核电厂一回路源项和排放源项框架体系研究

我国核电机组堆型众多,来源广泛,这些引进堆型的源项在我国应用中还存在一些问题。源项设计是否合理,直接影响到排放源项的准确性和环境影响评价源项的合理性。本文通过分析不同堆型源项在我国应用中存在的问题,研究如何构建我国核电厂通用的一回路源项和排放源项框架体系,为解决国内核电厂源项计算中长期存在的问题,也为我国华龙一号和CAP1400堆型的源项计算提供技术基础。     

华龙一号活化腐蚀产物沉积源项评估

根据国内外核电厂主管道上沉积源项的运行经验数据,分析了两种主要核素Co-58和Co-60的沉积活度随电厂运行时间的变化趋势。在此基础上,采用一回路活化腐蚀产物源项计算软件预估了华龙一号的活化腐蚀产物沉积源项。在参考国内广泛运行的M310机型设计源项确定方法的基础上,分析给出了华龙一号活化腐蚀产物沉积源项的设计源项和现实源项,并与国内二代核电机组和国际三代核电机组进行对比,结果显示三者均处于同一量级水平,华龙一号与国际三代核电机组相差不大,且优于国内二代核电机组。分析结果显示本文预估的沉积源项具有一定的可靠性,华龙一号核电机组在活化腐蚀产物源项控制方面具有一定的先进性。     

Expected radiological and radioecological consequences of operating floating nuclear heat and power plants

The construction of floating nuclear power plants began in the interests of supplying energy in remote far-north and far-east regions in our country which are difficult to reach. A predictive assessment of radiological and radioecological consequences of operating such plants is extremely urgent. The problem is examined on the basis of the effects of a floating nuclear power plant on plant workers, the public, and the environment that have been determined by a computational method at the design stage as well as on the basis of generalization and analysis of experience gained in operating nuclear powered ships under the difficult climatic conditions in the Far North and Far East over the last 45 years. __________ Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 104, No. 3, 178–187, March, 2008.     

Offshore nuclear power plants

Offshore Power Systems, a joint enterprise of Westinghouse and Tenneco, has been formed to manufacture floating nuclear power plants. Commitments for the first two offshore plants have been received from the Public Service Electric and Gas Company. This paper describes the floating nuclear plant concept with special reference to its advantages and its novel features. The novel features are a consequence of the floating aspect and include the design of the platform, the safety analysis and also the analysis and specification of plant motions due to environmental effects such as wind, waves and earthquakes. Site-related aspects such as the breakwater and mooring systems are discussed. The nuclear power plants will be manufactured in a central facility and this manufacturing concept is described.     

压水堆核电厂源项控制实践与改进

本文分析了福清核电厂1号机组停堆沉积源项调查发现的一回路管道内壁⁵⁸Co和⁶⁰Co表面活度水平、剂量率贡献以及随机组运行时间发生的变化情况,并介绍了压水堆核电厂活化腐蚀产物的形成、沉积及存在形式。通过分析201大修主泵停运对氧化运行效果及蒸汽发生器(SG)下封头辐射水平的影响,结合酸性氧化环境下腐蚀产物溶解度变化的特点,提出改进主泵停运时机以提高氧化运行效果的建议。另外,还分析了阀门密封面维修导致向一回路系统引入含钴金属颗粒对机组源项的影响,建议严格控制阀门维修过程以减少⁵⁹Co进入一回路系统。     

A comparison of background seismic risks and the incremental seismic risk due to nuclear power plants

The seismic risk for the continental United States, in terms of the expected annual number of deaths and severe injuries, and the expected property damage, is evaluated in this work. Probabilistic models and correlations are developed and used in the evaluations of the risks, accounting for such important variables as the variability of property values, damage factors and so on. In addition, the incremental seismic risk due to the presence of nuclear power plants is evaluated utilizing results and methods available in the literature. The results show that the incremental risk is generally very small compared to the background seismic risk, even if a very high probability for core melt is postulated.     

Cosmic thermoemissional nuclear power plants

Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 215–219, October, 1990.     

Development and application of filters for air cleaning in nuclear power plants

The development of filter systems for air cleaning in nuclear power plants will be briefly described. The result of research work on iodine filters was the basis for the use of gasketless deep-bed filters and of the multiway sorption filter in German reactor stations. The composition of the iodine release to the environment was validated with the “discriminating iodine species sampler”. The main sources for the release of elemental iodine from BWR and PWR were discovered and finally suppressed. The mechanical strength of HEPA filters is being tested at high temperatures and humidities. Prototype HEPA filters have been developed with much higher resistance against humidity, differential pressure, and corrosion. A filter for the removal of particles during extreme operating conditions such as containment venting was developed using stainless steel fibers for the filter medium. The first filter of this type has already been built and installed in a modern German PWR as a part of the containment-venting system for serious accidents.     

Risk assessment of nuclear power plants

The objective of the present work is to develop recommendations for controlling the safety of nuclear power plants on the basis of risk assessments and safety certification of nuclear power plants. The Kursk nuclear power plant is considered as an example of a nuclear power plant with an RBMK reactor. The concept of risk assessment of a nuclear power plant consists in constructing a set of scenarios of the appearance and development of possible accidents followed by an evaluation of the realization frequency and determination of the scales of the consequences of each one. The result of an analysis is an evaluation of a system of risk indicators in accordance with the requirements of the safety compliance certificate of the nuclear power plant as well as the development of recommendations for increasing plant safety. In risk assessment, the consequences are divided into categories of the seriousness of the damage, for which their probability is evaluated separately. The graphical interpretation of risk due to any dangerous object consists of frequency–consequences curves. Recommendations are developed on the basis of the results of risk analysis.     

Infrastructure of low-capacity nuclear power plants

Conceptual questions concerning the development of a system of low-capacity nuclear power plants are discussed. The basic properties which the nuclear power facilities of such plants must have are formulated. Questions concerning personnel training, the control characteristics of a system of low-capacity plants, decommissioning, and the requirements for physical protection are examined. The need to develop special normative documentation for low-capacity nuclear power plants is substantiated. Questions concerning the ecological effects of low-capacity power generation are touched upon.     

Cost-effectiveness of low-power nuclear power plants

OKMB. Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 333-336, November, 1993.     

Managing aging in nuclear power plants

Aging degradation in nuclear power plants must be controlled to prevent safety margins from declining below limits provided in plant design bases. The NPAR Program and other aging-related programs conducted under the auspices of the NRC Office of Research are developing needed technical guidance for control of aging. Results from these programs, together with relevant information developed by industry and elsewhere, are implemented through various ongoing NRC and industry programs and initiatives as well as by means of conventional regulatory instruments. The aging control process central to these efforts consists of three key elements: (1) selection of components, systems, and structures (CSS) in which aging must be controlled, (2) understanding of the mechanisms and rates of degradation in these CSS, and (3) managing degradation through effective surveillance and maintenance. These elements are addressed in Recommended Practices Guidance that integrates information developed under NPAR and other studies of aging into a systems-oriented format that tracks directly with the Safety Analysis Reports and with the NRC Standard Review Plan (NUREG-0800).     

Welding consumables for nuclear power plants

In nuclear power plants, submerged arc welding and covered arc welding have long been employed especially for main weld seams, including the core region of RPV.This paper investigates the mechanical properties of several welding consumables we have developed for industrial plants — that is, welding consumables which lower the phosphorus and copper content of the welded metal, those for plates possessing particularly high tensile strength and those for the narrow gap welding method.Recent data derived from irradiation embrittlement tests show that these welded metals using a non-copper coating are highly effective in minimizing shifts in the transition curve.Welding consumables for A533B C1.2, A543 C1.1 or A508 C1.4 steels have a higher tensile strength than those for A533B C1.1 or A508 C1.3.We have developed submerged arc and covered arc welding consumables to be used with these kinds of steels, and it was confirmed that these consumables possess excellent tensile strength and notch toughness.Our tests also confirmed that the narrow gap SAW and MIG welds are more efficient than the conventional ones. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the welded metals are also excellent.     

Flood hazards for nuclear power plants

Flooding hazards for nuclear power plants may be caused by various external geophysical events. In this paper the hydrologic hazards from flash floods, river floods and heavy rain at the plant site are considered. Depending on the mode of analysis, two types of hazard evaluation are identified: (a) design hazard which is the probability of flooding over an expected service period, and (b) operational hazard which deals with real-time forecasting of the probability of flooding of an incoming event. Hazard evaluation techniques using flood frequency analysis can only be used for type (a) design hazard. Evaluation techniques using rainfall-runoff simulation or multi-station correlation can be used for both types of hazard prediction.