镁合金微弧氧化涂层高温磨擦磨损性能（英文）

在硅酸盐和磷酸盐复合电解液体系下,通过微弧氧化技术在AZ91D镁合金表面制备一层陶瓷涂层。利用XRD、SEM、激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)分别对涂层物相、涂层表面、截面和磨痕形貌进行观察分析。采用UMT-3高温摩擦磨损试验机研究涂层在150℃范围内的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:涂层的平均摩擦系数随温度的变化先逐渐升高,当环境温度高于100℃时涂层平均摩擦系数开始降低。涂层磨损率远远低于镁合金基体磨损率并且涂层磨损率随温度的升高而降低,这说明微弧氧化涂层具有良好的耐磨损性能,尤其在高温条件下耐磨损性能更好。通过分析载荷为2 N作用时的磨痕微观形貌可知不同温度条件下涂层的磨损机理都主要为磨粒磨损。     

温度对WC-WB-CoCr涂层高温摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)制备了WC-WB-CoCr涂层,研究了温度对WC-WB-CoCr涂层高温摩擦磨损性能的影响。通过SEM、XRD和显微硬度仪对涂层的微观组织、相结构和力学性能进行表征。通过摩擦磨损试验机和拉曼光谱仪研究了WC-WB-CoCr涂层的高温摩擦学性能和氧化产物,采用台阶仪扫描磨痕形貌并计算WC-WB-CoCr涂层的磨损率。结果表明：WC-WB-Co-Cr涂层主要由WC和CoW₂B₂组成,涂层结构致密,与基体结合紧密;随着磨损试验温度升高,涂层的摩擦系数从0.66降低到0.57,涂层的磨损率随着温度的升高而升高,但是其磨损率增长程度随着温度的升高而降低。在高温磨损过程中,磨痕表面的氧化膜主要由WO₃和CoWO₄组成,且CoWO₄比WO₃表现出更好的耐高温磨损性能。涂层的主要磨损机制为氧化磨损、疲劳磨损和粘着磨损。     

TC4合金和P110油管钢摩擦磨损性能的比较

对TC4合金和P110油管钢在不同温度下的摩擦磨损性能进行对比研究,分析其摩擦系数、磨损率和磨痕形貌随温度的变化规律,探讨磨损机制.结果表明:P110油管钢的耐磨性明显优于TC4合金,TC4合金的耐磨性随温度的升高无显著变化,磨痕呈犁沟形貌,在较低温度时的磨损机制为剥层磨损、黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,在较高温度时为剥层磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损;P110油管钢耐磨性随温度的升高而降低,在较低温度时磨痕呈磨坑形貌,磨损机制为剥层磨损和磨粒磨损,在较高温度时磨痕形貌呈犁沟形貌,主要为剥层磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损.     

TC4合金在不同温度下的摩擦磨损行为研究

采用Si C球作为对磨材料,研究了在不同温度下TC4合金的摩擦磨损性能及磨损表面的组织变化。结果表明:TC4合金的磨损率随温度的升高而降低;平均摩擦系数在200℃内变化不明显,但当温度增加至400℃时,平均摩擦系数明显增加,且在高温下,摩擦系数随时间的变化存在明显的波动;随温度升高,TC4合金的磨损机理从以犁削磨损为主逐渐向以黏着磨损和氧化磨损为主转变。     

超声冲击处理对高合金钢表面高温耐磨损性能的影响

采用超声冲击设备对高合金钢进行冲击加工,并对冲击后的试样进行400℃退火2 h处理。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度仪和高温摩擦磨损仪研究了超声冲击处理后试样的显微组织、硬度分布和高温环境下的摩擦磨损性能;采用光学显微镜和SEM观察试样磨损表面和磨痕的微观形貌,使用能谱仪(EDS)分析磨损表面的元素组成,以研究其磨损机理。结果表明,经超声冲击处理的高合金钢,在温度低于500℃时摩擦系数为0.3～0.4,磨损率为0.04%～0.05%,起伏较小。与原始试样相比,超声冲击处理使其表面形成一层梯度细化组织,表面硬度提高了15.8%,在同等高温条件下的摩擦系数降低了45.8%,磨损率降低了35.8%,表明其高温耐磨损性能经超声冲击处理后得到显著提升。     

TA15钛合金高温摩擦磨损性能研究

目的 为探究TA15钛合金高温耐磨性能的潜力,研究了TA15钛合金在室温~800 ℃下的摩擦磨损性能。方法 利用Rtec摩擦磨损试验机(Rtec,San Jose,USA)进行TA15钛合金的摩擦磨损性能测试,通过激光共聚焦显微镜、JSM-7800F扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段,分析了TA15钛合金在不同温度下的磨痕形貌、成分变化以及磨损机理。结果 在不同试验温度下,微观组织没有出现明显变化,主要为等轴α相和β相;不同温度下的摩擦因数波动不大,从室温的0.279下降到600 ℃的0.224,而在800 ℃时,表面严重氧化导致摩擦因数增大到0.309;在室温~400 ℃时,试样表面磨痕不断变窄变浅,犁沟和磨屑不断减少,而到400 ℃以上时磨痕逐渐变宽,比磨损率也大幅增大,且在600 ℃时的磨损量最大;在600 ℃时,以氧化磨损为主,并伴随着磨粒磨损和黏着磨损,且表面磨痕形貌和宽度比较均匀;在800 ℃时磨损表面以黏着磨损和氧化磨损为主,并伴随着高温焊接的发生。结论 TA15合金表面的O元素含量随温度的升高而逐渐升高,并且氧化反应主要发生在β相内。随着试验温度的升高,TA15钛合金磨损表面的氧化磨损现象也更加明显。     

WC颗粒增强钢基表面复合材料的高温摩擦磨损性能

为了对高温磨损工况下表面复合材料的设计提供理论依据,采用高温摩擦磨损试验机对通过真空实型铸渗法制各的WC/钢基表面复合材料的高温磨损性能进行了研究.通过对不同温度下摩擦磨损数据进行分析,结果表明,在温度较低(0～200℃)时,摩擦副具有较大的摩擦系数,随着温度的升高,摩擦系数先降低后增大,而表面复合材料的磨损率随着温度的升高呈先略有降低后升高再降低的趋势.WC颗粒增强钢基表面复合材料在200℃时磨损表现为粘着磨损和疲劳磨损;而在300℃、500℃和600℃时表现为氧化磨损和疲劳磨损,其磨损过程为氧化与剥落交替进行的动态磨损过程.     

高温下TiN涂层的摩擦与磨损行为

采用阴极离子镀方法在YT14硬质合金刀具表面制备了Ti N涂层,用高温摩擦磨损试验机考察Ti N涂层在500℃高温下摩擦-磨损行为。通过扫描电镜观察涂层表面-界面形貌和高温磨损后表面形貌,用XRD分析了Ti N涂层物相变化,并用EDS能谱仪对结合界面进行线扫描分析和磨痕进行面扫描分析,同时用工具显微镜观察了表面犁沟形貌,对Ti N涂层500℃下磨损机理进行探讨。结果表明,Ti N涂层在500℃磨损后发生高温氧化,Ti N涂层表面磨痕处主要以Ti O2为主,这些氧化层起到了润滑减摩的作用,适合于高速切削与干式切削;在5 N载荷作用下,Ti N涂层的摩擦系数平均值为0.7116;在高温下Ti N涂层表现为氧化磨损,同时伴随着一定的磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。     

滑动频率对超音速等离子喷涂Mo涂层载流摩擦磨损性能的影响

目的 提高45NiCrMoVA钢的高频载流摩擦磨损性能。方法 采用超音速等离子喷涂技术在表面制备Mo涂层,通过红外热成像仪、高速摄像机记录载流摩擦实验中的温度分布、起弧率和电弧形貌。采用载流摩擦磨损试验机、三维形貌仪测算涂层的摩擦系数、稳定性系数、磨痕轮廓和磨损率。利用场发射扫描显微镜、X射线能谱分析仪、X射线衍射仪对磨痕、磨屑进行分析。结果 当滑动频率由5 Hz提升至20 Hz时,起弧率由1.13%提升至8.24%,造成的电弧烧蚀区面积逐渐扩大。载流摩擦过程中表面的温度变化明显受滑动频率与实验时间的影响,各组均在300 s时达到最高温度,范围为63.3~91.7 ℃。随滑动频率的增加,涂层的摩擦系数及稳定性系数呈先下降后上升趋势,15 Hz时,两者值达到最小,为0.337（平均摩擦系数）和1.443。磨损率同样随滑动频率的增加呈先下降后上升趋势,10 Hz时达到最小,为66.6×104 μm3/(N?m);当频率大于15 Hz时,磨痕深度、宽度大幅增加。结论 摩擦膜可以降低摩擦副间的粘着倾向,提高运动稳定性,其形成与破裂受表面温度、材料屈服强度等多方面因素的影响,是导致摩擦系数变化的主要原因。载流摩擦除机械损耗外,还存在电气损耗及电气-机械共同损耗。高频率下,电弧烧蚀现象明显,同时加剧了粘着磨损、氧化磨损、层片剥落及磨粒磨损,导致磨损率较高。     

温度对TC4钛合金磨损性能和摩擦系数的影响

耐磨性较差成为TC4合金用作高强耐腐蚀油管材料的技术瓶颈,采用SEM和EDS等手段对TC4合金在不同温度下的磨损性能进行研究,分析磨损率、摩擦系数和磨痕形貌随温度变化的规律,探讨磨损机理。结果显示:在室温到400℃的温度范围内,与对磨材料GCr15相磨损,TC4合金的磨损程度随温度的升高而减小,磨痕呈犁沟形貌,磨损经历了预磨损和稳定磨损两个阶段,磨损机理在较低温度时为剥层磨损、黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,在较高温度时为剥层磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.