Experimental and empirical study of steam condensation heat transfer with a noncondensable gas in a small-diameter vertical tube

An experimental study was performed to investigate local condensation heat transfer coefficients in the presence of a noncondensable gas inside a vertical tube. The data obtained from pure steam and steam/nitrogen mixture condensation experiments were compared to study the effects of noncondensable nitrogen gas on the annular film condensation phenomena. The condenser tube had a relatively small inner diameter of 13 mm (about 1/2-in.). The experimental results demonstrated that the local heat transfer coefficients increased as the inlet steam flow rate increased and the inlet nitrogen gas mass fraction decreased. The results obtained using pure steam and a steam/nitrogen mixture with a low inlet nitrogen gas mass fraction were similar. Therefore, the effects of noncondensable gas on steam condensation were weak in small-diameter condenser tubes.A new correlation was developed to evaluate the condensation heat transfer coefficient inside a vertical tube with noncondensable gas, irrespective of the condenser tube diameter. The new correlation proposed herein is capable of predicting heat transfer rates for tube diameters between 1/2- and 2-in. because of the unique approach of accounting for the heat transfer enhancement via an interfacial shear stress factor.     

Effect of noncondensable gas in a vertical tube condenser

An experimental study is performed to investigate the effects of noncondensable (NC) gas in the steam condensing system. A vertical condenser tube is submerged in a water pool where the heat from the condenser tube is removed by boiling heat transfer. The design of the test section is based on the passive condenser system in an advanced boiling water nuclear power reactor. Data are obtained for various process parameters, such as inlet steam flow rate, noncondensable gas concentration, and system pressure. Degradation of the condensing performance with increasing noncondensable gas is investigated. The condensation heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate decrease with noncondensable gas. The condensation heat transfer rate is enhanced by increasing the inlet steam flow rate and the pressure. The condensation heat transfer coefficient increases with the inlet steam flow rate, however, decreases with the system pressure. For the condenser submerged in a water pool with saturated condition, the strong primary pressure dependency is observed.     

水平管内蒸汽冷凝局部换热特性实验研究

以水蒸气为工质,实验研究了水平管内纯蒸汽冷凝的局部换热特性。实验选取换热管内径为25 mm、换热管进口压力为0.15~0.4 MPa、局部蒸汽的Re=5756~92289,分析了蒸汽压力及流速、壁面过冷度对冷凝传热系数的影响,并将采用现有关系式计算的冷凝传热系数与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明：冷凝传热系数随壁面过冷度的增大而减小,随压力的升高和流速的增大而增大;采用现有关系式计算的冷凝传热系数与实验值的偏差较大,关系式有待进一步改进;在实验范围内,由拟合换热关系式计算所得冷凝传热系数与实验结果的相对偏差在15%左右。     

管径与倾角对管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝传热影响研究

通过对不同管径和倾角的3×3管束开展管外含空气蒸汽冷凝试验,研究了传热管管径和倾角影响管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝传热的基本规律。结果表明:管径和倾角的影响在不同压力范围内具有明显差异。在压力0.8 MPa以下,冷凝传热系数总体随管径和倾角的减小而增大,管径12 mm、0°倾角传热管的冷凝传热系数较管径19 mm、90°倾角的冷凝传热系数最大可增加29%。在压力0.8 MPa以上,冷凝传热系数随管径的减小而减小,最大可降低18%;随倾角的减小先减小后增大,在约60°倾角时,冷凝传热系数最小。      

Modeling of condensation heat transfer for a PRHRS heat exchanger in a SMART-P plant

A theoretical model using a heat and mass transfer analogy and a simple model using Lee and Kim's [Lee, K.-Y., Kim, M.H., 2008a. Experimental and empirical study of steam condensation heat transfer with a noncondensable gas in a small-diameter vertical tube. Nucl. Eng. Des. 238, 207-216] correlation were developed to investigate steam condensation in the presence of a noncondensable gas inside a vertical tube submerged in pool water. Rohsenow's correlation was used to consider the secondary pool-boiling heat transfer. Both models were assessed with the experimental data of Oh and Revankar [Oh, S., Revankar, S.T., 2005a. Investigation of the noncondensable effect and the operational modes of the passive condenser system. Nucl. Technol. 152, 71-86; Oh, S., Revankar, S.T., 2005b. Effect of noncondensable gas in a vertical tube condenser. Nucl. Eng. Des. 235, 1699-1712; Oh, S., Revankar, S.T., 2005c. Complete condensation in a vertical tube passive condenser. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Trans. 32, 593-602; Oh, S., Revankar, S.T., 2005d. Analysis of the complete condensation in a vertical tube passive condenser. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Trans. 32, 716-727; Oh, S., Revankar, S.T., 2006. Experimental and theoretical investigation of film condensation with noncondensable gas. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 49, 2523-2534; Oh, S., Gao, H., Revankar, S.T., 2007. Investigation of a passive condenser system of an advanced boiling water reactor. Nucl. Technol. 158, 208-218] for low pressure and Kim [Kim, S.J., 2000. Turbulent film condensation of high pressure steam in a vertical tube of passive secondary condensation system. Ph.D. dissertation, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology] for high pressure, which were obtained from in-tube steam condensation with air in the pool water. These models predicted the data of Oh and Revankar well, but they slightly underestimated the data of Kim. The design of the Passive Residual Heat Removal System (PRHRS) condensation heat exchanger was evaluated with the theoretical model at real operating conditions (e.g., secondary pool-boiling, high system pressure). The PRHRS condensation heat exchanger designed was estimated to remove sufficiently the remaining heat in a reactor during a major accident.     

竖直管内蒸汽完全冷凝换热特性的理论研究

Nusselt模型是静止蒸汽在竖直平壁上层流膜状冷凝换热的理论模型。蒸汽在竖直管内冷凝时,受管内蒸汽流速的影响,冷凝界面存在剪切应力,导致直接采用Nusselt模型计算冷凝换热系数会引入较大偏差。以非能动余热排出换热器冷凝换热工况为研究背景,考虑界面剪切力的影响,对Nusselt冷凝换热模型进行修正。分别采用Nusselt模型和修正模型对竖直管内蒸汽完全冷凝时的换热特性进行分析并与实验结果比较。研究表明,蒸汽在竖直管内完全冷凝时界面剪切力会改变蒸汽和冷凝液膜的流动状态,其对冷凝换热的影响不能忽略。修正模型合理地考虑了冷凝界面剪切力的影响,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

几何参数对含空气蒸汽冷凝影响的数值分析

含空气蒸汽冷凝是反应堆失水事故时安全壳内重要的热工水力现象。已有研究多关注气体压力、温度等热工参数对传热特性的影响,而对几何参数的影响及其作用原理分析较少。采用三维CFD数值模拟方法,基于扩散边界层冷凝机理模型研究了管径(4~60 mm)、管长(0.1~7 m)及倾角(0°~90°)对含空气蒸汽冷凝传热特性的影响。结果表明,管径、管长及倾角均对含空气蒸汽冷凝传热特性有显著影响。平均冷凝传热系数随管径的增大而减小;随管长的增长先减小后增大,3 m左右达到最小值;随倾角的增大而增大。局部冷凝传热系数沿管长方向先迅速减小后缓慢增大。倾斜布置时,迎流面产生明显传热强化,向两侧逐渐减弱,背流面存在一定的传热抑制。     

非能动余热排出换热器冷凝换热性能研究

以浸没在高位水箱中的竖直管束为研究对象,对不同热负荷条件下竖直管束内冷凝换热特性进行研究,通过对比中心管与周围旁管的凝液增长率以及冷凝换热热阻,分析了中心管与旁管换热特性的差异,解释了低压条件下冷凝换热系数剧烈下降现象。将管束冷凝试验数据与已有单管试验数据对比发现,在相同蒸汽工况下,单管的冷凝换热系数与旁管的冷凝换热系数吻合较好,但远低于中心管的冷凝换热系数,说明中心管的换热性能相对于旁管确实得到了强化。通过对比换热系数的试验值与经典努塞尔理论和努塞尔修正理论的计算值发现,中心管的试验值与努塞尔修正理论计算值吻合较好,但旁管的偏差较大。     

冷凝器强化传热特性分析

分析了影响冷凝器总传热系数的主要因素 ,阐述了管壁污垢系数对冷凝器传热性能的影响。提出了冷凝器强化传热的关键问题在于管外 ,增加管外侧传热系数会使冷凝器的效率大幅度提高。对冷凝器中采用螺纹槽管强化传热的方法进行了分析 ,提出了采用低翅片管或在螺纹槽管外侧采用适当的强化传热手段可以使冷凝器的传热效率得到提高。     

Forced convection condensation in the presence of noncondensable gas in a horizontal tube; experimental and theoretical study

To have a better understanding on forced convection condensation with noncondensable gas inside a horizontal tube, an experimental research and theoretical investigation were conducted under annular and wavy flow. The effects of noncondensable gas mass concentration, mixture gases velocity, pressure and inner wall sub-cooling on the condensation heat transfer have been analyzed. The results indicate that the local heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of the mixture inlet velocity and pressure while decreases with the increase of the noncondensable mass fraction and wall sub-cooling. Based on the above conclusions, an empirical correlation for predicting the local heat transfer coefficient was proposed which showed a good agreement with the experimental data with an error of ±20%. Furthermore, a theoretical model using the heat and mass transfer (HMT) analogy method was developed including the suction effect. The heat transfer capacity for the film, gaseous boundary and convective heat transfer of the bulk gases were compared along the tube. Besides, the axial distribution of the bulk gases and liquid–gas interface temperatures inside the tube were analyzed. The present theoretical model fits better with the experimental data compared with Lee's and Caruso's models for stratified flow.     

钛波槽管垂直管外凝结换热的实验研究

对钛波槽管进行了垂直管外凝结换热的实验研究通过实验得出结论：钛波槽管具有良好的强化传热效果;在实验范围内,最佳钛波槽管的总传热系数是钛光管的1．12～1．36倍通过对实验数据的回归分析,得到了管内对流换热、管外凝结换热及流动阻力系数的实验关联式     

不同管径与倾角下单管和管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝对比分析

为评估不同传热管结构参数下单管与管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝传热规律的差异,基于外径12～19 mm、倾角0°～90°的单管和3×3管束在压力0.2～1.6 MPa、空气质量份额12%～87%的参数范围内开展了试验研究。结果表明：不同压力范围内,管径和倾角对单管和管束的影响呈现不同的规律。在压力小于0.8MPa时,管束冷凝传热受管径和倾角影响的规律与单管总体一致,两者的冷凝传热系数均随管径和倾角的减小而增大。在0.8～1.6 MPa时,管束冷凝传热受管径和倾角的影响与单管存在明显差异。结合不凝性气体影响蒸汽冷凝传热的机制对所呈现的一致性和差异性规律进行了分析。     

B30波槽管水平管外蒸汽凝结换热的实验研究

在常压条件下对水平波槽管管外凝结换热及流阻特性进行了实验研究实验结果表明．波槽管具有良好的强化传热效果在实验参数范围内．波槽管的总传热系数比光管提高48％以上,通过对实验数据的回归分析．得到了管内对流换热、管外凝结换热及阻力系数的实验关联式。     

Operation conditions of the emergency condenser of the SWR1000

Siemens AG is developing the innovative boiling water reactor concept SWR1000. New features are the passive safety systems (e.g. emergency condenser, building condenser, passive pressure pulse transmitter). For the experimental investigation of the emergency condenser effectiveness, the NOKO test facility has been constructed at the Forschungszentrum Jülich. The facility has an operating pressure of 10 MPa and a maximum power of 4 MW. The emergency condenser test bundle consists of eight tubes and is fabricated with planned geometry and material of the SWR1000. In more than 200 experiments, the emergency condenser capacity was determined as a function of pressure, water level and concentration of non-condensables in the pressure vessel, as well as of pressure, water level and temperature in the condenser. For the evaluation of the NOKO experiments, the program system CASH-Graphics (Computergestützte Auswertung und Unsicherheitsanalyse) was developed. This evaluation is the basis for the determination of the operation conditions of the emergency condenser. Post-test calculations of NOKO experiments were performed with an improved version of ATHLET. To calculate the heat transfer coefficients during condensation in horizontal tubes, the module KONWAR has been developed and implemented in ATHLET. KONWAR is based on the flow regime map of Tandon and includes several semi-empirical correlations for the determination of the heat transfer coefficients. The comparison between calculations and experiments shows a good agreement.     

竖直管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝的实验研究

本文对竖直管束及单管的管外冷凝换热进行了实验研究,分析了管壁面过冷度、混合气体压力和不凝性气体含量对管束外冷凝传热性能的影响,对比了管束与单管的传热特性,给出了管束外冷凝传热系数的计算关联式。研究结果表明,管束的平均冷凝传热系数随过冷度的增大而减小,随混合气体压力的增大而增大,随不凝性气体质量分数的增加而减小。在混合气体高压力、低不凝性气体含量时管束的传热效果明显优于单管。关联式计算值与实验值误差范围小于±10%。     

Research on the effect of Reynolds correlation in natural convection film condensation

Film condensation is a vital phenomenon in the nuclear engineering applications,such as the gas-steam pressurizer design,and heat removing on containment in the case of postulated accident.Reynolds number in film condensation can be calculated from either the mass relation or the energy relation,but few researches have distinguished the difference between them at present.This paper studies the effect of Reynolds correlation in the natural convection film condensation on the outer tube.The general forms of the heat transfer coefficient correlation of film condensation are developed in different flow regimes.By simultaneously solving a set of the heat transfer coefficient correlations with Remass and Reenergy,the general expressions for Remass and Reenergy and the relation between the corresponding heat transfer coefficients are obtained.In the laminar and wavefree flow regime,Remass and Reenergy are equivalent,while in the laminar and wavy flow regime,Remass is much smaller than Reenergy,and the deviation of the corresponding average heat transfer coefficients is about 30％ at the maximum.In the turbulent flow regime,the relation of Remass and Reenergy is greatly influenced by Prandtl number.The relative deviation of their average heat transfer coefficients is the nonlinear function of Reynolds number and Prandtl number.Compared with experimental results,the heat transfer coefficient calculated from Reenergy is more accurate.     

竖直管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝传热特性数值分析

采用STAR-CCM+软件对管束条件下含空气蒸汽冷凝开展了数值模拟研究。主要考察了3×3管束、管间距为2倍管径条件下不同传热管的局部场分布和流动传热特性。结果表明，在管束条件下，各传热管附近的空气层发生了重叠，形成了高空气浓度区。这一方面促进了气体的自然对流，提高了对流传热能力；另一方面增加了空气层厚度，抑制了冷凝传热。在管束结构的影响下，管束区域的浓度、温度和速度梯度均较单管有明显的差异，导致各传热管的局部传热系数沿轴向降低了50%以上，周向传热系数最大相差1.88倍。其中，轴向传热性能主要受浓度边界层发展的影响，周向传热性能主要受相邻传热管的影响。通过分析表面平均传热系数发现，各传热管较单管最大降低了9.06%。      

RELAP5-3D modeling of PWR steam generator condensation experiments at the Oregon State University APEX facility

This report describes modeling using RELAP5-3D of a series of six steam generator U-tube steam condensation (without non-condensable gas) tests conducted at the Oregon State University Advanced Plant Experiment Test Facility from 2005 through 2007. These tests were designed to evaluate steam condensation rates in a scaled pressurized water reactor steam generator at various primary and secondary side pressures and inlet steam mass flow rates. Comparisons between the experimental data and the RELAP5-3D model results are made to quantify the effectiveness of RELAP5-3D in handling steam condensation in U-tube steam generators. RELAP5-3D tends to over predict the condensation rate and heat transfer coefficient when compared against the experimental data when the code uses the laminar Nusselt correlation to determine the heat transfer coefficient. When RELAP5-3D results are used with the Shah correlation the comparison between the heat transfer coefficients is much improved.     

Recovery of Electrical Resistivity in Neutron Irradiated Uranium Monocarbides

An experimental study was performed on the heat transfer to a turbulent water film which is falling down the outside surface of a heated vertical tube. The test section was made of stainless steel tube 13 mm in outside diameter and 1,500 mm long. It was found that a nearly constant heat transfer coefficient was obtained for the lower half of the test section covering a length of about 1 m, which was direct-heated by electric current. The resulting values of the Nusselt number in this region were correlated to the Reynolds number, and the plots fell in a region intermediate between those given by Wilke and by McAdams. An analytical model taking account of the undulation on the film surface is proposed. The predictions from the model give fairly good agreement with the experimental data.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。