Unusual reference states for chemical potentials

The chemical potential of a component in a system is customarily defined as the Gibbs energy of transferring of one mole of this component from a unary reservoir to the system at constant temperature and pressure. The reservoir must contain the component of interest, but there are no physical justifications forbidding a presence of other components in it. A situation when a reservoir is multicomponent rather than unary warrants an analysis. The present study illustrates how the chemical potential of B in a binary A–B substitutional solution can be calculated with respect to the oxide BO. It is demonstrated that the usage of stoichiometric compounds as reference states leads to equilibrium criteria and necessitates an existence of at least one additional reservoir.     

Stoichiometric constraint and calculability of chemical potential

Abstract

An absence of a component in a sublattice per se does not necessarily make a stoichiometric constraint active and therefore may not preclude one from evaluating its chemical potential. The stoichiometric constraint becomes active if none of the sublattices has vacancies and one or several sublattices are fully occupied by a component which is absent in all other sublattices.     

Entry into imaginary space: Metaphors of transition and variations in the affective quality of potential space in children’s literature.

In this article the authors use the imaginal worlds of three children’s stories to explore variations in the affective quality of potential space. Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland, C. S. Lewis’ The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, and Norton Juster’s The Phantom Toolbooth, each contain a metaphor of transition in which the protagonist moves from the real space of the narrative into the imaginary space where the action takes place—the protagonists are altered and alter their own worlds. The authors will use these metaphors as analogues to differing qualities of imaginary space, including the collapse of meaning in schizoid states, the play of meaning in mentalization and the adventurousness of negotiating separation. These metaphors of transitioning into imaginary space may be used to think about disruptions in development as they manifest in clinical process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Thermal and chemical analysis of massive use of hot briquetted iron inside basic oxygen furnace

The integrated steelmaking cycle based on the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BOF) route plays an important role in the production of plain and ultra-low carbon steel, especially for deep drawing operations.BOF steelmaking is based on the conversion of cast iron in steel by impinging oxygen on the metal bath at supersonic speed.In order to avoid the addition of detrimental chemical elements owing to the introduction of uncontrolled scrap and in order to decrease environmental impact caused by the intensive use of coke for the production of cast iron, HBI (hot briquetted iron) can be used as a source of metal and a fraction of cast iron.Forty industrial experim ental tests were perform ed to evaluate the viability of the use of HBI in BOF.The experimental campaign was supported by a ther-mal prediction model and realized through the estimation of the oxidation enthalpy.Furthermore, the process was thermodynamically analyzed based on oxygen potentials using the off-gas composition and the bath temperature evolution during the conversion as reference data.     

Athletic classmates, physical self-concept, and free-time physical activity: A longitudinal study of frame of reference effects.

The systematic analysis of factors that promote or impede physical activity in children is an urgent task for educational researchers. The present study investigated the reciprocal relationship between physical self-concept, teacher-assigned grades in physical education classes, and free-time physical activity, and analyzed positive and negative consequences of being in a class with high class-average physical ability. Data from a large, representative sample of 1,095 preadolescents from 66 classrooms were examined within a longitudinal framework. Multilevel analyses showed that membership in a class with high class-average physical ability was associated with lower physical self-concept and free-time physical activity and highlighted the significant role of teacher-assigned grades in the development of physical self-concept and physical activity. Furthermore, as predicted, there were positive reciprocal effects between physical self-concept and physical activity levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality and the realization of creative potential.

Rank has written of 3 phases "in man's winning his own individuality and in realizing his own creative potential." Sometimes Rank wrote of these as 3 types of persons—the adapted type, the neurotic type, and the creative type. 3 samples of architects were studied: I. Highly Creative Architects. II. Architects with "at least 2 yr. of work experience and association" with one of the architects qualified for sample I. III. Architects, none of whom had ever worked with any of the nominated highly creative architects. The mean creativity ratings for the 3 groups are 5.46, 4.25, and 3.54 respectively. "The differences are in the expected direction and are statistically highly significant." Rank's ideas about the constructive formation of personality and creative development are discussed. What is "most impressive about Architects I is the degree to which they have actualized their creative potentialities. Architects III… appear to have incorporated into their egos, and into their images… the more conventional standards of society and of their profession. Arichitects II, by and large less creative than Architects I but more creative than Architects III, show an overlapping of traits with both of the other groups." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Leisure-time physical activity and marital status in relation to depression between men and women: A prospective study.

Background: Previous studies have identified the preventive effect of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on depression. Women and men have different emotional vulnerabilities. The impact of LTPA on depression varies by gender. Little is known about the impact of LTPA on depression for people with different marital status. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effects of LTPA, changes in LTPA, and marital status on the risk of developing depression for general Canadians. Methods: Data from the biennial National Population Health Survey (NPHS) cycles conducted between 1994/95 and 2004/05 were analyzed in 2008. After excluding individuals with preexisting depression at baseline, respondents were classified as physically active or inactive and then followed up in subsequent cycles of the NPHS to look at risk of developing depression. Individuals who changed their activity level were also examined. Subgroup analyses by different marital status were performed to identify high-risk populations. Results: In 1994/1995, 17,276 participants were included in the NPHS longitudinal panel. Respondents who were inactive were more likely to be older, female, obese, widowed/separated/divorced, not working, low income, and lacking social support. After controlling for potential confounding factors, it was found that LTPA reduced the risk of developing depression for women. The modest risk reduction observed for men was not statistically significant. Women who were active at baseline and two years of follow-up were significantly less likely to report depression at four years of follow-up compared to women who were inactive at baseline and at two years of follow-up. A 51% greater probability of developing depression was observed after two years for women who changed their LTPA from active to inactive compared to women who remained active. No significant results were found for men. Divorced/separated/widowed women who stopped LTPA had 4.2 times the risk of developing depression after two years compared to those who remained active. The risk of developing depression after stopping activity did not vary according to marital status among men. Conclusions: LTPA has preventive effects on depression for women. Reduction in LTPA level is associated with subsequent depression for women. Divorced/separated/widowed women are at particularly high risk of developing depression if LTPA is stopped. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship between motoric and ideational activity preference and time perspective in neurotics and schizophrenics.

The dichotomous classification of motoric and ideational activity preference types was studied in relation to future and past time perspective in schizophrenic and neurotic groups. Special measures were constructed to classify Ss, to test the stability of the classification, and to measure future and past time perspective. The motoric-ideational activity preference classification was found to be reliable; ideational Ss had a greater extent of future time perspective than did motoric Ss; past time perspective was dependent upon the interaction of types and emotional disturbance grouping; motoric schizophrenics seemed to be more stimulus bound to the relative present; and ideational neurotics had a higher general-interest level than both the total motoric group and the total schizophrenic group. These results support the usefulness of the motoric-ideational classification as an organizing dimension of personality which shows both stability and construct validity. The results also revealed the potential value of studying the interaction of the motoric-ideational activity preference with types of emotional disturbance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BDNF genotype moderates the relation between physical activity and depressive symptoms.

Objective: To test whether the BDNF gene interacts with exercise to predict depressive symptoms. Physical activity is associated with a range of positive health outcomes, including fewer depressive symptoms. One plausible mechanism underlying these findings involves Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), a protein hypothesized to limit or repair the damage caused by stress. Physical activity increases expression of BDNF, which may enhance brain health. BDNF expression is controlled by the BDNF gene. Compared with individuals without a BDNF met allele, met-allele carriers have a lower expression of BDNF, which has been associated with Major Depressive Disorder. Design: Eighty-two healthy adolescent girls were genotyped for the BDNF val66met polymorphism, and their depressive symptoms and physical activity were assessed using questionnaires. Main Outcome Measures: BDNF genotype, Children’s Depression Inventory, and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children and Adolescents. Results: The BDNF polymorphism was found to moderate the relation between exercise and depressive symptoms: being physically active was protective for girls with a BDNF met allele (fewer depressive symptoms) but not for girls with the val/val polymorphism. Conclusion: By integrating psychological and biological factors, the present study enhances our understanding of how physical activity contributes to resilience to psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The relationship between a measure of transitory anxiety and spontaneous autonomic activity.

The effects of stress (threat of shock) on GSR nonspecific responses were evaluated for Ss who differed in transitory anxiety as measured by the Affect Adjective Check List (AACL). 52 Ss were equally divided among 4 groups: Hi AACL Stress, Lo AACL Stress, Hi AACL Nonstress, and Lo AACL Nonstress. 1st, all Ss rested; then both Stress groups were threatened with shock, while both Nonstress groups continued resting; finally, all Ss rested again. During the 2nd period GSR nonspecifics increased for both stress groups; however, during the final period, after the cessation of stress, GSR nonspecifics decreased more for the Lo AACL Ss than for the Hi AACL Ss. It was concluded that the AACL may be related to "autonomic recovery rate." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Late positive potential to appetitive stimuli and local attentional bias.

Predicated on the idea that positive affects high in approach motivation are crucial in goal-directed behaviors, research has found that these positive affects cause narrowed attention. The present research was designed to investigate a possible neurophysiological underpinning of this effect. Previous research has suggested that the late positive potential (LPP) of the event-related brain potential is increased by emotionally arousing stimuli because of the attention-grabbing nature of such stimuli. Other research has suggested that left prefrontal cortical regions are associated with narrowed attention and approach-motivated affect. Integrating these two lines of evidence, the present research examined LPPs to appetitive versus neutral pictures and assessed the relationship of these LPPs to local versus global attentional bias following the picture primes. Results revealed that appetitive in comparison with neutral pictures evoked larger LPP amplitudes bilaterally over central and parietal regions and asymmetrically over frontal regions. Moreover, these LPP amplitudes to appetitive pictures predicted greater locally biased attention caused by the appetitive pictures. These results provide the first evidence that LPPs are associated with the local attentional bias induced by appetitive motivation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

江西省国有钨矿山资源现状与潜力分析

江西省国有大中型钨矿山经过“关闭破产,转制重组”重现生机,但资源现状不容乐观。笔者分析江西省国有钨矿山资源现状和资源潜力,提出矿山今后加强接替资源勘查等4条发展对策和措施。     

Phenomenological study on the significance of the scalar potential and Lamb shift

We indicated in our previous work that for QED the contributions of the scalar potential, which appears at the loop level, is much smaller than that of the vector potential, and in fact negligible. But the situation may be different for QCD, the reason be     

Prospective reciprocal relations between physical activity and depression in female adolescents.

Objective: Although an inverse correlation between physical activity and depression among adolescents has been found in research, this relation has seldom been examined prospectively. Thus, we tested whether physical activity reduces risk for future escalations in depression and whether depression decreases likelihood of future change in physical activity. Method: Data from a longitudinal study involving annual assessments of 496 adolescent girls (mean age = 13 years, SD = 0.73) followed over a 6-year period were analyzed to address these questions. Results: Using analyses that controlled for several covariates, we found that physical activity significantly reduced risk for future increases in depressive symptoms and risk for onset of major–minor depression. Further, depressive symptoms and major–minor depression significantly reduced future physical activity. However, predictive effects were modest for both. Conclusions: Results support a bidirectional relation between exercise and depression and imply that interventions that increase physical activity may reduce risk for depression among this high-risk population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A study of meson-meson potential in the chiral quark model

An effective potential in a meson-meson system is discussed based on the SU（3） chiral constituent quark model, and the analytic form of the potential is explicitly given. In addition, the effective potential is employed to study the bound state problem of     

Human SP-A locus: allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium between the two surfactant protein A genes

Two surfactant protein A (SP-A) genes and several alleles for each SP-A locus have been previously described. In this report we investigate the potential usefulness of the SP-A loci as markers for genetic studies. We establish conditions that allow the identification of alleles with very similar sequences; We also determine the degree of polymorphism for each SP-A locus: The heterozygosity and polymorphism information content (PIC) values for the SP-A1 locus are 0.63 and 0.55, respectively, and for the SP-A2 locus are 0.50 and 0.56. In the course of these studies, we identify one new SP-A2 allele and show that the SP-A1 and SP-A2 loci are in linkage disequilibrium (P < 0.000001). We also identify 19 of the 20 possible haplotypes in a population of n = 239. Nine of the observed haplotypes reach statistical significance (P < 0.01) in this population, and the segregation of two haplotypes (6A2/1A0 and 6A4/1A) without recombination is verified in a family pedigree. These data together indicate that both SP-A loci are sufficiently polymorphic to be good markers for use in genetic studies. Furthermore, the finding of one novel allele suggests that additional unknown SP-A alleles are yet to be found.     

钨矿区砷污染与土壤微生物及酶活性相关性研究

通过野外采样及室内分析,研究赣南钨矿区的砷污染状况,土壤砷含量和形态对土壤微生物群落以及土壤酶活性的影响．结果表明:钨矿区土壤中砷全量及有效量均显著高于非矿区土壤,矿区土壤中砷以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,生物可给性强的可交换态砷占9.8 %~12 %,尾矿砂中砷以残渣态为主（39.7 %）,交换态砷占16.6 %.矿区土壤砷总量、可利用态砷对矿区土壤微生物数量的影响也呈现负相关,微生物类群对矿区污染的敏感性大小表现为:细菌＞放线菌＞真菌.矿区土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性均受到砷污染的抑制,通过相关性分析得出,脲酶活性可以较好的指示钨矿区土壤砷污染程度.钨矿区土壤中微生物区系组成数量及土壤酶活性在一定程度上可反映该矿区砷污染特征.      

The relation between instrumental musical activity and cognitive aging.

Objective: Intensive repetitive musical practice can lead to bilateral cortical reorganization. However, whether musical sensorimotor and cognitive abilities transfer to nonmusical cognitive abilities that are maintained throughout the life span is unclear. In an attempt to identify modifiable lifestyle factors that may potentially enhance successful aging, we evaluated the association between musical instrumental participation and cognitive aging. Method: Seventy older healthy adults (ages 60–83) varying in musical activity completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. The groups (nonmusicians, low and high activity musicians) were matched on age, education, history of physical exercise, while musicians were matched on age of instrumental acquisition and formal years of musical training. Musicians were classified in the low (1–9 years) or high (>10 years) activity group based on years of musical experience throughout their life span. Results: The results of this preliminary study revealed that participants with at least 10 years of musical experience (high activity musicians) had better performance in nonverbal memory (η2 = .106), naming (η2 = .103), and executive processes (η2 = .131) in advanced age relative to nonmusicians. Several regression analyses evaluated how years of musical activity, age of acquisition, type of musical training, and other variables predicted cognitive performance. Conclusions: These correlational results suggest a strong predictive effect of high musical activity throughout the life span on preserved cognitive functioning in advanced age. A discussion of how musical participation may enhance cognitive aging is provided along with other alternative explanations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Time restriction and the linkage between subcomponent efficiency and algebraic inequality success.

The compensatory-encoding theory (C-ET) of reading specifies how the efficiency of performance subcomponents affects comprehension under diverse task conditions. It maintains that readers can overcome weak skills through compensatory processes. To test whether C-ET captures more general principles underlying scholastic performance, the authors applied the theory to algebra: 140 undergraduates were asked to resolve algebraic inequalities under time pressure or under no time pressure. Participants were also assessed on the efficiency of the subcomponents required to execute the criterion algebraic inequality task (e.g., number identification, computation latency). Strong linkages were observed between subcomponent efficiency and algebraic inequality accuracy under time pressure, whereas weaker linkages were observed under no time pressure. Under no time pressure, rate of performance was unrelated to accuracy, all consistent with C-ET. Educational implications for helping struggling math problem solvers and for understanding standardized test results are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

高炉合理鼓风动能与炉缸活性的关系

 通过分析高炉鼓风动能与炉缸活性的关系,认为合理的鼓风动能不仅是保持炉缸活性良好的前提条件,更是高炉操作者调节炉况的重要手段之一。通过研究合理鼓风动能的理论依据和计算方法,发现高炉合理鼓风动能不仅需要随着高炉容积的增大而增大,而且需要有合理的风量和风口面积。通过比较不同容积高炉所对应的风量,提出了风量比和风量系数的概念;介绍了本钢新1号高炉通过调节风口面积探索合理鼓风动能的过程。对高炉在不同鼓风动能条件下所产生的各种直观现象和仪表变化进行了说明,针对这些现象就可以判断出鼓风动能是否在合理范围内,并进行相应的调节。因此,合理的鼓风动能需要适应高炉生产的各方面条件的变化,这就需要对合理鼓风动能进行不断的探索和实践,以形成应变的合理的送风制度,确保高炉生产长期稳定顺行。