泡沫铝填充薄壁金属管塑性变形缓冲器吸能特性的试验研究

摘要：通过试验方法研究了泡沫铝填充薄壁金属管塑性变形缓冲器在准静态作用下的吸能特性。首先,进行了泡沫铝,薄壁金属管塑性变形缓冲器及泡沫铝填充薄壁金属管塑性变形缓冲器的轴向压缩试验。然后,根据试验结果,对泡沫铝填充薄壁金属管塑性变形缓冲器的吸能特性进行了分析,并与独立的泡沫铝及薄壁金属管塑性变形缓冲器的吸能特性进行了比较。结果表明,泡沫铝填充薄壁金属管塑性变形缓冲器的吸能特性有了很大的提高。在吸收的能量一定时,泡沫铝填充结构能够减少吸能结构所需要的体积与质量。     

颗粒增强铝合金基泡沫铝材料压缩性能的研究

利用熔体发泡法制备了颗粒增强铝合金基闭孔泡沫铝,进行了准静态压缩和动态压缩实验,并且与铝合金基泡沫铝的相关性能进行了比较.研究了不同相对密度的泡沫铝准静态压缩和动态压缩性能.添加颗粒能增强基体合金性能,改善泡沫压缩效果.结果表明,在动态压缩和准静态压缩中,随着密度增加,颗粒增强基泡沫铝的平台应力和弹性模量逐渐增大;动态情形下的能量吸收能力要高于准静态情形下的能量吸收能力.向熔体中添加适当比例的粉煤灰颗粒可产生显著的基体增强效果,有效提高泡沫铝的压缩性能.     

泡沫铝填充薄壁铝合金多胞构件与单胞构件吸能性能研究

为研究泡沫铝填充薄壁铝合金多胞结构与单胞结构的吸能能力,该文基于有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了泡沫铝填充薄壁铝合金多胞结构与单胞结构的数值仿真。对经典薄壁圆管试验及泡沫铝填充薄壁圆管试验进行了数值模拟,分析表明该数值模型能够较好的模拟泡沫铝填充薄壁圆管在轴向冲击过程中的撞击力和变形发展。基于该模型对比研究了不同因素下泡沫铝填充薄壁铝合金多胞结构与单胞结构的轴向吸能特性,分析了其破坏模式、吸能机理和两者吸能效率。结果表明:在轴向冲击荷载作用下,泡沫铝填充薄壁铝合金的破坏模式为轴对称渐进折叠破坏模式,冲击力-位移曲线和变形模态图显示其变形过程分为3个阶段:弹性阶段、平台阶段和强化阶段。当冲击压缩距离为构件高度的80%时,7种不同参数下的泡沫铝填充薄壁铝合金多胞结构的吸能效率明显高于7种单胞结构,吸收的能量E和比吸能SEA都提高了50%以上,是一种优秀的吸能构件,可广泛应用于防护工程中。     

泡沫铝填充管的研究进展

泡沫铝填充管是在一个或多个不同横截面形状的薄壁金属管内填充泡沫铝而形成的一种结构功能一体化材料。泡沫铝的填充不仅提高了薄壁金属管的轴向压缩性能和抗弯曲性能,也避免了泡沫铝本身强度不高的劣势。从泡沫铝填充管的制备、结构及性能方面综述了其研究现状,从泡沫铝单管、双管与多管填充的角度分析了结构对泡沫铝填充管压缩和弯曲性能的影响。单管填充泡沫铝改变了薄壁管压缩及弯曲的失效形式,提高了薄壁管的吸能性;双管填充泡沫铝的内管多数以同心管形式排列,在管内部所填充的泡沫铝支撑的基础上,内管进一步支撑起泡沫铝填充管的承载和吸能作用,其压缩及弯曲性能较单管填充更为突出;多管填充泡沫铝在双管基础上进行拓展,可以同心或并列排布,对薄壁管性能的提升各有不同,平行排列的多管结构能量吸收效率高于泡沫铝填充单管,但低于相应的薄壁空管结构。泡沫铝填充管的制备技术通常是分别制取泡沫铝和管材再进行填充,尽管过于单一且工艺复杂,但由于其具有优异的承载和吸能能力,仍然在交通运输、航空航天等领域极具应用潜力。     

具有诱导结构的铝合金薄壁方管轴向压缩吸能性能试验研究

该文提出了三种新型的诱导结构设计方案来降低薄壁方管结构在轴向载荷作用下的初始屈曲载荷峰值。诱导结构设计在方管的加载端,在压缩开始的时候起作用,并且不会显著影响结构在正常工作时的强度和刚度。利用AA 6063 T6 铝合金薄壁方管进行了一系列准静态和动态试验来研究了具有诱导结构的方管在轴向压缩时的能量吸收性能,给出了完整薄壁铝方管和具有诱导结构的薄壁铝方管的载荷位移曲线,并进行了比较。实验发现,三种诱导结构均可有效降低屈曲时的初始载荷峰值、提高方管承载吸能平稳性。     

诱导结构对泡沫铝填充薄壁方管轴向压溃特性影响的研究

建立了泡沫铝填充薄壁方管的有限元模型,利用试验对泡沫铝填充薄壁方管的有限元模型的准确性进行了验证。研究了诱导结构的类型和数量对泡沫铝填充薄壁方管的轴向压溃变形模式、初始峰值力、压溃力效率和能量吸收能力的影响,结果表明:设计诱导结构可以提高能量吸收能力、减小初始峰值力、增加压溃力效率,甚至可以改变压溃变形模式。沿薄壁方管的轴向方向合理地增加诱导结构的数量,可以进一步的减小初始峰值力、增加压溃力效率、提高结构的能量吸收能力。通过等级评价方法,确定沿薄壁方管的轴向方向设计4组诱导四角方孔可以使泡沫铝填充薄壁方管获得最佳的综合吸能特性。     

相对密度对球体开孔泡沫铝压缩及吸能性能的影响

目的研究球体开孔泡沫铝的相对密度在准静态压缩过程中对球体开孔泡沫铝压缩性能和吸能性能的影响。方法对准备的3种不同相对密度的泡沫铝试样进行准静态压缩试验。结果利用相关软件绘制出不同相对密度球体开孔泡沫铝试样的实验曲线,由分析试验曲线可知,当泡沫铝的相对密度从0.35提升到0.392时,球体开孔泡沫铝的屈服强度虽增加了3.2MPa,但吸能效率的最大值下降了近2.4%。结论随着泡沫铝相对密度的提高,其压缩性能越高、抗压强度越高。在同等应变下,高密度泡沫铝比低密度泡沫铝的吸能性能好。泡沫铝相对密度越大,吸能效率的最大值越小,理想吸能效率的最大值也越小。     

泡沫钢填充管的准静态压缩变形模式、力学性能及吸能特性

本工作以430L不锈钢粉为原料,采用粉末冶金法制备泡沫钢,然后通过物理粘结法将泡沫钢芯与薄壁金属管结合,分别对空管和泡沫金属填充管进行准静态轴向压缩实验,并对比分析空管和填充管的压缩变形模式、力学性能和吸能性能.研究表明:在压缩变形过程中,空铝管和泡沫钢填充铝管均呈现轴对称变形模式,而空钢管呈现非轴对称变形模式,泡沫钢填充钢管呈现混合变形模式;泡沫钢填充铝管抗压强度约为56.09 MPa,比泡沫铝填充铝管高1.69倍;泡沫钢填充钢管抗压强度高达116.03 MPa,比泡沫铝填充钢管高1.05倍;当应变量为40％时,泡沫钢填充铝管单位体积能量吸收值为27.93 MJ/m3,是泡沫铝填充铝管吸能值的2.91倍,泡沫钢填充钢管单位体积能量吸收值为35.98 MJ/m3,是泡沫铝填充钢管吸能值的1.15倍;当泡沫钢填充铝管的壁厚由1 mm增大到2 mm时,泡沫钢填充管的平台应力值增大1.36倍;在应变量为40％时,单位体积能量吸收值增大1.26倍,同时泡沫钢填充管在压缩过程中的变形褶皱数随着壁厚的增加而减少.     

泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料力学及吸能性能分析

目的 研究泡沫铝相对密度、孔径对泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料准静态压缩力学性能、吸能性能、吸能效率和理想吸能效率的影响。方法 将制备的泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料试样在万能材料试验机上进行准静态压缩试验,得出对应的应力-应变曲线,由应力-应变曲线分析材料的吸能性能、吸能效率、理想吸能效率。结果 当泡沫铝孔径一定,泡沫铝相对密度由0.350提升至0.384时,泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料屈服强度提升了4.38 MPa,而最大吸能效率由0.29下降至0.27,准静态压缩性能有所提高。当泡沫铝相对密度一定,泡沫铝孔径由5 mm增加至9 mm时,泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料屈服强度提升了6.16 MPa,而最大吸能效率由0.25升高到0.27,准静态压缩性能有所提高。结论 当进行准静态压缩时,泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料压缩性能随相对密度的增大而增大,随孔径的增大而增大;泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料的吸能性能随相对密度的增大而增大,随孔径的增大而增大;泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料的最大吸能效率随相对密度的增大而减小,随孔径的增大变化微小。     

负泊松比三明治结构填充泡沫混凝土的面内压缩性能

为改善负泊松比三明治结构的受压破坏模式且提高其缓冲吸能能力,提出一种填充泡沫混凝土的新型复合三明治结构。在负泊松比结构中填充不同密度(409 kg/m3、575 kg/m3、848 kg/m3、1 014 kg/m3)的泡沫混凝土得到负泊松比填充结构,并对无填充负泊松比结构、负泊松比填充结构和泡沫混凝土对照试块在准静态压缩下的破坏模式和吸能特性进行比较。根据荷载-位移关系和破坏模式得到以下结论:当填充物密度较小时,负泊松比填充结构能够将填充物的泊松比限制在较小的数值,胞元表现出内凹的变形模式,结构发生逐渐被压实的压缩破坏;当填充物密度较大时,结构发生“X”型剪切破坏,塑性铰区域和剪切带附近的胞壁发生断裂破坏;泡沫混凝土填充物的密度越大,填充结构的压实应变越小,吸收的能量越多,但当填充物密度超过一定值后,填充物密度的增加对负泊松比填充结构能量吸收能力的提升作用不再明显,结构的比吸能降低。      

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...