汽—液—液三相与汽—液两相塔板效率比较

本文通过小型精馏塔及600×150 mm~2矩形模拟塔的实验,对比研究了气(汽)-液两相和气(汽)-液-液三相的塔板效率。并就物系性质(表面张力梯度、液体粘度或分散粘度),两液相体积比,气速及操作工况对传质的影响进行了研究。提出三相传质和两相传质差异的主要因素,得出估算三相精馏塔板效率的关联式。     

浅述流体力学因素对精馏塔塔板效率的影响

塔板效率在实际塔设备设计中作为一个极为重要的指标,不仅描述了塔板上的传质效果,而且也是传统平衡级理论中连接工艺变量(理论板数)与设备变量(实际塔板数)的桥梁。从气液构型、液相返混、气液不均匀分布、塔板上气体混合、漏液、雾沫夹带等方面详细剖析了影响塔板效率的各个因素,以期为各种塔板的最佳操作点提供理论依据。     

宝塔罩型塔板性能研究

开发了一种宝塔罩型塔板。该塔板是在塔板上设置数个由板孔、升气筒、塔型罩、进液孔所构成的豆塔罩单元，在单元内气液呈喷射状态接触，实现两相传热传质。流体力学性能和传质性能研究证明：该塔板压降、氧解析效率、漏液等性能与新型垂直筛板相当，但雾沫夹带要比新型垂直筛板低。因而该塔板具有较大的生产处理能力和较宽的稳定操作范围。     

旋流塔板气液接触状态及塔板压降

旋流塔板有复杂的气液接触状态。对应于一定的气液接触现象,气液接触状态可分为倾泻区、泡花区、喷射区和全喷射区。在四种接触状态下,塔板有效压降与气速的关系有明显的差别。以有效压降随气速变化规律的转化点作为气液接触状态的转化点,确定了塔板上各种气液接触状态的区域,并关联了接触状态转化点的操作条件。对喷射区有效压降的分析得到,有效压降主要决定于塔板上液体产生的静压降,气体径向速度可以忽略,而使喷射区内有效压降不受气速影响。全喷射区内,气速影响溢流管和溢流锥的溢流能力,而使气速明显地影响塔板有效压降。泡花区内,漏液量随气速的增大而减小;因此,气速影响塔板有效压降。适当地简化流况,提出了有效压降关联式,利用实验数据确定了其中的参数。     

喷射工况下的二维传质模型

提出了一个计算喷射工况下塔板效率的二维传质 -混合单元模型 ,可以模拟单元液体提升量、单元间液体交换分率、液体循环分率等模型参数的变化对塔板效率的影响 ,为喷射型塔板的开发与设计提供了一定的理论依据 .     

液体并流塔板技术进展

液体并流塔板,即相邻2层塔板上液体流动方向相同,能有效提高塔板效率。文中介绍了国内外并流塔板的板效率模型的发展状况,对国内外开发的各种并流塔板结构及性能进行了分析,并考察了立体传质塔板的性能及工业应用情况。为了开发适合大塔径的高效塔板,基于液体并流板型能提高板效率的机理,结合性能优良的立体传质塔板,采用特殊的降液结构,提出了一种新型液体并流复合塔板的结构型式。新型塔板具有气、液体处理量大、传质效率高、操作弹性大的特点,而且有效避免了普通逆流板型的液体滞留区的产生。     

固旋阀塔板的性能研究

在内径为600 mm的不锈钢塔内,以空气-水-氧气为物系,对固旋阀塔板的流体力学和传质性能进行研究。测定了塔板传质效率和雾沫夹带量,并与F1浮阀塔板进行对比;通过计算流体力学软件Fluent对固旋阀塔板上气相三维流场进行了数值模拟。实验结果表明:当液相喷淋密度L=5 m~3/(m~2·h)时,随着气体负荷的逐渐增大,固旋阀塔板的传质效率从小于F1浮阀到逐渐接近F1浮阀,且在实验最大气体负荷条件下超过了F1浮阀;当液相喷淋密度较大时,固旋阀塔板的传质效率高于F1浮阀塔板,且随着气体负荷的增大,差异越来越明显;固旋阀塔板的雾沫夹带比F1浮阀塔板低50%—60%,因此具有更高的气相负荷操作上限。Fluent软件模拟结果表明,固旋阀塔板中旋转流场的存在促使液层分布更均匀,气液传质得到进一步强化。     

提高悬挂式矩形降液管塔板效率的研究

分析了影响悬挂式矩形降液管塔板(DJ塔板)效率的原因,并提出在塔板的受液区安装防冲击漏液装置以及在塔板下方复合填料来提高塔板的传质效率.在一(Φ)300 mm的热模塔内,以乙醇-水为物系,全回流的情况下测定了受液区设置防冲击漏液装置以及塔板下方复合规整填料的DJ塔板的全塔效率.试验结果表明受液区设置防冲击漏液装置的DJ塔板的塔效可提高5%～10%;塔板下方复合100 mm规整填料的DJ塔板的塔效可提高15%～25%,比弓形降液管F1型浮阀塔板高5%～15%.     

新型双层喷射立体传质塔板在催化裂化装置各塔的应用

介绍了新型双层喷射立体传质塔板是针对高气相和大液相负荷开发,具有双层喷射结构,降低了液滴喷射初速度,不仅降低了塔板压力降,而且有效降低了塔板雾沫夹带量.所以双层喷射立体传质塔板可以大幅度提高塔内气液相流体的流速,提高处理能力.在催化裂化分馏塔中的应用,充分证明了双层喷射立体传质塔板的空塔动能因子可以达到3.2(m·s-1)·(kg·m-3)0.5,降液管溢流强度可以达到130m3·m-1·h-1.     

立体传质塔板罩内的气相速度分布

罩内气速分布是反映立体传质塔板帽罩结构合理与否的重要参数。文中在600 mm的冷模实验塔内采用热膜测速仪对立体传质塔板(CTST)帽罩内气体速度分布进行了实验研究,发现气体在CTST帽罩内的流动形态大致可以分为3个阶段,即回旋区、发展区、喷射区。各区域内的气速分布特点显著不同,分别起到不同的作用。不同板孔气速条件下,各区域速度分布的变化趋势基本一致。罩内气速分布与压力分布的对比情况较好地反映了罩内动能与势能之间的能量转换规律。     

浮阀塔板上两相接触状态及相状态转变规律的探讨

本文作者对锥心浮阀塔板上气液两相的接触状态进行了实验研究,认为主要有喷溅、混合泡沫和完全泡沫三种状态.在正常的气液负荷范围内系混合泡沫状态.文中探讨了两相接触状态的转变规律与塔板入口端的清液层高度以及塔板上的雾沫夹带率有良好的对应关系,从而确定了有两个转相点.此外,还对两相接触状态的转变机理作了初步分析,得出了计算相状态转变点的准数关联式.     

Hydrodynamisches Verhalten und Stoffübergang an Siebböden im Sprudel- und Sprühbereich

Hydrodynamic and mass transfer behaviour of sieve plates in the spray and bubble regimes . An attempt is made to set up idealized hydrodynamic models for the bubble and spray regimes on sieve plates and thus to provide a basis for calculation of mass transfer and concentration ratio. Comparison of the dependence of plate efficiency in the two regimes on various parameters indicates the importance of being able to determine a practical phase transition point. This was defined on the basis of the contribution of the bubbles and droplets to the overall interfacial area and compared with the transition points of other authors. The operation of columns in the spray regime, formerly regarded as undesirable, now possesses considerable industrial significance. This was mentioned by Zuiderweg [29] in his Underwood lecture of 1973. Since that time larger perforations and higher gas velocities have been employed. There has consequently been a significant shift of sieve plate behaviour from the bubble to the spray regime. It is estimated that almost 80% of all industrial sieve plate columns now operate in the spray regime and should be specifically designed for such operation.     

Nature and characteristics of gas–liquid flow regimes in a micro-packed bed reactor

Micro-packed bed reactors (μPBRs) have the advantages of high heat and mass transfer efficiency and excellent safety, and they have been successfully applied to hydrogenation and oxidation reactions. However, the study of gas–liquid flow regimes in the μPBR, which is essential for the mass transfer modeling and reactor scale-up, is still insufficient due to the limitation of micro-scale and complexity of capillary force. In this work, the flow regimes in the two-dimensional μPBR were systematically studied by visual method utilizing a high-performance camera. Four typical flow regimes and characteristics were captured, and flow regime transition was revealed. Effects of gas and liquid superficial velocities, liquid physical properties, and particle sizes on liquid spreading areal fraction and pressure drop were investigated. Flow regime transition correlation of churn flow and pseudo-static flow in the μPBR was provided for the first time based on the summary of the current and previous published results.     

Mass Transfer and Liquid‐Film Formation in a Spray Tower for SO2 Removal in Sodium Hydroxide Solution

Spray towers allow for controlling air pollution in which a liquid is sprayed in small droplets to produce a large interfacial area for mass transfer between a gas and a liquid phase. An experimental study of a spray tower for removing SO₂ is described. The experiments were carried out under different operating conditions by varying the gas velocity, liquid flow rate, and SO₂ concentration. SO₂ removal efficiency, volumetric mass transfer coefficient, and liquid‐film formation as a result of the collision of droplets against the tower wall are investigated. Removal efficiency and volumetric mass transfer coefficient are analyzed as a function of gas velocity, liquid flow rate, and SO₂ concentration, while liquid‐film formation is evaluated as a function of tower height. The results indicate high removal efficiency. Correlations to predict the volumetric mass transfer coefficient are also proposed.     

EFFECT OF SPRAY MIXING ON TRAY EFFICIENCY I. One Dimensional Mixing

The usual models for predicting the effect of liquid mixing assume a diffusion model as is reasonable for the foam and froth regimes. Here a one-dimensional spray regime model is developed with finite spray “throw,” allowing for inlet and outlet conditions and the effect of spray mixing on tray efficiency is evaluated. The extension to less restricted models is indicated.     

筛板上从泡沫工况向喷射工况转变气速的计算模型

<正>筛板塔是应用历史最久的塔型之一。至今人们仍在对筛板塔进行大量的研究,但对筛板塔处于不同鼓泡层的结构及筛板塔各操作状态之间的划分这一课题,还基本上限于一些定性的直观描述。筛板塔的各操作状态之间主要由两点速度划分,即漏液气速和喷射转变气速。在他们之间筛板处于泡沫工况,当气速高于喷射转变气速时,筛板塔处于喷射工况。这两种工况是人们最感兴趣的,这不仅因为在工业上这两种工况用得最多,而且还因为在流动泡沫工况下气体为分散相,液体为连续相,一旦转变为喷射工况就发生了相变,气体变为连续相,原来是连续相的液体则被气体吹散为小液滴的分散相。这种工况的转变必然强烈地影响着两相间的传质,要掌握塔板上两相间的传质规律,首先要确定它是处于何种工况。     

蒸馏塔板上汽液传质系数的确定——非平衡池法(Ⅰ)模型的建立及求解

本文提出一种确定蒸馏塔板上汽液传质系数的新方法——非平衡池法.该法将塔板沿液流方向分为适当数目的串联非平衡池,通过联立求解每一池各相的物料衡算、能量衡算、相平衡和传质传热速率方程,可从塔板入口组成得到出口组成.调整汽液传质系数使计算的出口组成与实测值相等,从而可确定出两相传质系数.方程组用混合牛顿法求解.     

EFFECT OF SPRAY MIXING ON TRAY EFFICIENCY I. One Dimensional Mixing

The usual models for predicting the effect of liquid mixing assume a diffusion model as is reasonable for the foam and froth regimes. Here a one-dimensional spray regime model is developed with finite spray “throw,” allowing for inlet and outlet conditions and the effect of spray mixing on tray efficiency is evaluated. The extension to less restricted models is indicated.