聚乳酸/棉混纺织物前处理工艺探讨

本文探讨了聚乳酸/棉混纺织物前处理工艺,分析了退浆酶等参数,对混纺织物染色前处理效果的影响,提出了前处理工艺的建议.     

维棉混纺织物的前处理

随着我国维纶纤维的产量日趋增长,如何用好维纶纤维已成为我国纺织工业当前的重要课题之一。维纶纤维的染色鲜艳度稍差,目前衣着用维纶混纺织物存在着品种少、色泽单调、缩水率大等问题。根据我们长期加工维纶混纺织物的体会,认为只要正确对待以上问题,从混纺比例、织物组织到染整工艺各个环节总结经验,发扬优点,克服缺点,维纶纤维用于衣着方面的前途是宽广的。前处理对于保持和发扬它的优点（白度和强力）,提高印染鲜艳度和降低成品缩水率具有决定性的作用。本文拟就维棉混纺织物印染前处理作一些探讨。     

竹粘胶纤维面料染整工艺

本文介绍了竹粘胶纤维性能和特点,分析了竹粘胶纤维纯纺织物和竹粘胶棉混纺织物染整加工工艺。竹粘胶纯纺织物采用酶退浆,溢流机染色;竹粘胶棉混纺织物采用低碱冷轧堆前处理,冷轧堆染色;控制预缩前布面含潮率10％,通过预缩保证缩水率在标准范围,获得尺寸稳定、柔软悬垂的竹粘胶纤维面料。     

粘胶及其混纺织物平幅短流程前处理工艺

根据粘胶纤维的主要特性,分析比较粘胶及其混纺织物的几种前处理工艺条件,确定了一种粘胶及其混纺织物的平幅短流程前处理工艺,并获得较好的经济效益.     

降低棉卡其缩水率的措施

根据轻工业部降低棉布缩水率攻关指标的要求,初步摸索了棉卡其缩水率达到2％以下的工艺。 一、不同前处理工艺对缩水率的影响 前处理工艺条件对降低缩水率的关系很大。选择了两种前处理的工艺条件对半线卡进行试验,比较其缩水率,结果见表1。     

染整工艺对天竹织物品质的影响

针对天竹织物加工过程中手感糙硬、缩水率严重超标的问题，制定了酶退浆、酶精练及漂白前处理工艺，讨论了印花产品的加工条件，并对其柔软拉幅、预缩后处理工艺的流程、参数及专用柔软剂品种进行了优选。试验表明，采用柔软剂FS-5、FS-6复配，控制好拉幅、预缩工艺参数，可有效解决天竹织物手感差和经纬向缩水率过高的问题。     

涤棉混纺织物的绳状前处理

本文指出采用绳状短流程前处理工艺加工涤棉混纺织物对提高产品质量和劳动生产率以及经济效益,减少设备和厂房建设投资,降低能耗具有重要意义。文章分析涤棉混纺织物绳状前处理加工中出现的问题,并根据合成纤维热松弛的基本原理和对PVA性质的研究,指出解决这些问题的具体方法。经一系列小样和大样试验,证实了以绳状短流程前处理工艺加工涤棉混纺织物是可行的。     

涤纶/Lyocel混纺交织织物前处理工艺研究

对涤纶与再生纤维素纤维Ｌｙｏｃｅｌ的混纺交织织物的前处理工艺进行了摸索与探讨，并分析了处理前后织物强伸度的变化。     

麻及其混纺织物前处理工艺探讨

本文介绍了通过小样试验优选麻及其混纺织物的前处理工艺，将优化工艺进行大试并应用于生产实践所取得的效果，以及通过生产实践总结出的其前处理工艺中应注意的一些事项。     

粘麻混纺织物染整工艺及产品开发

通过对粘麻混纺产品设计及纺织染整工艺的研究，重点分析了粘麻混纺织物的染整原理、工艺和技术难点，并提出了解决粘麻织物染色色差大，缩水率、抗皱性差等问题的相应技术措施。     

Dimensional changes of isolated endomysia on heating

The role of endomysial shrinkage in determining cooking loss was investigated directly by observations on the dimensional changes of isolated endomysial sheaths on heating up to 80°C. Maximum shrinkage of 70% in diameter and 40% in length was observed, corresponding to a volume decrease of over 90%. The temperature at which half the maximal shrinkage occurs is in the range 52–61°C. Minor differences in shrinkage behaviour were observed depending on the methods used to support the endomysia. The dimensional changes of the isolated endomysial sheaths are greater than those reported for whole meat. It is concluded that endomysial shrinkage has the potential to completely account for fluid expulsion from meat on cooking.     

Moisture Losses During Chilling from the Skin Surface of Scalded Pork Carcasses

The proportion of cooler shrinkage attributable to moisture loss from the skin of scalded, dehaired pork carcasses was estimated. Mean carcass cooler shrinkage was 1.91% during a 24 hr chill at —2°C. Approximately 80% of the cooler shrinkage was moisture endogenous to the skin. Thus, only 20% of total cooler shrinkage originated from the muscle and adipose tissue. Moisture was not absorbed in significant quantities by the skin during the scalding, dehairing and carcass washing process. Greater cooler shrinkage reported for scalded than for skinned pork carcasses was mostly a consequence of the widely different moisture content of the skin surface of scalded carcasses versus that of the adipose tissue surface of skinned carcasses.     

Distortion of Norway spruce timber Part 1. Variation of relevant wood properties Part 1. Variation of relevant wood properties

) trees from one fast-grown and one slow-grown stand in southern Sweden. From the trees 240 studs (45 × 70 × 2500 mm) were taken for measurement of distortion. Wood properties were measured on small specimens (13 × 13 × 200 mm) cut from the studs. Spiral grain angle was found to vary from approximately +3° (left-handed) close to pith to zero 150 mm from pith with a strong individual variation. The material from the fast-grown stand had a larger spiral grain angle compared with the slow-grown material. Spiral grain was poorly correlated to other parameters. Presence of knots had a substantial influence on longitudinal shrinkage (α_l) measurements. Specimens with large knots (KAR > 33%) had almost 100% higher longitudinal shrinkage than specimens without knots. It should be pointed out, however, that measuring shrinkage in small specimens containing even small knots can create a problem with regards to the obtained results, especially results of α_l. It was found that presence of compression wood in several growth rings more than doubled the longitudinal shrinkage. For the radial and tangential direction the presence of compression wood decreased shrinkage with about 30%. The ratio between tangential and longitudinal shrinkage was 49 for normal wood whereas for compression wood the ratio was 13. These results confirm the theory that the microfibril angle governs shrinkage. Longitudinal shrinkage decreased slightly with increased distance from pith whereas radial and tangential shrinkage did not display any substantial radial variation. The fast-grown material had generally a higher longitudinal shrinkage and lower transverse shrinkage than the material from the slow-grown stand. About 50% of the variation in longitudinal shrinkage was explained by radial position, density and ring width. Density and ring width did explain 60% of the variation in radial shrinkage but only 30% of the variation in tangential shrinkage.     

皮革收缩温度测量方法的研究

针对国内外皮革收缩温度(Ts)检测类仪器普遍存在无法准确可靠地采集皮革受热后产生微小收缩形变时刻的技术难题,提出了通过提高收缩形变门槛的方法来保证自动采集收缩形变信号的可靠性;又利用软件设计的方法再回头从上位机的数据库中查找并调出初始收缩形变(试样总长度收缩0.3%)所对应的环境温度作为收缩温度。利用MSW-YD4型皮革收缩温度测定仪,结合使用上述方法快速准确地测量出Ts,首次完全符合国家检测标准的相关规定。     

Effects of size and form of Arthrospira Spirulina biomass on the shrinkage and porosity during drying

In many productions, Arthrospira sp. biomass is dried in cylinders or layers form. Drying involves shrinkage that changes organoleptic qualities and aspects. To understand the change, similar production forms and sizes were convective dried at 45 °C with 2–6 mm initial diameter cylinders and 1 and 4 mm thin layers. Total layer size- and cylinder length shrinkage ratio is only 95%. Thicknesses direction shrinkage is the most significant with 28–65%. Cylinders present anisotropicity and shrink more in the perpendicular direction to the support than in the parallel one. All curves present several stages. The first ideal shrinkage stage of layers goes until the half of initial moisture content that involves lower final porosity by layers than by cylinders. End of ideal shrinkage moisture content decreases when cylinder initial diameter decreases. Cylinders initial porosity is around 15–20% and increases only during the 2nd stage up to final porosities between 68% and 80%.     

Evaluation of Structural Shrinkage on Freeze-Dried Fruits by Image Analysis: Effect of Relative Humidity and Heat Treatment

Stability of many dehydrated systems is related to the formation of a glass during drying. Highly porous materials, such as those prepared by freeze-drying are susceptible to shrinkage post-drying when stored at not optimal conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of structural shrinkage on freeze-dried fruits through image analysis in relation to relative humidity (RH) and heat treatment. Freeze-dried fruits were humidified between 11 and 84 % RH at 25 °C for 14 days, and then stored at 45 °C. Sugar and water content, thermal transitions, and volume changes were determined. The shrinkage degree of fresh, lyophilized, humidified, and heat-treated samples was assessed by image analysis. The freeze-drying process did not produce important changes on fruits volume. At low RH values (11–22 % RH), the reduction of the cylinders volume was lower than 15 %. The maximum shrinkage values at each RH were attained in the initial period of humidification (first and second days), and then shrinkage rate decreased markedly, reaching a nearly constant value. The shrinkage degree increased with the increase in RH, reaching values up to 60 % volume reduction. During heat treatment, the volume reduction was less than 10 %. The shrinkage degree was limited by the structural characteristics of the fruits. The structural changes were strongly influenced by variables such as water content, glass transition temperatures, and storage time. In this work, the degree of shrinkage could be followed by image analysis and the use of a mechanical modeling software.     

针织羊毛衫的生物酶防毡缩整理

利用氧化预处理和生物酶对羊毛进行防毡缩整理以代替传统的氯化工艺，使羊毛针织物的毡缩性能达到“机可洗”的要求，运用不同的柔软剂进一步改善了织物的手感和提高羊毛的防毡缩性能，使试样的面积毡缩率达到6％左右，而且大大提高了有色毛织物的鲜艳度。     

雪茄烟叶晾制过程中形态与水分含量的协同变化研究

【目的】为探究雪茄烟叶晾制过程中形态参数、水分含量的变化及其关系。【方法】以德雪3号品种中部叶为试验材料,对晾制过程中6个时期进行取样,测定其形态参数和水分含量,并对其进行回归分析。【结果】（1）随着晾制进程的推进,烟叶的叶片收缩率、卷曲度及厚度收缩率均不断提高,总水含量及自由水含量呈下降趋势,束缚水含量则呈先升高后下降的变化趋势。（2）可根据所筛选出的形态参数与整叶含水率所拟合的方程,结合晾制各时期整叶含水率的适宜范围,确定晾制过程中形态参数的适宜范围,有效调控晾制环境。（3）在变黄期,烟叶的纵向收缩率、纵向卷曲度及叶片厚度收缩率应分别控制在4.7%～8.6%、2.6%～3.4%、20.4%～48.8%范围内,在变褐期则应依次为8.6%～9.5%、3.4%～3.5%、48.8%～61.1%,而在定色期应依次为9.5%～10.7%、3.5%～3.8%、61.1%～63.1%。【结论】在晾制过程中可根据烟叶的纵向收缩率、横向收缩率或叶片厚度收缩率的大小来判断烟叶水分含量,从而实现雪茄烟叶晾制技术的精准调控。     

橡毯预缩机预缩率软测量模型

针对染整后整理预缩工序,由于橡毯预缩机预缩效果的影响因素多而复杂,难以实现预缩率的在线预测和预缩工艺的精确定量设计问题,采用机理建模的方法,分析橡毯预缩机橡胶毯的变形机理,建立了预缩率与对其影响最大的因素挤压力之间的软测量模型。实例结果表明：根据所建立软测量模型计算出的预缩率与实测值的相对误差均在8%以内,平均绝对百分比误差为5.1041%,该软测量模型是可行有效的,对预缩率在线预测和预缩工艺的精确定量设计具有指导意义。