基于主元分析得分重构差分的故障检测策略

基于主元分析(PCA)的统计过程控制方法通常假设数据的生成过程是独立同分布的.当数据存在多模态结构或过程变量非线性相关时, PCA方法的故障检测性能将受到影响.针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于PCA得分重构差分的故障检测策略.首先,应用PCA将输入空间分解为主元子空间和残差子空间;接下来,应用k近邻(k NN)规则重构当前样本得分向量并计算样本的得分重构差分向量;最后,计算得分重构差分向量的统计值并进行故障检测.本文方法不仅可以降低数据多模态和变量非线性相关等特征对过程故障检测的影响,同时可以降低统计量的自相关性、提高过程故障检测率.将本文方法在两个模拟例子和田纳西–伊斯曼(TE)过程中进行测试,并与PCA、核主元分析(KPCA)、动态主元分析(DPCA)和k最近邻故障检测(FD–k NN)方法进行对比分析,测试结果证明了本文方法的有效性.     

基于局部熵双子空间的多模态过程故障检测

为了提高非高斯工业过程的检测性能, 提出局部熵双子空间(LEDS)的多模态过程故障检测方法. 运用局部 概率密度估计构建数据的局部熵矩阵, 消除数据的多模态特性. 用Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS)检验局部熵数据中变 量的正态分布特性, 对高斯分布和非高斯分布的数据分别建立基于PCA的高斯子空间和ICA的非高斯子空间故障 检测模型. 利用Bayesian决策将检测结果转化成发生故障概率的形式, 将检测结果组合成最终的统计信息, 进行故 障检测. 将该方法应用于数值例子和田纳西–伊斯曼多模态过程, 仿真结果表明, 该方法在误报率较低的情况下, 故 障检测率最高, 优于PCA、局部熵PCA(LEPCA)和局部熵ICA(LEICA)方法.     

基于独立元的k近邻故障检测策略

k近邻故障检测(fault detection based on k nearest neighbors,FD–k NN)方法能够提高具有非线性和多模态特征过程的故障检测率.由于系统故障通常由潜隐变量异常变化引起,而该类型故障并不能被观测数据直观表现,因此直接在观测变量上执行FD–k NN方法,其故障检测率降低.本文旨在提高FD–k NN方法针对潜隐变量故障的检测能力,提出基于独立元的k近邻故障检测方法.首先,通过对观测数据应用独立元分析(independent component analysis,ICA)方法,获得独立元矩阵;接下来在独立元矩阵中应用FD–k NN方法进行故障检测.这等同于直接监控过程潜隐变量的变化,可以提高过程故障检测率.通过非线性实例仿真实验,证明本文方法检测潜隐变量故障是有效的;同时,在半导体蚀刻工艺过程的仿真实验中,与主元分析(principal component analysis,PCA)方法、核主元分析(kernel principal component analysis,KPCA)方法、基于主元分析的k近邻故障检测(principal component–based k nearest neighbor rule for fault detection,PC–k NN)方法和FD–k NN方法进行对比,实验结果进一步验证了本文方法的有效性.     

基于偏最小二乘的质量相关多模态故障检测技术

偏最小二乘(PLS)算法通常适用于稳定工况下的工业过程故障检测.在日趋复杂的工业过程中,过程数据通常不满足正态分布,存在非线性、动态、多模态等问题.针对多模态问题,已有大量模态区分方法可用,但这些方法都未考虑质量相关因素,因此并不适用于质量相关类算法.为此,针对质量相关类算法提出新的质量相关模态区分规则,该规则通过核模糊聚类对添加线性递增时间变量的数据在时间方向上进行初步的聚类,再通过质量相关指标进一步准确划分模态;同时,过程复杂化导致静态控制限不能满足故障检测的需求,现存的动态控制限适用范围具有一定的局限性,可通过改进动态控制限将其推广为广义动态综合控制限.实验中,先是基于两种非线性偏最小二乘模型将新方法应用于青霉素发酵过程故障检测中,极大减少了漏报率和误报率.最后,通过数值仿真实验验证了添加线性递增时间变量的合理性.     

基于改进偏最小二乘法的多模态过程故障检测方法

针对传统的数据驱动方法偏最小二乘法（PLS）中存在的多模态数据故障检测效果不佳的问题,提出了一种新的故障检测方法——基于局部近邻标准化（LNS）的PLS（LNS-PLS）。首先,利用LNS方法对原始数据进行高斯化处理,在此基础上建立PLS的监控模型,确定T²和平方预测误差（SPE）的控制限;其次,对测试数据同样进行LNS标准化处理,再计算出测试数据的PLS监控指标来进行过程监视及故障检测,解决了PLS中无法处理多模态的问题。将所提方法应用于数值例子和青霉素生产过程,并将其测试结果与主成分分析（PCA）、K最近邻（KNN）、PLS等方法进行对比分析。实验结果表明,所提方法的故障检测效果优于PLS、KNN、PCA,该方法在分类及多模态过程故障检测方面有较高的准确性。     

基于\begin{document}$ \pmb k $\end{document}近邻主元得分差分的故障检测策略

针对具有非线性和多模态特征过程的故障检测问题, 本文提出一种基于k近邻主元得分差分的故障检测策略.首先, 通过主元分析(Principal component analysis, PCA)方法计算样本的真实得分.然后, 应用样本的k近邻均值计算样本估计得分.接下来, 通过上述两种得分计算样本的得分差分矩阵和残差矩阵, 其中残差矩阵由样本的估计得分计算得到,这区别于传统方法.最后, 在差分子空间和残差子空间中分别建立新的统计指标进行故障检测.值得注意的是本文的得分差分方法能够消除数据结构对过程故障检测的影响, 同时, 新的统计量能够提高过程的故障检测率.将本文方法在两个模拟例子和Tennessee Eastman (TE)过程中进行测试, 并与传统方法如PCA、KPCA、DPCA和~FD-kNN等进行对比分析, 测试结果证明了本文方法的有效性.     

基于k近邻变量贡献与重构理论的工业过程故障诊断

针对工业过程中发生故障时异常变量的精确识别以及如何准确建立"故障–征兆"表的问题,本文提出了一种基于k近邻(k–NN)变量贡献分析和数据重构的异常变量精确识别方法.首先,将k–NN算法中各个采样时刻的统计距离指标细化,分解为每个变量的贡献并对其进行详细分析,分别从单变量和多变量异常角度进行方法的可行性验证,确定过程故障时异常变量具有较大的贡献值;其次,建立正常数据中每个变量的贡献模型用于对故障样本中的异常变量进行"一次"识别;随后提出基于k–NN理论的数据重构算法,并从重构原理方面进行分析,验证该方法具有一定的有效性.对于故障样本,根据变量贡献分析方法求取每个变量对距离指标的贡献,"一次"识别出故障发生时所对应的异常变量或征兆;进而通过数据重构理论对故障样本中异常变量值进行重构、检测和"二次"识别,直至辨识出过程中发生异常的所有变量,并得到故障与变量之间的关系,即"故障–征兆"表.     

基于差分分段PCA的多模态过程故障监测

多模态的故障监测是一个复杂的问题, 既需要考虑稳定模态下的故障监测, 也需要考虑不同模态间的过渡故障监测. 不同稳定模态下的数据具有不同的相关关系, 对每个稳定模态需要建立不同的稳定模态模型. 当稳定生产模态发生改变时, 生产过程进入过渡模态, 需要考虑过渡变量相关关系的变化. 本文通过对过渡数据差分, 得到变量相对变化信息. 利用主成分分析(Principal component analysis, PCA)分段对差分变量的相关特性进行分析, 提取相对变化的特征. 最后以实际连续退火机组生产线为背景, 用基于差分分段PCA的多模态方法对多模态过程进行故障监测, 发现算法很好地反映了实际过渡过程机理, 验证了算法的有效性.     

基于标准距离k近邻的多模态过程故障检测策略

工业产品的生产经常需要在不同模态间切换,多模态过程数据具有多中心和方差差异大等特点.针对多模态过程数据的特征,通过构造标准距离,提出了基于标准距离k近邻的故障检测策略(SD–kNN).首先在标准距离度量下计算样本与其前k近邻的距离;其次将近邻距离的平方和的均值作为样本的统计量D~2;最后,根据D~2的分布确定检测方法的控制限,当新样本的D~2大于控制限时,判定其为故障,否则为正常.标准距离使不同模态中样本间的近邻距离能够在同一尺度下度量,使得SD–kNN的D~2能够准确反映样本间的相似程度.进行了数值模拟过程和青霉素发酵过程故障检测实验. SD–kNN方法检测出了数值模拟过程的全部故障和青霉素过程95%以上的故障,相对于PCA, kPCA, FD–kNN等方法具有更高的故障检测率. SD–kNN继承了FD–kNN对一般多模态过程的故障检测能力,还能够对方差差异显著的多模态过程进行故障检测.     

模糊C均值聚类与K近邻算法的故障检测研究

基于K近邻的故障检测(FD-KNN)算法可以有效处理非线性、多模态的故障检测问题,但在过程故障检测中存在故障类型多、测量变量复杂等缺陷。将模糊C均值聚类(FCM)和K近邻(KNN)相结合,提出一种新的故障检测方法FCM-KNN。该方法与传统算法相比较,故障检测率有明显的提升。首先,应用FCM聚类将多模态训练集按模态聚类,同时根据样本与各聚类中心的距离比例来得到样本对于每个聚类中心的隶属度;再根据隶属度来判断样本所属模态,进而在各个模态下完成基于KNN的故障检测。通过多模态仿真实例进一步验证该方法的有效性。该方法具有检测率高、漏报和误报率低等优点,可有效提高检测效果。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。