes for animal and human contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Many studies have shown the presence of PAH in milk and dairy products, suggesting that these foods can represent a part of this contamination. Our work aimed at defining, in vitro, the mammary barrier role in PAH transfer to milk. MAC T cells were cultivated on permeable filters to measure transepithelial permeability of 14C labeled benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), pyrene (Pyr), and phenanthrene (Phen), which differed in their physicochemical properties. The results showed that only 2 molecules, Phen and Pyr, were able to cross mammary cell layers. Phenanthrene radioactivity appeared more quickly in apical media, and its level after a 6-h exposure was 1.3 times higher than for Pyr and 7.7 times higher than for BaP. These findings suggested that mammary epithelium could play a key role in the selective transfer of PAH from food to milk.     

Analytical chemistry,formation, mitigation,and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: From food processing to in vivo metabolic transformation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the air, oils, water, and food products we encounter every day. Among these exposures, food consumption is a major route of PAH exposure for nonsmokers. The PAH dietary exposure levels vary among different countries; however, many studies have shown PAH exposure to be highly concerning to human health. The levels of PAH contamination in food are mainly influenced by processing procedures and cooking methods, and they could be attenuated by modifying cooking procedures and adding antioxidant-rich marinades. Several PAHs have toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. The PAH benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is particularly regarded as carcinogenic. There are three major metabolism pathways for PAHs, and the final products can bind to DNA, thus exerting mutagenic effects. Biological monitoring through the use of biomarkers is necessary for comprehensive and accurate risk assessments of human PAH exposure. It is important to reduce dietary PAH exposure and to implement reasonable and effective risk management strategies to reduce PAH levels in food to improve public health.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil by aqueous DNA solution

An aqueous DNA solution was applied for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a spiked soil. Solubilities of 0.56, 11.78, and 11.24 mg L(-1) for anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, respectively, were achieved after 1 day equilibration in 1% DNA. Using a spiked soil that contained 72 mg kg(-1) anthracene, 102 mg kg(-1) phenanthrene, and 99 mg kg(-1) pyrene, extractions of close to 88, 78, and 94%, respectively, were attained with 5% DNA at a 1:50 soil/extractant ratio. Maximum PAH dissolution occurred after 4-6 h. Comparative tests showed the main advantage of DNA over methyl-beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins and Tween 80 for pyrene removal. An ionic strength of 0.1 M NaCl was found necessary for maximum PAH dissolution and extraction. The performance of hexane regenerated DNA also remained stable after three stages of recycling. These results show the huge potential of DNA as an aqueous washing agent for PAH-contaminated soil.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk powders marketed in Argentina and Brazil

The aim of this study was to quantify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in milk powder samples commercialised in Argentina and Brazil during 2012. Thirty-one samples were available from the retail market. An HPLC method for the determination of PAHs was applied involving a clean-up step with silica cartridges. Recoveries were greater than 79% for all PAHs analysed. Reproducible determination with adequate detection and quantification limits (LOD and LOQ) were attained by HPLC with fluorescence detection for 14 PAHs. Acenaphthylene was determined with a UV–VIS detector. There is no significant difference in any PAHs or in the sum of them between the Argentinean and Brazilian samples. Therefore, the samples were evaluated together. The highest concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) detected was 0.57 µg kg^?1 in milk powder. Contamination of samples expressed as the sum of 15 analysed PAHs varied between 11.8 and 78.4 µg kg^?1 and as PAH4 (BaP, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene) was between 0.02 and 10.16 µg kg^?1. The correlation coefficient for PAH2 (BaP and chrysene) and PAH4 groups was 0.95, for PAH2 and PAH8 it was 0.71, and for PAH4 and PAH8 it was 0.83. All the samples were below the regulatory limit for BaP, but 65% of commercial milk powders do not comply with the European Union limit for PAH4. This is the first report of PAH contamination in powder milk from Argentina and Brazil.     

Characterizing and biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in exposures to diesel exhaust

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most important and carcinogenic components in diesel exhaust (DE). Therefore, ambient PAHs concentrations were measured and characterized for work areas in a locomotive engine inspection plant. Pre- and post-shift urine samples and concurrent air samples were collected on 17 workers to measure the concentration of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a metabolite of pyrene. Increased urinary 1-OHP concentrations were observed over at least three consecutive sampling days. The biological kinetics of pyrene metabolism was studied with a one-compartment pharmokinetic model. The conversion rate and elimination rate of 1-OHP were estimated using nonlinear mixed-effects model, and validated with multiple nonlinear regression models by assessing the pattern of elimination rates of each worker separately. Urinary 1-OHP was confirmed to be a sensitive marker of PAHs exposure with mean half-life of 29 h in this population of Chinese workers. The study results would be beneficial to future occupational and environmental studies of PAH exposure.     

Cyclodextrin-Promoted Fluorescence Detection of Aromatic Toxicants and Toxicant Metabolites in Commercial Milk Products

The detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their metabolites in food and in agricultural sources is an important research objective due to the PAHs’ known persistence, carcinogenicity, and toxicity. PAHs have been found in the milk of lactating cows and in the leaves and stems of plants grown in PAH-contaminated areas, thereby making their way into both cow milk and plant milk alternatives. Reported herein is the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of 10 PAHs and PAH metabolites in a variety of cow milks and plant milk alternatives using fluorescence energy transfer from the PAH to a high quantum yield fluorophore, combined with subsequent array-based statistical analyses of the fluorescence emission signals. This system operates with high sensitivity (low micromolar detection limits), selectivity (100% differentiation even between structurally similar analytes), and general applicability (for both unmodified lipophilic PAHs and highly polar oxidized PAH metabolites, as well as for different cow and plant milk samples). These promising results show significant potential to be translated into solid-state devices for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of PAHs and their metabolites in complex, commercial food products.     

A novel cloud-point extraction process for preconcentrating selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution

A novel but simple cloud-point extraction (CPE) process is developed to preconcentrate the trace of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with the use of the readily biodegradable nonionic surfactant Tergitol 15-S-7 as extractant. The concentrations of PAHs, mixtures of naphthalene and phenanthrene as well as pyrene, in the spiked samples were determined with the new CPE process at ambient temperature (23 degrees C) followed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) with fluorescence detection. More than 80% of phenanthrene and pyrene, respectively, and 96% of naphthalene initially present in the aqueous solutions with concentrations near or below their aqueous solubilities were recovered using this new CPE process. Importantly Tergitol 15-S-7 does not give any fluorometric signal to interfere with fluorescence detection of PAHs in the UV range. No special washing step is, thus, required to remove surfactant before HPLC analyses. Different experimental conditions were studied. The optimum conditions for the preconcentration and determination of these selected PAHs at ambient temperature have been established as the following: (1) 3 wt% surfactant; (2) addition of 0.5 M Na2SO4; (3) 10 min for equilibration time; and (4) 3000 rpm for centrifugal speed with duration of 10 min.     

Biosurfactant- and biodegradation-enhanced partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from nonaqueous-phase liquids

A study was conducted on the effect of two different biological factors, microbial surfactants and biodegradation, on the kinetics of partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). The effect of rhamnolipid biosurfactants on partitioning into the aqueous phase of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, initially dissolved in di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) or 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (HMN), was determined in multiple-solute experiments. Biosurfactants at a concentration above the CMC enhanced the partitioning rate of fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene but were ineffective with naphthalene. Enhancement of partitioning was also observed in the presence of suspended humic acid-clay complexes, which simulated the solids often present in the subsurface. Biosurfactants sorbed to the complexes modified PAH partitioning between the NAPL and these solids, increasing the fraction of solid-phase PAH. Biodegradation-driven partitioning was estimated in mineralization experiments with phenanthrene initially present in HMN and three representative soil bacterial strains, differing in their potential adherence to the NAPL. In the three cases, the rates of mineralization were very similar and significantly higher than the abiotic rate of partitioning. Our study suggests that in NAPL-polluted sites, partitioning of PAH may be efficiently enhanced by in situ treatments involving the use of biosurfactants and biodegradation.     

Biomonitoring human exposure to organohalogenated substances by measuring urinary chlorophenols using a high-throughput screening (HTS) immunochemical method

The widespread contamination of the environment by persistent organochlorinated substances is well-known. High-throughput immunochemical methods may improve routine assessment of the exposure of the population to these chemicals by analyzing urinary biomarkers. Trichlorophenols (TCP) have often been considered as biomarkers of many organochlorinated compounds. With the aim to assess exposure of the population to these substances a high-throughput immunosorbent solid-phase extraction (HTS-IS-SPE) procedure coupled to ELISA for simultaneous analyses of 2,4,6-TCP immunoreactivity equivalents (2,4,6-TCP-IR equiv) in multiple hydrolyzed urine samples has been developed. Around 100 urine samples can be processed simultaneously with an inter- and intraassay precision lower than 23% CV and a limit of detection of 0.3 microg L(-1). The analyses by HTS-IS-SPE-ELISA and HTS-IS-SPE-GC/MS of urine samples (N = 117) collected from three different population groups point to a broad exposure of the Catalonian population to organohalogenated substances including the recently emerging organobrominated pollutants. Environment and edible products seem to be the most likely sources of exposure, since excretion of 2,4,6-TCP-IR equiv has been found to be independent from the occupational sector. An excellent correlation was observed between the 2,4,6-TCP-IR equiv determined by HTS-IS-SPE-ELISA and the concentrations measured by HTS-IS-SPE-GC/MS (R2 = 0.912). The results show that immunochemical screening methods, based on the quantification of urinary biomarkers, can be excellent tools for exposure assessment. The HTS-IS-SPE-ELISA presented here has proved to be efficient, precise, accurate, rapid, and specific, which opens up the possibility for a broad variety of applications where routine testing of large number of samples is required.     

Pyrene and phenanthrene sorption to model and natural geosorbents in single- and binary-solute systems

Sorption of pyrene and phenanthrene to model (illite and charcoal) and natural (Yangtze sediment) geosorbents were investigated by batch techniques using fluorescence spectroscopy. A higher adsorption of phenanthrene was observed with all sorbents, which is related to the better accessibility of smaller molecules to micropores in the molecular sieve sorbents. In addition, pyrene sorption in binary-solute systems with a constant initial concentration of phenanthrene (0.1 μmol L(-1) or 2 μmol L(-1)) was studied. A 0.1 μmol L(-1) concentration of phenanthrene causes no competitive effect on the pyrene sorption. A 2 μmol L(-1) concentration of phenanthrene significantly suppresses the sorption of pyrene, especially in the low concentration range; nonlinearity of the pyrene sorption isotherms thus decreases. The competitive effect of 2 μmol L(-1) phenanthrene on the pyrene sorption is overestimated by the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) using the fitted single sorption results of both solutes. An adjustment of the IAST application by taking into account the molecular sieve effect is proposed, which notably improves the IAST prediction for the competitive effect.     

Phenanthrene and pyrene sorption and intraparticle diffusion in polyoxymethylene, coke, and activated carbon

We report sorption isotherms and uptake kinetics for phenanthrene and pyrene with three organic model sorbents: polyoxymethylene (POM), coke, and activated carbon. We combine batch equilibration and kinetic experiments with the direct observation of the long-term diffusion of phenanthrene and pyrene as measured within cross-sectioned particles using microprobe laser-desorption laser-ionization mass spectroscopy (muL2MS). For POM pellets, the intraparticle concentration profiles predicted from kinetic batch experiments and a polymer diffusion model with spherical geometry are in agreement with the independent muL2MS measurements. For coke particles, the apparent diffusivities decreased with smaller particle size. These trends in diffusivities were described by a sorption-retarded pore diffusion model with a particle-size-dependent solid-water partitioning coefficient obtained from apparent equilibrium observed in the kinetic batch studies. For activated carbon, the muL2MS measurements showed faster radial diffusion of phenanthrene and pyrene into the particle interior than predicted from diffusion models based on a single sorption domain and diffusivity. A branched pore kinetic model, comprising polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) macropore diffusion with kinetic exchange of PAH between macroporous and microporous domains, fits the experimental observations better. Because of parallel macro- and microdiffusion processes, nonlinear sorption isotherms, and a concentration-dependent diffusivity, it is not possible to make independent parameter estimations for intraparticle diffusion in activated carbon using our present procedures.     

Inhibition of free DNA degradation by the deformation of DNA exposed to trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants

A rapid inhibitory effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on DNA degradation was examined by conventional spectral analysis and microtitration. The purpose was to determine whether PAHs inhibited free DNA degradation by the enzyme DNase I. The results showed that model PAHs phenanthrene and pyrene combined with free DNA to decelerate DNA degradation by DNase I. Phenanthrene-induced inhibition was stronger than that of pyrene. Trace level of PAHs did not induce DNase I deactivation. The DNase I enzyme exhibited only slight shifts in IR absorption bands related to amide II and III upon PAH exposure, and no change was observed with other bands. The decelerating degradation of DNA is attributed to the changes in structure, backbone composition, and guanine constituents of DNA induced by PAHs inserted into double strands, and to the imidazole-like derivates from the combination of imidazole rings with pyrene.     

远红外烤制对烤鱼品质及多环芳烃含量的影响

为了改善烤鱼的质构特性等食用品质,减少多环芳烃的形成,以草鱼为对象,研究传统炭烤和远红外烤制方式对烤鱼质构特性及多环芳烃含量的影响。结果表明：传统炭烤和远红外烤制对烤鱼的食用品质有不同影响,与传统炭烤鱼肉相比,远红外烤制鱼肉硬度显著降低（P＜0.05）,且剪切力均显著低于传统炭烤组（P＜0.05）,能够显著改善烤制鱼肉的嫩度;相对而言,远红外烤制鱼肉具有更优的质构特性;远红外烤制能显著降低烤鱼肉中PAH4（苯并(a)蒽、?、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘）和PAH16（萘、苊烯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、?、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚苯(1,2,3-c,d)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)芘）的生成量（P＜0.05）,与传统炭烤鱼肉相比,PAH4和PAH16总生成量分别下降39.07%和44.07%。