GIS and spatial data analysis: Converging perspectives

Abstract. This article identifies some of the important developments in GIS and spatial data analysis since the early 1950s. Although GIS and spatial data analysis started out as two more or less separate areas of research and application, they have grown closer together over time. We argue that the two areas meet in the field of geographic information science, with each supporting and adding value to the other. The article starts off providing a critical retrospective of developments over the past 50 years. Subsequently, we reflect on current challenges and speculate about the future. Finally, we comment on the potential for convergence of developments in GIS and spatial data analysis under the rubric of geographic information science (GIScience).     

GIS and spatial data analysis: Converging perspectives

This article identifies some of the important developments in GIS and spatial data analysis since the early 1950s. Although GIS and spatial data analysis started out as two more or less separate areas of research and application, they have grown closer together over time. We argue that the two areas meet in the field of geographic information science, with each supporting and adding value to the other. The article starts off providing a critical retrospective of developments over the past 50 years. Subsequently, we reflect on current challenges and speculate about the future. Finally, we comment on the potential for convergence of developments in GIS and spatial data analysis under the rubric of geographic information science (GIScience).JEL Classification: C1, C31, C8     

Efficiency‐enhancing horizontal mergers in spatial competition

This paper shows that a horizontal merger between two stores (or firms) that are relatively close can enhance efficiency in a model of spatial competition (or spatial product differentiation), if the spacing between them (or between their products) is relatively small compared to the spacing between other stores (or firms) in the market. The basic model assumes that consumers with completely inelastic demand are spread along an infinite line that has infinitely many stores (or firms), but cases with different assumptions are also considered.     

Introduction: historical institutionalist perspectives on European spatial planning

ABSTRACT

In a context where European integration is put into question, under the weight of external (migration, safety issues, economic) and centrifugal forces (Brexit, growing Euroscepticism), European spatial planning has been somewhat sidelined in the debates on the European Union’s goals, cohesion and future. This special issue aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of these dynamics by revisiting the history of European spatial planning – from its origins, gradual institutionalization to its current rolling back – by exploring it both at the European and the national level, stressing its difficulties and idiosyncrasies.

The conceptual framework of historical institutionalism is used across the papers in an attempt to shed more light on this processes, through the analysis of critical junctures and path dependency of planning and cohesion agendas, transnational networks as well as changes to the national institutions and planning systems.

This tightly woven collection of papers touches upon not only the underlying arguments for European cohesion, but also the questions about the future of European spatial planning as an ‘EU microcosm’ in light of current discussions concerning democratic credentials and legitimacy of the EU project as a whole.     

空间句法的商业街

介绍了空间句法在商业街区中的应用,对利用空间句法设计的商业街区空间问题的形态及结构进行了分析,并提出了一些针对性的措施,旨在更好地实现商业街区具有的社会效益和经济价值。     

人性化商业街空间尺度探讨

结合街道尺度的基本理论、空间错视学的理论,研究了国内外经典商业街案例,结合四川自贡市核心商业街的实例探讨了人性化商业街的尺度关系,为营造人性化的商业街区奠定了基础。     

浅谈商业建筑的空间设计——山西普国商贸城总体规划设计

介绍了普国商贸城建筑总体规划方案设计，以此为例阐述了商业建筑空间环境的设计对商业建筑的重要性，并对商业建筑空间环境的塑进行探索，指出创造好的环境空间，需要全社会各界的共同努力。     

商业步行街空间结构浅析

以步行街为研究对象,从商业步行街的起源入手,分析了步行街发展阶段的特点,空间结构的主要特征,结合行人的步行心理特征,探讨了如何创造步行街适宜、人性化的空间场所和满足人的场所归属感,以期指导实践。     

浅析商业建筑中庭空间设计

结合商业建筑的特点和功能,从中庭的形成、现状、发展以及设计特点和形态构造进行论述,从而得出一些商业建筑中庭空间的设计原理和方法,以期指导商业建筑中庭空间设计工作,合理营造购物环境中的室内开放空间。     

空间视角下的城市中心商业综合体研究

介绍了商业综合体的要素和特点,对其平面布局及空间形式进行了简单介绍,提出商业建筑设计创造出高度公共化、情感化、娱乐化的室内外空间,对提升城市文化品位等方面有重要意义。     

高校校园商业形式及其空间塑造初探

通过归纳总结高校校园现有的商业形式,对高校校园商业空间整体性规划不强、校园文化稀薄、空间形式及功能单一等问题进行了研究,给出了高校校园商业空间的塑造建议,以体现校园商业空间在校园文化建设以及景观塑造中的价值。     

基于地域文化的商业步行街空间营造研究

以重庆天地为例,对商业步行街的内在属性进行了分析,从文化学、艺术学、心理学等角度研究了具地域特色的商业步行街系统在空间设计中对原始环境的尊重和文脉的延续,强调了尊重原始环境、传承地域文化对商业步行街空间营造的积极意义。     

Scale,mergers and efficiency: the case of Dutch housing corporations

The efficiency of social housing providers is a contentious issue. In the Netherlands, there is a widespread belief that housing corporations have substantial potential for efficiency improvements. A related question is whether scale influences efficiency, since recent decades have shown a trend of mergers among corporations. This paper offers a framework to assess the effects of scale and mergers on the efficiency of Dutch housing corporations by using both a data envelopment analysis and a stochastic frontier analysis, using panel data for 2001–2012. The results indicate that most housing corporations operate under diseconomies of scale, implying that merging would be undesirable in most cases. However, merging may have beneficial effects on pure technical efficiency as it forces organizations to reconsider existing practices. A data envelopment analysis indeed confirms this hypothesis, but these results cannot be replicated by a stochastic frontier analysis, meaning that the evidence for this effect is not robust.     

廊坊A6地块体验式商业综合体空间设计研究

解释了商业综合体与体验式商业的概念,结合廊坊A6地块的区位特征,从组合模式、设计原则、功能分区等方面,阐述了体验式商业综合体的空间设计方法,以增强空间的趣味性和便利性。     

Motives to restructure industries: Finnish evidence of cross-border and domestic mergers and acquisitions

Abstract.  We estimate a multilogit model for the probabilities that a firm will acquire or become a target in different M&A categories, which are defined according to the location of an acquiring firm with respect to a target. We find that certain firm characteristics of an acquiring firm regarded as indicative of having a high capability of monitoring a target – or internalising the potential synergies of M&A – increase the probability of distant M&As at the expense of close M&As. Factors which ease the monitoring of the target firm's value increase the probability that such a firm becomes a target located far from an acquiring firm.     

陕北地区小城镇传统商业街空间形态研究

从线状空间、空间结点、边界空间三方面对陕北地区小城镇传统商业街空间形态进行了探讨,通过对传统商业街空间形态特征的分析,为传统商业街的保护与更新提供了理论基础。     

Research and education: Some perspectives

Professor Peter Lansley of the University of Reading presents a shorter version of a paper given at the CIB Research Managers Meeting held in Menaggio, Italy, in May 1991, which states that despite extensive and varied investment in dissemination and diffusion, there remain many constraints to be overcome before the contribution of research is accepted as a natural part of the life of the building industry.     

Estimates of pollutant temporal and spatial variability in commercial buildings from the joint urban 2003 field experiments

In this paper, we report on the indoor concentrations from a suite of full-scale outdoor tracer-gas point releases conducted in the downtown area of Oklahoma City in 2003. A point release experiment consisted of releases of sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) in multiple buildings and from different outdoor locations. From the measurements, we are able to estimate the concentration variations indoors for a building operating under “typical” operating conditions. The mean indoor spatial coefficients of variation are 30% to 45% from a daytime outdoor release are around 80% during an outdoor evening release. Having estimates of the spatial coefficient of variation provides stakeholders, including first responders, with the likely range of concentrations in the building when little is known about the building characteristics and operating behavior, such as developing urban-scale hazard and consequence analyses. We show differences in indoor measurements at different distances to the release points, floors of the building, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system (HVAC) operation. We also show estimates at different time resolutions. The statistics show that in the studied medium to large commercial buildings, spatial differences would result in peak indoor concentrations in certain parts of the buildings that may be substantially higher than the building average. To our knowledge, very few tracer gas measurements have been conducted in buildings of this scope, particularly with measurements on multiple floors and within a floor. The resulting estimates of spatial variability provide a unique opportunity for hazard assessment, and comparison to multi-zone models.     

以德化街为例分析旧城商业街空间形态整体性

结合当前旧城街道改造模式,以郑州德化街为例,从其地段位置、空间形态构成要素以及历史文化内涵等方面对德化街空间形态的整体性进行研究和探讨,为以后旧城商业街的改造和建设提供理论参考依据。