细水雾抑制扩散火焰的数值模拟

通过实验和数值模拟研究了细水雾抑制扩散火焰的作用过程，探讨了细水雾抑制扩散火焰的机理和规律。细水雾抑制扩散火焰主要是通过水雾的蒸发潜热吸热、热容吸热、稀释氧气等作用，达到控制和扑灭火灾的目的。在实验的基础上，进行了一维数值模拟，其模拟结果与实验数据的物理趋势基本一致，验证了实验结果的合理性。     

侧向喷射条件下细水雾扑灭水平表面流淌火研究

为探讨侧向喷射条件下细水雾扑灭流淌火的技术可行性,针对水平表面流淌火,在考虑火焰辐射、燃料与垫层之间的对流换热基础上,建立细水雾在开敞空间扑灭流淌火理论模型,实验研究细水雾喷头排数、倾斜角度对火焰形状、火焰温度、灭火机理和灭火时间的影响。结果表明：细水雾冲击燃料加快其流淌时可以增强灭火能力;采用单排喷头水平喷射时可有效抑制一侧火焰且对火焰拉伸作用最强;采用双排喷头水平喷射时,可有效抑制两侧火焰且灭火速度最快;当喷头向上倾斜15°时,细水雾冷却燃料能力减弱并使灭火时间变长。     

Experimental study of water mist fire suppression in tunnels under longitudinal ventilation

This paper studies water mist fire suppression under different longitudinal ventilation velocities in tunnels by small-scale experiments. After a scaling study, two mist nozzles are used for suppressing crib fires under 5 ventilation speeds. The result comes out that fire suppression process can be divided into three stages including flame unitary restraining stage, surface flame extinguishing stage and inside flame suppression stage. Several factors influencing efficiency are investigated. When the interval between mist nozzle and fire source enlarges, the relationship curve between fire suppression time and ventilation velocity shows a ‘V’ figure. The best ventilation speed exists. Following the rules summarized, a coupling system of water mist and ventilation may increase fire suppression efficiency remarkably.     

含添加剂高压细水雾抑灭乙醇池火性能研究

为探究含NaCl、KCl、Na2CO3、K2CO3、NaHCO3、KHCO3六种碱金属盐以及SDBS、CAB35、APG0810三种起泡剂对高压细水雾抑灭乙醇池火性能的影响,在空间尺寸为6 m×6 m×4 m的受限空间内开展纯高压细水雾与含不同添加剂的高压细水雾对乙醇池火抑灭性能的对比实验。结果显示：相比纯高压细水雾灭火,添加碱金属盐与起泡剂的高压细水雾的灭火时间明显缩短,并且缩短的主要是处在火焰被撕裂抑制、火焰向周围游走阶段的时间;其他条件不变时,灭火时间随着添加剂浓度的增加先减小后增大,与纯高压细水雾相比,两类添加剂中各自灭火时间最短的分别为含3%KHCO3、3%SDBS的高压细水雾,可分别缩短灭火时间57.4%、64.6%;平均降温速率随着添加剂浓度的增加先增大后减小,降温速率最高的为含3%SDBS的细水雾,相较于纯高压细水雾提高了217.54%;含不同碱金属盐与起泡剂的高压细水雾对乙醇池火的抑灭性能各不相同,但与纯高压细水雾相比都得到显著提高。     

单、双喷头细水雾对正庚烷池火灾的抑制作用

为了研究单、双喷头细水雾抑灭正庚烷池火灾的效能和机理,在半体积飞机模拟货舱中开展了单、双喷头细水雾雾滴粒径测试和抑灭20 cm 正庚烷池火灾的实验研究。结果表明,双喷头细水雾协同工作会导致雾滴之间相互碰撞发生二次破碎,有助于雾化效果的提升。通过对燃料表面温度、火焰区平均温度和舱内氧气浓度的测量和计算,对比分析了单、双喷头细水雾抑灭火的主导机理。结果表明,单喷头细水雾灭火的平均时间为283.14 s,耗水量约为3.54 L,燃料表面冷却是其抑灭火的主导机理。双喷头细水雾灭火的平均时间为212.22 s,耗水量约为5.31L,火焰冷却是其抑灭火的主导机理。     

细水雾控制高层住宅烟道火灾的有效性及参数优化

为了有效控制高层住宅厨房烟道火灾,构建细水雾控制厨房食用油火和带分支烟道的高层住宅厨房烟道油垢火的FDS数值模型,分析高层住宅厨房烟道细水雾灭火系统有效性的影响因素及最佳设计参数。结果表明,如果未能即时扑灭高层住宅底层厨房食用油火,在强烈的烟囱效应作用下,高温火焰和烟气会引燃烟道内油垢,造成火势的迅速蔓延。本文所建的30 m高厨房烟道火模型中,最佳细水雾灭火系统运行模式为关闭厨房抽油烟机,即时开启厨房灶台上方和主烟道内分段设置的细水雾喷头,雾流量分别为0.6,10 L/min,细水雾最佳参数为喷射流速10 m/s、喷射角度60°、水雾粒径500 μm。     

A Study of Total Flooding Water Mist Fire Suppression System Performance Using a Transient One-Zone Computer Model

Due to the intense R&D activity in the field of water mist fire suppression during the past decade, the qualitative and quantitative understanding on the performance of water mist has increased significantly. This development has led to a point in which quantitative theoretical models describing large-scale water mist fire suppression systems begin to emerge. This paper describes the composition and validation of one such model, designed for total flooding water mist applications, especially against flammable liquid hazards in enclosures. The basic construction of the model is first described, followed by an example on the validation of the model using full-scale experimental data. The model is then used to investigate the limitations to the maximum possible mist concentration in the protected space. The potential of the model as an engineering tool is illustrated by making predictions on the scaling laws associated with water mist systems in the framework of IMO MSC/Circ.668/728 as the enclosure volumes and ventilation conditions are varied. The predictions are found to be in agreement with what is indicated by the recent US Coast Guard test series in very large machinery spaces.     

细水雾对置障管内预混气体抑爆机理研究

为揭示细水雾对爆燃的抑制作用以及细水雾的释放位置对甲烷预混气体爆燃过程的影响,设计了4种细水雾释放位置和3种粒径(8、45、80μm)的细水雾共13种工况的实验.结果显示:8、45和80μm细水雾在位置2释放时管内压力分别降低36.59％、65.85％和31.7％.在位置3释放时管内压力分别降低34.15％、56％和3...     

超细水雾抑制甲烷-煤尘复合爆炸的实验研究

为掌握瓦斯-煤尘复合爆炸机理,通过可视化爆炸装置进行了密闭空间的超细水雾抑制甲烷-煤尘复合爆炸实验,探究了不同浓度的超细水雾对爆炸超压、压力上升速率、火焰传播速度的影响;研究了超细水雾作用下的火焰传播特征和爆炸不同阶段的抑爆机理。测定了不同煤尘粒径、浓度下的临界抑爆浓度。结果表明：超细水雾使爆炸超压延迟上升;爆炸火焰经历了点火焰、局部强发展火焰、连续不光滑火焰以及稳定分层火焰4 个发展阶段,抑制局部强发展火焰的出现是抑制爆炸的关键;随着超细水雾浓度的增加,压力的二次加速上升现象逐渐消失,放热速率与火焰锋面的燃烧速率的相关性增强;水雾的临界抑爆浓度随煤尘浓度的增加先增后降,随煤尘粒径的增加而降低。     

超细水雾影响小型火焰在固体可燃物上蔓延的数值模型

开发了CFD模型，用来预测细水雾中火焰沿固体燃料蔓延的特性。采用气体和固体燃料作为对比试验，利用不稳定两维保守公式描述自持性火焰蔓延情况。因为的分析重点主要放在火焰前锋火焰的熄灭机理（火焰前锋完全暴露在细水雾中），所以考虑了有限率（finite—rate）化学反应。火焰基本传播数据也可虑了用于细水雾和蒸气质量的公式，这包括水蒸发造成的能量消耗。还对在细水雾喷洒下聚合材料做成的厚燃料床上火焰的水平传播进行了试验。结果显示，火焰热释放区内自持性能量守恒对外部能量消耗非常敏感。在本试验中，主要是水滴蒸发造成的能量消耗。因此，在火焰前锋，火焰在细水雾的喷洒下挣扎着，要么按几乎相同的速度（没有水喷雾情况下）继续传播，要么被完全熄灭。本文还研究了水滴直径大于30μm细水雾的灭火特性。本文获得了在不同条件下火焰蔓延情况下，灭火需要的细水雾质量分率的关键浓度。     

两相流细水雾灭B类火实验研究

采用气液同管雾状流输送方式,在两相流系统中设置雾化混合器,使结构简化.实验研究不同热释放率时两相流细水雾的灭火特性及规律.采用热电偶树和气体分析仪测量火焰温度及火场氧浓度,通过灭火时间评价细水雾的灭火效率,将两相流细水雾的灭火效果同单相流进行对比.实验结果显示,热释放率对细水雾的灭火效果影响显著;两相流在较低压力下就可达到单相流较高压力的灭火效果.     

细水雾对ABS工程塑料燃烧干预试验

通过模拟试验,在ABS工程塑料燃烧过程中对施加细水雾前后的火焰形态、温度、热流等参数数据变化进行分析,得出有关细水雾抑制ABS工程塑料火灾的依赖因素、抑制效果以及变化规律,指导对该类材料火灾防治技术.     

含NH4Cl添加剂细水雾对油池火灭火效果的研究

受限空间内的火灾是消防救援与火场疏散的难题。细水雾灭火系统能最大限度保护设备,与其他灭火剂相比具有良好的环保性能。为了更好地发挥灭火效果,采用在水中加入添加剂的方式以探究其对灭火的影响,在受限空间内开展含NH₄Cl添加剂的细水雾对雾化效果的影响和灭油池火的实验,研究火焰形状变化、受限空间内温度变化以及添加剂浓度不同时的灭火效果,对受限空间内氧含量的变化进行监测分析。研究表明：在水中加入NH₄Cl添加剂后,改变了喷雾的分布,雾场中心雾滴较密集,且随着NH₄Cl浓度的增加雾滴粒径增大,雾化锥角变小。采用不同浓度的NH₄Cl添加剂细水雾灭火时,受限空间内氧含量及灭火时间呈不同的变化,当添加剂浓度为2%时,物理与化学灭火的耦合机制能更好地发挥,灭火效果最佳。     

水喷雾系统抑制电动汽车火灾有效性实验研究

为解决现有消防手段难以有效扑灭电动汽车火灾的问题,设计了水喷雾隔热阻火系统和拖车式车载水喷雾灭火降温系统.对模拟电动汽车火灾进行灭火有效性全尺度实验.结果表明,在现有工况条件下,水喷雾隔热阻火系统能有效抑制车辆底盘的射流火焰,可防止火灾向相邻车辆蔓延,但受安装位置限制,该系统对驾驶舱内部火焰的抑制和降温效果较差,灭火后...     

A numerical study of water-mist suppression of large scale compartment fires

The focus of this paper is on simulating water mist suppression of fires in large enclosures. A two-continuum formulation is used in which the gas phase and the water-mist are both described by equations of the Eulerian form. The water-mist model is coupled with previously developed codes based on the multi- block Chimera technique for simulating fires. Computations are performed to understand the various physical processes that occur during the interaction of water-mist and fires in large enclosures. Droplet sectional density contours and velocity vectors are used to track the movement of water-mist and to identify the regions of the fire compartment where the droplets evaporate and absorb energy. Parametric studies are performed to optimize various water-mist injection characteristics for maximum suppression. The effects of droplet diameter, mist injection velocity, injection density, nozzle locations and injection orientation on mist entrainment and flame suppression are quantified. Numerical results indicate that for similar injection parameters such as mist injection density, injection velocity and droplet diameter, the time for suppression was smallest for the top injection configuration. Water-mist injection through the side walls, the front and rear walls and through the floor were found to be less efficient than the top injection configuration. These results are compared with our earlier predictions on water-mist suppression of small scale methanol pool fires and other experimental studies.     

Simulation of water mist suppression of small scale methanol liquid pool fires

The focus of this paper is on numerical modeling of methanol liquid pool fires and the suppression of these fires using water mist. A mathematical model is first developed to describe the evaporation and burning of liquid methanol. The complete set of unsteady, compressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved along with an Eulerian sectional water mist model. Heat transfer into the liquid pool and the metal container through conduction, convection and radiation are modeled by solving a modified form of the energy equation. Clausius–Clapeyron relationships are invoked to model the evaporation rate of a two-dimensional pool of pure liquid methanol.The interaction of water mist with pulsating fires stabilized above a liquid methanol pool and steady fires stabilized by a strong co-flowing air jet are simulated. Time-dependent heat release/absorption profiles indicate the location where the water droplets evaporate and absorb energy. The relative contribution of the various suppression mechanisms such as oxygen dilution, radiation and thermal cooling is investigated. Parametric studies are performed to determine the effect of mist density, injection velocity and droplet diameter on entrainment and suppression of pool fires. These results are reported in terms of reduction in peak temperature, effect on burning rate and changes in overall heat release rate. Numerical simulations indicate that small droplet diameters exhibit smaller characteristic time for decrease of relative velocity with respect to the gas phase, and therefore entrain more rapidly into the diffusion flame than larger droplet. Hence for the co-flow injection case, smaller diameter droplets produce maximum flame suppression for a fixed amount of water mist.     

含磷酸二氢铵细水雾灭火有效性研究

采用小尺度灭火实验,在标准受限空间下研究磷酸二氢铵添加剂不同添加量对细水雾扑灭汽油池火的有效性,分析磷酸二氢铵的加入细水雾灭火机理的不同。受限空间尺寸3 m×3 m×3 m,油盘直径33 cm,工作压力2 MPa。结果表明:加入磷酸二氢铵后,火焰温度明显降低,且大大缩短了细水雾的灭火时间;随着磷酸二氢铵浓度的不断增大,细水雾的灭火时间先减小后增大,存在一个最短的灭火时间。     

低压双流体细水雾抑制锂离子电池热失控研究

利用自主设计的实验平台,采用加热棒模拟锂电池外部过热场景,分别在95、80、60 kPa的环境压力下对18650型锂电池热失控表面温度和CO体积分数变化进行对比,探究低压双流体细水雾对锂电池热失控的抑制效果。结果表明：低压双流体细水雾可在低雾化压力下产生较小的雾滴粒径,并能有效抑制锂电池热失控与热传播,减少CO生成量;雾化压力为1.2 MPa时产生的细水雾雾滴粒径最小,冷却效果最好。随着环境压力降低,细水雾的抑制效果下降。可考虑使用惰性气体作为雾化气体,增强灭火效果。     

地铁设备房自动灭火系统设计及经济性分析

针对目前国内地铁大部分采用气体灭火系统的现状,介绍高压细水雾工作原理,比较两者的安全性能。基于地下车站密闭狭隘空间火灾逃生困难的特性,纵向对比考虑地面及高架车站设备房自动灭火系统选择。以南京地铁AFC设备用房为例,依据国家规范分别采用两种灭火系统进行设计及水力计算,得出设计参数、系统组成。根据计算结果进行设备造价分析,提出高压细水雾灭火系统在地铁设备房应用的可行性,同时,横向对比上海轨道交通成功案例,为城市轨道交通建设及运营管理单位提供参考。     

Experimental and numerical study on water mist suppression system on room fire

Full-scale experiment and numerical simulations are carried out on a room fire to study water mist suppression system with heat release rate of 6 MW. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of fire-driven fluid flow, FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator), is used to solve numerically a form of the Navier–Stokes equations for fire. A fire experiment without water mist is performed and the temperatures are measured to validate the predictions of FDS code against the experimental data. Then a fire experiment with water mist suppression system is performed and the temperatures and extinguishing time are measured. The validated numerical model is used to simulate the experiment; the temperatures, oxygen concentration and extinguishing time are compared and studied. In numerical simulations, the cell size sensitivity is analyzed. The experimental results of temperatures and extinguishing time are compared with the results of numerical simulations. It appears that the numerical results are in good agreement (qualitatively) with the experimental data in temperature fields. These useful data can be helpful in accomplishing the design of water mist suppression system and the design regulations for fire safety management.