新除草活性化合物吸收与传导特性初探

用活性碳隔离法和植株茎叶喷雾、灌根处理的方法,对新除草活性化合物ZJ0166、ZJ0270、ZJ0273的吸收和传导特性进行探索研究,研究结果表明,三只化合物均由根、茎叶、芽吸收,以根吸收为主,并在植物体内具有较好的双向传导性.     

新化合物JS913生物活性评价

除草活性研究表明:新化合物JS913对禾本科杂草、莎草科杂草和部分小粒阔叶杂草具有较高的防除活性,对水稻、玉米、大豆、棉花等作物安全。在25~100 g (a.i.)/hm2剂量下于温室苗前处理对多数禾本科杂草、莎草科杂草和部分小粒阔叶杂草具有较高的防除活性,鲜重抑制率达80%以上,对水稻、玉米、大豆、棉花等作物安全。田间筛选试验结果表明,JS913在60~120g (a.i.)/hm2剂量下对移栽水稻田和玉米田大多数禾本科杂草、莎草科杂草和部分小粒阔叶杂草具有较好的防效,防效达50%~100%,对移栽水稻、玉米安全。     

新型除草剂ZJ1835和二甲戊乐灵混用配方筛选

[目的]为了明确ZJ1835和二甲戊乐灵混用的合理性,采用温室盆栽试验,对新除草剂ZJ1835和二甲戊乐灵混用的配方进行筛选.[结果]研究结果表明:混用后对4种供试杂草的除草活性比单剂有所提高,且两者混用对供试杂草的联合作用类型为相加作用.[结论]综合考虑除草活性和经济成本,推荐ZJ1835和二甲戊乐灵的最佳配比范围为(120～240 g a.i./hm2+480 g a.i./hm2),即有效成分比例为(1～2):4.     

除草剂烯草酮的应用技术研究

在温室及田间条件下对烯草酮的作用特点、施药时期等进行了试验研究。温室试验结果表明,烯草酮的除草活性明显高于12．5％稀禾啶机油乳油,二者对稗草的ED90分别为36．2g／hm^2(有效成分,下同)和72.8g／hm^2;对大豆、棉花、花生、油菜等阔叶作物高度安全;烯草酮的最佳施药时期为禾本科杂草2～5叶期;烯草酮具有较好的耐雨水冲刷性,且明显好于稀禾啶;不同种类的禾本科杂草对烯草酮的敏感性不同,其中黑麦草对烯草酮最敏感,野燕麦较敏感,稗草中等敏感,狗尾草、马唐、牛筋草和看麦娘的敏感性略差。多点田间小区试验结果表明,烯草酮对大豆、油菜田发生的稗草、狗尾草、看麦娘、早熟禾等主要禾本科杂草均有较好的防除效果,处理后大豆、油菜无任何药害症状产生,应用剂量以72～108g／hm^2为宜,在此剂量范围内药后30～60d以上述杂草的鲜重防效可达85．1％～100％。     

N-异吲哚-1,3-二酮取代苯基-N’-苯甲酰基脲类衍生物的合成与除草活性

为寻找高效、安全的除草活性化合物,以商品化除草剂丙炔氟草胺为先导化合物,设计并合成了11个N-异吲哚-1,3-二酮取代苯基-N’-苯甲酰基脲类化合物,其化学结构经IR1、H NMR、LC/MC和元素分析确证。初步生物活性测定结果表明,该类化合物对阔叶杂草具有较好的芽后除草活性,如5 a、5b、5 c、5 e、5 f、5g等化合物在75 g/hm2剂量下,茎叶处理对苘麻、藜、凹头苋等阔叶杂草的抑制率达80%以上。     

氟咯草酮的除草活性及对马铃薯、棉花的安全性

[目的]探讨氟咯草酮在棉花和马铃薯田应用的可行性。[方法]采用室内生物测定的方法,研究了25%氟咯草酮对阔叶杂草的活性和对马铃薯、棉花的安全性。[结果]氟咯草酮对阔叶杂草反枝苋、苘麻和铁苋菜均有很好的防除效果,ED50值分别为127.8074、111.0616、104.6731 g a.i./hm2,ED90值分别为500.1775、335.1504、262.9190 g a.i./hm2;室内安全性试验表明氟咯草酮对马铃薯和棉花的安全性较好,对马铃薯和棉花的ED10值分别为1786.2082、1 856.177 3 g a.i./hm2。[结论]氟咯草酮可作为备选药剂进行田间试验,土壤处理防除马铃薯或棉花田阔叶杂草。     

玉米田除草剂磺草酮的生物活性及安全性

在温室条件下研究了磺草酮的除草活性、对玉米的安全性以及温度和降雨对磺草酮除草活性的影响。结果表明,磺草酮在300～600g a．i．／hm^2剂量下于温室苗前及苗后茎叶处理对大多数阔叶杂草、禾本科杂草均具有较高的防除活性,温度高有利于磺草酮药效发挥,并且具有较强的抗雨水冲刷能力,且对不旧品种的玉米安全,是一种有广阔开发前景的玉米田除草剂品种。     

烯草酮·草除灵混剂防除油菜田杂草试验研究

对烯草酮·草除灵混剂进行了田间小区试验研究,结果表明,该混剂苗后应用可有效防除移栽冬油菜田中一年生禾本科及阔叶杂草,在360～450gai/hm2剂量下,除草效果可达92%～95%,在270～720gai/hm2剂量范围内对油菜安全,不影响油菜的生长和发育,并且增产10.7%～26.5%。     

高效氟吡甲禾灵·烯草酮混剂防除油菜田杂草试验

对高效氟吡甲禾灵·烯草酮混剂进行了田间小区试验,结果表明:该混剂苗后应用可有效防除移栽冬油菜田中一年生禾本科杂草.在101.25～135 g a.i./hm2剂量下,除草效果可达95.3%～97.5%,在67.5～202.5 g a.i./hm2剂量范围内对油菜安全,不影响油菜的生长和发育,并且增产10.8%～18.2%.     

唑草酮室内除草活性及对作物玉米的安全性测定

通过温室盆栽试验,评价了唑草酮作苗后茎叶处理对夏玉米田具有代表性的优势种阔叶杂草苘麻及反枝苋除草活性及对作物玉米的安全性.结果表明:40%唑草酮水分散粒剂作苗后茎叶处理对目前玉米田难以防治的阔叶杂草苘麻活性较高,施药后18 d,24.0 g a.i./hm2处理鲜重防效为94.51%,对反枝苋鲜重防效为63.73%,24.0～60.0 g a.i./hm2处理对玉米的鲜重抑制率为4.79%～7.50%.与生产上常用对照药剂380 g/L莠去津悬浮剂相比较,对玉米的生长有一定影响,但对杂草的致死速度快,对后茬作物小麦等作物安全.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。