熔岩玻璃体核素90Sr和239Pu释放量的计算

基于全等、均匀体分布的玻璃小球模型,推导了熔岩玻璃体中核素溶解释放率的数学计算公式,参考利佛莫尔实验室测量的玻璃溶解速度估算花岗岩介质熔岩玻璃体在25℃条件下的溶解速度下限为5.04×10-7g/(m2.d),上限为1.42×10-4g/(m2.d)。计算了核素90Sr和239Pu的溶解释放率和释放份额,结果表明:熔岩玻璃体在高温阶段的核素释放率比环境温度时高出4～5个数量级,大部分核素释放量发生在这个阶段。核素90Sr的释放份额介于0.3%～65%之间,核素239Pu的释放份额介于0.5%～82%之间。温度、玻璃溶解速度和反应性比表面积是影响核素释放的关键因素。     

衰变对严重事故条件下裂变产物释放及场外剂量评价影响分析

介绍了某三代核电厂严重事故释放类别,选取会造成大量放射性释放的释放类别和对应的典型严重事故序列,采用MAAP程序计算分析裂变产物向环境释放特性。在此基础上,选取对人员剂量贡献最大的几种核素,计算考虑衰变和不考虑衰变2种情况下,各核素向环境累积释放活度及场址边界500?m处的全身剂量和甲状腺剂量的大小,并分析了衰变对累积释放活度和剂量评价的影响。结果表明:衰变对裂变产物向环境累积释放活度的影响与核素半衰期及事故后开始向环境释放时间有关;半衰期越短,裂变产物开始向环境释放时间越晚,衰变的影响越明显;从场外剂量分析,衰变对全身剂量的影响较甲状腺剂量的影响更明显。      

秦山核电站考验元件燃耗的辐照史校正计算

通过实验测得反应堆停堆时刻裂变产物~(137)CS、~(148)Nd等监测体的浓度值,进而推算出辐照燃料元件的燃耗值是通常采用的方法。它需要若干参数,如裂变产物的平均裂变产额,反应(n,γ)的修正量,放射性裂变产物的堆内衰变修正量,可裂变核素的平均裂变能量等。这些参数都同燃料的辐照历史紧密关联。本文概述了上述参数的计算方法并给出了计算结果。方法的主要特点是:1.以考验元件的实际参数为输入数据;2.根据反应堆实际运行史反复循环模拟计算;3.除计算重核素及所要求的裂变产物的原子浓度和放射性外,仔细计算了~(137)Cs和~(148)Nd等核素(n—1)衰变链中子俘获反应的修正量。     

不同级钚材料的衰变放热功率计算分析

钚材料中放射性核素会不断衰变并释放能量,改变钚材料及周围部件的温度。为研究不同级钚材料在其整装存储及运输过程中衰变放热功率随时间的变化规律,依据不同级钚材料的放射性核素组分,在分析核素级联衰变规律的基础上,并在物理模型中考虑衰变时的能量分支比,计算得到了武器级钚、反应堆级和混合级钚材料中各核素的衰变放热功率和总热功率随时间的演变规律。计算结果表明,1 kg不同级的钚材料,其衰变放热功率最大的是混合级钚,放热最少的是武器级钚;武器级钚材料衰变放热功率主要来自于~(239)Pu,而反应堆级与混合级钚材料的衰变放热功率主要来自于~(241)Pu和~(238)Pu。三种不同级钚材料中,~(242)Pu的衰变放热功率均很小。考虑能量分支比后,可更准确地计算给出钚材料的衰变热功率。     

裂变产物衰变数据库

一、引言裂变产物核数据包括裂变产物产额、裂变产物衰变数据和裂变产物的中子截面数据。裂变产物核数据在反应堆方面主要用于计算衰变热。停堆后由放射性核素衰变而释放出的能量谓衰变热。衰变热的正确计算对控制动力堆的安全性有重要意义。如果冷却不     

^142La的放化分离方法研究

为了提高对核燃料微裂变过程诊断的灵敏度,要求使用短寿命裂变产物核素。142La就是适合的核素之一。但其现有衰变数据的准确度较差,需要对它进行更精确的测量。要获得准确的数据必须制备出纯的核素。 裂变产物是一个很复杂的体系,选择适当的辐照、冷却、分离、测量时间可以把干扰同位素的含量降低甚至消除,达到部分同位素分离的目的。 影响142La测量的主要同位素有141La和143La。其中,142La母体142Ba的半衰期（T1/2=10.6 min）远大于143La母体143Ba的半衰期（T1/2=14.7s）。235U经中于辐照后,冷却 3～5 min,143Ba全部     

长寿命裂变产物核素核数据测量进展

文章对与高放废物深地层处置以及分离嬗变相关的半衰期大于10a、裂变产额高于0.01%的13种长寿命裂变产物核素的半衰期、裂变产额和热中子反应截面的测量研究、数据现状及其进展进行概要评述。就长寿命核素的分离纯化、原子数测定及放射性活度测量方法和技术进行了分析和论述。     

MOX乏燃料衰变热计算方法研究

目前,铀钚混合氧化物(MOX)燃料已成为一种可用于商业核电厂成熟再循环核燃料。经过燃耗过的燃料在正常停堆或事故后停堆时会产生大量的衰变余热,而乏燃料衰变热是事故分析、余热排出系统和乏燃料池冷却系统设计的重要输入参数之一。UOX乏燃料中裂变产物主要来自于U和Pu等可裂变核素的裂变,U贡献最大;MOX乏燃料裂变产物主要来自于U、Pu和Am等可裂变核素的裂变,Pu贡献最大。UOX乏燃料衰变热可使用ANS—5.1的方法进行计算,但ANS—5.1中的衰变热计算方法不完全适用于MOX燃料。MOX燃料是核燃料可持续发展的重要途径,因此必须研究采用新方法计算MOX乏燃料的衰变热。该文研究使用ANS—5.1计算MOX乏燃料裂变产物衰变热,再使用ORIGEN—S程序计算MOX乏燃料的重核衰变热贡献份额,综合得到MOX乏燃料的总衰变热。     

钠冷快堆系统分析程序FR-Sdaso衰变热计算模型开发与验证

反应堆停堆后的余热导出是反应堆的重要安全功能之一,停堆初期余热由裂变功率和衰变热构成,停堆后期余热主要取决于衰变热。本文开发了应用于钠冷快堆系统分析程序FR-Sdaso的衰变热计算模型,该模型可考虑裂变功率和功率历史的影响。通过与ANSI/ANS-5.1—2005标准和SAS4A/SASYS-1程序对比进行了模型验证。FR-Sdaso程序的计算结果与ANSI/ANS-5.1—2005标准的最大相对偏差约为0.1%,与SAS4A/SASYS-1的最大相对偏差在10~(-8)量级,初步证明了所开发模型的正确性。最后,基于中国实验快堆的设计数据,分析了紧急停堆过程中裂变功率对衰变热的影响,结果表明,忽略裂变功率的影响导致衰变热的最大相对偏差约-7%,出现在停堆初期。因此,计算停堆初期衰变热时应考虑裂变功率的影响。     

加速器驱动次临界堆堆芯物理概念研究

分析了加速器驱动次临界堆芯的裂变核素增殖和平衡条件,主要长寿命放射性废物的积累,裂变产物毒性的影响及次临界堆的运行周期,输出功率和能量增益等主要性质,并对次临界热堆和次临界快堆的物理性质进行了比较。     

The Spallator and APEX Nuclear Fuel Cycle a New Option for Nuclear Power

A new nuclear fuel cycle is described which provides a long term supply of nuclear fuel for the thermal LWR nuclear power reactors and eliminates the need for long-term storage of radioactive waste. Fissile fuel is produced by the Spallator which depends on the production of spallation neutrons by the interaction of high energy (1 to 2 GeV) protons on a heavy metal target. The neutrons are absorbed in a surrounding natural uranium or thorium blanket in which fissile Pu-239 or U-233 is produced. Advances in linear accelerator technology makes it possible to design and construct a high beam current continuous wave proton linac for production purposes. The target is similar to a sub-critical reactor and produces heat which is converted to electricity for supplying the linac. The Spallator is a self-sufficient fuel producer, which can compete with the fast breeder. The APEX fuel cycle depends on recycling the transuranics and long-lived fission products while extracting the stable and short-lived fission products when reprocessing the fuel. Transmutation and decay within the fuel cycle and decay of the short-lived fission products external to the fuel cycle eliminates the need for long-term geological age storage of fission product waste.     

Heat and fission product transport in molten core material pool with crust

Heat transfer and fluid flow in a molten pool are influenced by internal volumetric heat generated from the radioactive decay of fission product species retained in the reactor vessel during a severe accident. The pool superheat is determined based on the overall energy balance that equates the heat production rate to the heat loss rate. Decay heat of fission products in the pool is estimated by product of the mass concentration and energy conversion factor of each fission product. Twenty-nine elements are chosen and classified by their chemical properties to calculate heat generation rate in the pool. The mass concentration of a fission product is obtained from released fraction and the tabular output of the ORIGEN 2 code. The initial core and pool inventories at each time can also be estimated using ORIGEN 2. The released fraction of each fission product is calculated based on the bubble dynamics and mass transport. Numerical analysis is performed for heat and fission product transport in a molten core material pool during the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) accident. The pool is assumed to be a partially filled hemisphere, whose change in geometry is neglected during the numerical calculation. Calculated results indicate that the peak temperature in the molten pool is significantly lowered, since a substantial amount of the volatile fission products is released from the molten pool during progression of the accident. The results may directly be applied to the existing severe accident analysis codes to more mechanistically determine the thermal load to the reactor vessel lower head during the in-vessel retention.     

Calculation of Beta-Ray Spectra from Individual and Aggregate Fission Products

The β-ray spectra of individual fission products were calculated by using the β-decay data assuming every β-decay to be allowed transition. For the nuclides without measured decay data the β-feeding function was evaluated with the gross theory of β-decay and the β-ray spectrum was calculated from the function. The measured decay data were also supplemented with the data calculated by the gross theory for the excitation energy range above the highest measured excitation energy level. The β-ray spectra from aggregate fission products after a burst fission were calculated by using the β-ray spectrum and the atom number of each fission product nuclide and they were compared with the ones measured for thermal neutron induced fission of ²³⁵U, ²³⁹Pu and ²⁴¹Pu at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The spectrum calculations showed excellent agreement with the measured data at shorter cooling times than 10s when many short-lived nuclides without measured decay data contributed considerably to the spectrum.     

Decay heat

Many aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle require accurate and detailed knowledge of the energy release rate from the decay of radioactive nuclides produced in an operating reactor. In addition to the safety assessment of nuclear power plant, decay heat estimates are needed for the evaluation of shielding requirements on fuel discharge and transport routes and for the safe management of radioactive waste products extracted from spent fuel during reprocessing. The decay heat estimates may be derived by either summation calculations or Standard equations.This paper reviews the development of these evaluation methods and traces their evolution since the first studies of the 1940s. In contrast to many of the previous reviews of this subject, both actinide and fission product evaluation methods are reviewed in parallel. Data requirements for summation calculations are examined and a summary given of available codes and their data libraries. The capabilities of present-day summation methods are illustrated through comparisons with available experimental results. Uncertainties in summation results are examined in terms of those in the basic nuclear data, irradiation details and method of calculation. The evolution of decay heat Standards is described and a brief examination made of their reliability and ability to provide suitably conservative decay heat estimates. Finally, to illustrate the use of present summation methods, comparisons are given of both the actinide and fission product decay heat levels from typical fuel samples in a variety of reactor systems.     

钠冷快堆系统分析程序FR-Sdaso衰变热计算模型开发与验证

反应堆停堆后的余热导出是反应堆的重要安全功能之一,停堆初期余热由裂变功率和衰变热构成,停堆后期余热主要取决于衰变热。本文开发了应用于钠冷快堆系统分析程序FR-Sdaso的衰变热计算模型,该模型可考虑裂变功率和功率历史的影响。通过与ANSI/ANS-5.1-2005标准和SAS4A/SASYS-1程序对比进行了模型验证。FR-Sdaso程序的计算结果与ANSI/ANS-5.1-2005标准的最大相对偏差约为0.1%,与SAS4A/SASYS-1的最大相对偏差在10-8量级,初步证明了所开发模型的正确性。最后,基于中国实验快堆的设计数据,分析了紧急停堆过程中裂变功率对衰变热的影响,结果表明,忽略裂变功率的影响导致衰变热的最大相对偏差约-7%,出现在停堆初期。因此,计算停堆初期衰变热时应考虑裂变功率的影响。     

针对裂变产额和半衰期的燃耗计算灵敏度和不确定度分析方法

基于广义微扰理论推导了裂变产额和半衰期的燃耗灵敏度系数理论模型,该模型考虑了原子核密度和中子通量的相互影响,并开发了燃耗计算中有效增殖因数和原子核密度等响应参数对核数据的灵敏度和不确定度分析程序。基于评价核数据中裂变产物独立产额的标准差数据,产生了针对压缩燃耗数据库的裂变产额协方差矩阵,以提高不确定度的计算精度。基于ENDF/B-Ⅶ.1数据库量化了UAM基准题TMI-1栅元无限增殖因数及重要裂变产物和重核的原子核密度由裂变产额和半衰期引入的不确定度。数值结果表明,对于栅元无限增殖因数,裂变产额和半衰期引入的不确定度很小;对于部分裂变产物的原子核密度,裂变产额和半衰期会引入较大的不确定度。     

Burnup Calculation Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis Method of Fission Yield and Decay Half-life

The calculation model of sensitivity coefficient for decay half-life and fission product yield in burnup calculation was derived based on generalized perturbation theory, which considered the interaction between nuclear concentration and neutron flux. A code was developed to calculate sensitivity and uncertainty of effective neutron multiplication factors and nuclide concentration caused by nuclear data. Covariance matrix of fission yield for a simplified burnup library was generated based on standard deviation data of independent fission yield in evaluated nuclear data library to improve the accuracy of uncertainty quantification. Uncertainties induced by decay half-life and fission yield on infinite neutron multiplication factors and nuclide concentration for TMI-1 pin-cell in the UAM burnup benchmark were quantified based on ENDF/B-Ⅶ.1. The numerical results show that the uncertainty of infinite neutron multiplication factors induced by decay half-lives and fission yields is low, while the uncertainty of concentration of some fission product nuclide is high.     

Fusion-Driven Transmutation of Fission Product Cesium in its Elemental Form

Assuming fission reaction as a dominant energy source for a long-term perspective, the goal of transmutation of fission products is to cut their increasing accumulation and to keep their inventories at easily manageable level. Opposite to relatively short-lived ¹³⁷Cs (T_1/2=30yr) whose natural decay converge equilibrium mass to the level of order of 11 per GW of fission energy, an approach to similar equilibrium inventory for long- lived ¹³⁵Cs (T_1/2=2.3×10⁶ yr) requires artificial transmutation that preassumes its isotopic separation in the most studies. The present paper addresses cesium transmutation without preliminary isotope separation that means an approach to equilibrium for all the isotopes including stable ¹³³Cs. A high-flux blanket driven by Fusion Neutron Source with ITER-like parameters is proposed to transmute cesium in the elemental form. Transmutation efficiency is estimated in terms of equilibrium inventory and characteristic time to reach equilibrium both governed by the mean life-time of nuclides in transmuter. The analytical results show that the mean life-time of the target isotope ¹³⁵ Cs is as short as 21 yr which is in more than order of magnitude shorter than achieved in advanced fission reactors. It reveals that one Fusion Neutron Source with ITER-like parameters could transmute elemental cesium from 23 PWRs, the fraction of power associated with transmutation being as small as 3%.     

兆瓦级空间气冷堆系统启停堆瞬态分析

本文针对兆瓦级高温气冷堆布雷顿循环系统,采用Fortran语言开发系统分析程序TASS,包括堆芯、透平-发电机-压气机、回热器、冷却器和热管式辐射散热器等模型。通过设计值与程序计算值对比对TASS进行验证,并利用TASS对系统启动、停堆瞬态工况进行数值模拟。结果显示,通过分两阶段、阶梯式引入正反应性和提高涡轮机械的转轴速度,堆芯流量和功率匹配良好,系统可在3.5 h内完成启动过程,达到反应堆功率3 406 kW、流量14.2 kg/s的稳态运行。系统停堆过程中,反应堆可依靠自身的非能动余热排出能力,确保芯块和包壳温度与熔点间存在较大安全裕量,实现安全停堆。