插层水滑石/果胶纳米复合保鲜膜对鲤鱼的保鲜效果

目的 制备一种新型可降解复合保鲜膜,并探究其对鲤鱼的保鲜效果。方法 采用离子交换法合成一种新型插层水滑石-脱氢乙酸插层水滑石（MgAl-DHA-LDHs）。以果胶为主要成膜材料,甘油为增塑剂,脱氢乙酸根插层水滑石纳米材料为填充物, 合成MgAl-DHA-LDH/果胶复合保鲜膜。分别用 X 射线衍射（X-ray diffraction, XRD）、红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, FI-IR）分别对插层水滑石和复合保鲜膜进行表征, 并研究脱氢乙酸根插层水滑石复合物的添加量对鲤鱼保鲜效果的影响。结果 实验结果表明,脱氢乙酸根成功插入水滑石中,当MgAl-DHA-LDHs质量分数为0.2%时鲤鱼的保鲜效果最佳, 其菌落总数、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARs)、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、pH值均低于空白对照组。结论 此种复合保鲜膜对鲤鱼具有较好的保鲜效果, 可延长货架期5~6 d。     

鱼鳞胶原蛋白复合抗菌膜对罗非鱼肉的保鲜效果

目的制备具有抗菌性能的鱼鳞胶原蛋白复合膜,并研究其对鱼肉的保鲜效果。方法利用鱼鳞提取胶原蛋白,与马铃薯淀粉混合制备可食性复合膜,在膜中加入高良姜精油天然抗菌剂,考察精油对膜的成膜特性。结果精油降低了膜的抗张强度和透明度,增加了膜的断裂伸长率和水溶性,并且抗菌膜对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和黑霉菌都有较好的抑菌作用。采用含高良姜精油质量分数为1%的抗菌复合膜对罗非鱼肉进行冷藏保鲜,抗菌膜包覆的鱼肉在第8天的TVB-N值为146.7mg/kg,为二级鲜度可食用,而包覆的对照组在第6天时TVB-N值为267.8 mg/kg,已不可食用。相比对照组,抗菌膜包覆的鱼肉TBA、菌落总数、p H值均处于较低的水平。结论抗菌复合膜能抑制鱼肉脂肪氧化腐败和微生物生长,延长鱼肉冷藏的货架期。     

协同法提取柚皮果胶及果胶保鲜膜的制备

以漳州本地产蜜柚皮为原料,采用传统酸法和利用酶或螯合剂协同酸法提取果胶,分析果胶的产率及理化性质,发现纤维素酶协同酸法来制备柚皮果胶品质最好。以柚皮果胶与聚乙烯醇共混制备柚皮果胶保鲜膜,用氯化钙对膜交联改性,单因素分析探讨共混比例、氯化钙浓度、交联时间对膜性能的影响,结果表明当果胶、聚乙烯醇的质量比为1∶1,氯化钙交联质量浓度为3%,交联时间为8min,保鲜膜的抗水性能、力学性能和热封性能最好,同时具备较好的阻隔性能,可替代传统塑料薄膜。     

复合新型保鲜膜的制备及对低温草鱼质量的影响

目的 开发一种具有优良理化性能和保鲜效果的新型生物保鲜膜。方法 以普鲁兰多糖和魔芋胶为基材,通过添加不同浓度的鱼胶原蛋白制备新型复合生物保鲜膜,结合其水溶性、透光性和质构性等指标,研究鱼胶原蛋白对复合膜物理性能的影响,并以TVB-N值、pH值、细菌总数和丙二醛含量及汁液流失率为指标,探讨在低温下复合生物膜对草鱼的保鲜效果。结果 鱼胶原蛋白能改善多糖保鲜膜的理化性能,且在其质量分数为3%时的性能最佳;将经不同涂膜处理的草鱼置于4℃下储藏12 d,结果表明,采用质量分数为3%的鱼胶原蛋白涂膜处理可延缓鱼肉的腐败、肉制品中食源性病原菌的滋生及挥发性盐基氮的生成,有效延缓了脂质和蛋白质的氧化变质进程。结论 采用质量分数为3%的鱼胶原蛋白能改善多糖基生物保鲜膜的物理性能和生物性能,显著保持其质构性能,可将草鱼的货架期从4 d延长至9～10 d,该新型复合保鲜膜具有良好的应用价值和开发前景。     

活性PE保鲜膜对鲜切西兰花的保鲜性能研究

西兰花是营养含量很高但却高度易腐烂的蔬菜,为了延长西兰花的货架期,本实验使用PE作为基质,分别通过添加一定比例的PE粉料、MP-1抗氧化剂、无水氯化钙或丁香酚,制备了4种不同的PE保鲜膜,并以西兰花为保鲜对象,考察其保鲜性能。测定了PE保鲜膜的机械性能、氧气透过率、透湿性、透光率及雾度等指标,评价了西兰花的失重率、感官质量、相对电导率、Vc含量和叶绿素含量等鲜度指标。结果发现添加丁香酚的PE保鲜膜保鲜性能最好,能延长西兰花2～3d的货架期,添加无水氯化钙的PE保鲜膜对西兰花的保鲜效果不佳。     

鱼皮蛋白酶解液复合膜对冷藏鲈鱼肉品质的影响

目的 研究鱼皮胶原蛋白酶解液复合膜处理对冷藏鲈鱼肉品质的影响.方法 将新鲜鲈鱼肉分别采用鱼皮胶原蛋白复合膜液涂覆、鱼皮胶原蛋白复合膜包裹等2种方式进行处理,以无菌水处理作为空白对照,3组样品随后置于(4±1)℃下冷藏,期间进行感官、质量损失、色泽、总挥发性盐基氮(Total Volatile Base Nitrogen,TVB-N)、菌落总数(Total Viable Count,TVC)等指标的测定,综合评价不同处理方式对冷藏鲈鱼肉品质的影响.结果 膜液涂覆、膜包裹处理组样品的感官、质量损失、色泽、TVB-N值、TVC值等指标均优于空白对照组.其中,膜包裹组可保鲜8d左右,到第8天时,该处理组样品的TVC值含量为5.98 lg(CFU/g),TVB-N值含量为251.2 mg/kg;膜液涂覆处理可保鲜12d左右,12 d之后开始逐渐变质,说明膜液涂覆可用于鱼肉的保鲜,以延长其冷藏货架期.结论 与空白对照组样品相比,膜液涂覆和膜包裹处理均能在一定程度上保持鲈鱼肉的新鲜程度,其中膜包裹处理对鲈鱼肉的保鲜效果最佳.     

聚乙烯醇/纳米银薄膜的制备及其对黄骨鱼保鲜效果的研究

目的研究聚乙烯醇(PVA)/纳米银薄膜的抑菌性能,探索食品保鲜包装新方法。方法以PVA和水为基本原料,戊二醛为改性剂,用溶液流延法制备含有不同质量分数(1%,2%,3%)纳米银的PVA薄膜,分别表征其力学性能和耐水性能。将鱼肉用薄膜包裹,在4℃下贮藏,每隔3 d取样测定菌落数并进行感官分析。结果 PVA/纳米银薄膜对鱼肉有明显的抑菌作用,当纳米银添加质量分数为1%时,薄膜的拉伸强度为19.41 MPa,断裂伸长率为49%,力学性能良好;吸水率为32.2%,润湿角为55.1°,疏水性较好;与空白组相比,鱼肉货架期延长了4 d左右。结论质量分数为1%的纳米银能够增强薄膜的抑菌效果、有效维持鱼肉的感官品质,因此,在冷链运输中有很好的应用前景。     

马铃薯淀粉基抗菌可食膜对冷却肉保鲜效果的研究

以马铃薯淀粉、普鲁兰多糖、明胶为成膜物质,甘油为增塑剂,氯化钙为交联剂,丙酸钙和肉桂醛为抗菌剂,制备马铃薯淀粉基抗菌可食膜,研究抗菌膜对冷却肉的保鲜效果。结果表明,抗菌膜能够有效抑制冷却肉表面微生物的生长和繁殖,且随着抗菌剂含量的增加,冷却肉表面的菌落总数逐渐减少;抗菌膜能够较好地维持冷却肉的红度;在冷却肉贮存的后期,用抗菌膜包裹的冷却肉失水率较小,说明抗菌膜具有一定的保水能力;用抗菌膜包裹的冷却肉p H值均比未添加抗菌剂的可食膜包裹的冷却肉p H值低,说明丙酸钙和肉桂醛在冷却肉的保鲜过程中具有抗菌作用,能有效减少微生物的生长和繁殖,降低微生物对蛋白质的分解速率,具备一定的保鲜作用。     

去皮山药的护色保鲜包装研究

为了解决去皮山药易褐变的问题,利用糖或碱溶液对去皮山药进行浸泡处理,根据山药的褐变度分别得出最佳的浸泡液组成;根据单因素试验结果制成糖碱复合浸泡液对去皮山药进行预处理,再分别选用生物气调保鲜膜、百合保鲜膜、普通PE保鲜膜对其进行包装,通过对山药的色差、硬度、失重率及菌落总数的测定,研究不同保鲜膜对山药的保鲜效果。研究表明：质量分数为9%的糖溶液、pH值为9的碱溶液对山药的护色效果较好;生物气调保鲜膜对山药的保鲜效果较好。     

保湿杀菌剂对生菜保鲜的影响

为了解决新鲜生菜在销售贮藏过程中色泽、质感、营养成分等品质迅速下降的问题,利用明胶和薄荷精油制备不同质量分数的保湿杀菌剂对生菜进行保鲜处理。每天定时测定生菜的质量、可溶性糖含量、色差、可滴定酸含量、菌落总数、VC含量,研究不同质量分数的保湿杀菌剂对生菜的保湿杀菌效果。研究结果表明:质量分数为9%的保湿杀菌剂对新鲜生菜的保鲜效果最好,其质量、可容性糖含量、色泽、VC含量变化较少,菌落总数增长较缓慢。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from