基于彩色条纹投影术的三维形貌测量

物体表面三维形貌数据的获取在智能制造、航空航天、文物保护、医疗卫生、远程教育等领域有着广泛的应用。三维形貌数据的获取受限于系统硬件的性能,特别是现有数字投影系统的投影速度,无法快速测得物体面形的三维形貌。彩色成像和投影系统的出现,为并行多颜色通道三维成像系统提供了新的研究方向。详细综述了基于彩色条纹投影术的三维形貌数据测量研究的现状。具体包括彩色条纹投影术的基本原理、彩色条纹调制和解调相关技术、三维成像系统的标定、以及未来的研究方向。接着给出几个利用彩色条纹投影术获取物体表面三维形貌和彩色纹理的实例。为彩色条纹投影术测量物体表面三维形貌数据提供了详尽的综述,并指明了未来潜在的研究新方向。     

基于随机编码结构光的双目立体三维测量系统

基于双目立体视觉理论建立的三维测量方法具有非接触、大视场、较高精度以及实时性强等优点,因此在工业众多领域得到广泛的应用。立体匹配是实现双目立体测量的关键技术。为了提高匹配精度和鲁棒性,将一种随机编码结构光投射到被测物体表面,使物体表面具有丰富的纹理信息,从而使立体匹配不受自身表面纹理的影响,而且具有较强的抗外界噪音的能力,满足现场测量的要求。该方法仅需拍摄1次,完成一次三维测量仅需十几秒,因此能够应用到动态场景并且实现快速三维测量。     

基于全局控制网的三维形貌测量方法

由于传感器成像视场范围的局限性,双目视觉传感器在一次成像中往往不能获得大尺寸物体的整体形貌测量结果,鉴于此,研究并实现了一种通过建立全局控制网来实现对大尺寸物体的三维形貌进行测量的方法。实验结果表明：基于全局控制网的测量方法速度快、精度高,间接地扩大了双目视觉传感器的测量范围,并且有效地克服了大尺寸三维形貌测量拼接精度低的缺点。该方法适用于大尺寸物体的三维形貌测量,能够快速、简单、精确地获得被测物体表面特征点的相对位置关系和三维尺寸信息,进而恢复被测物体的三维形貌。     

实物表面三维相位图定标的研究

本文提出了一种对实物表面三维相位图进行定标的方法。三维数字成像系统＾［５］所得到的三维相位图和实物表面相应各点高度的关系由光学系统的几何结构参数决定。本文首次从到理论上推导了这种对应关系,然后用实验加以验证,并对误差作了相应的估计。     

基于空间编码投影法测量三维大物体面形

三维图像拼接技术是实现大型物体形貌测量的关键技术。本文在图像控制点约束的基础上,提出了一种实现三维图像拼接的新方法,即将一伪随机空间编码投射到一大型物体表面,然后用CCD在不同视角拍摄不同视场中的物体,利用重叠区域相同的某一窗口特征点进行配准,采用四元组法求取坐标转换矩阵,从而实现大范围自由曲面三维形貌的测量。实验结果表明：基于空间编码的图像拼接新方法,可以实现大尺度三维面形的测量。     

基于光栅投影技术的刀具磨损三维特征提取方法

提出了利用激光光栅投影技术对硬合金刀具磨损图像进行检测的方法。利用采集待测物体栅线图样中未变形区域包含的相位信息,使用最小二乘迭代法将数据拟合,得到了理想参考面相位分布参数。由于不需另外采集实物参考面变形光栅图像,不仅减少了实物参考面的采集步骤,而且不需要对实物参考面相位进行求解。实验表明:该方法利用数控机床换刀间隙进行检测,实现了在线测量。同时,该方法测量磨损区域的最大宽度、最大面积、磨损区域的周长、z方向最大深度参数的标准差和相对精度都小于0.01,具有较好的三维形貌轮廓检测精度。     

基于激光扫描和SFM的非同步点云三维重构方法

室外场景具有测量数据量大、扫描数据易重叠及建筑物表面信息复杂等特点,单靠激光扫描方法能够获得场景精确的深度信息,但缺乏颜色和纹理信息,利用从运动中恢复结构(SFM)方法可获得丰富的彩色信息,但重构精度不高,若将两种设备固定进行在线实时同步测量,易受到测量环境和系统制约不易实现。针对此问题,提出了一种基于激光扫描和SFM结合的非同步点云数据融合的三维重构方法。首先,提出利用手动选择控制点进行7自由度初始配准,再利用迭代最近点(ICP)算法对初始配准结果进行精确配准,最后利用最近点搜索算法将分布在经基于面片的多视图立体视觉(PMVS)算法优化后的SFM数据中的颜色信息与激光扫描的点云坐标进行融合。实验结果和数据分析显示,本文的方法能有效地将激光扫描与SFM点云数据进行融合,实现了室外大场景的三维彩色重构。     

一种基于相位法的彩色三维形貌测量方法

基于相位法的三维形貌测量。提出了一种建立被测物体彩色三维形貌的方法。该方法采用主动光源投射一组光强呈余弦变化的光栅。并由一台黑白CCD工业摄像机对被测物体拍摄从而实现三维形貌的重建;然后对被测物体进行三色光投射。同时黑白工业摄像机拍摄被测物体,通过对所得图片进行分析。实现被测物体的色彩恢复。实验结果表明,该方法能够快速准确的获得被测物体的彩色三维形貌,色彩度误差小,可有效解决黑白工业相机无法进行色彩捕捉这一问题。     

基于单幅图像数据的三维重构方法研究

针对传统的基于阴影恢复形状方法（SFS）的三维重构方法的局限性,综合运用计算机视觉、图像处理和计算机辅助几何设计理论与技术,提出了一种实用的三维重构方法。采用SFS方法获取三维形貌信息,利用图像分割技术提取物体的二维轮廓信息,通过三维形貌信息与二维轮廓信息的融合建立物体的数字化模型,通过B样条方法实现数字化模型的重构。实例表明,该方法能够有效地去除图像的背景信息,改善重构模型的分辨力,为基于图像的三维重构技术的广泛应用提供了条件。     

光切法测量中三维实体的重建

光切法是一种新型的三维表面轮廓的光电非接触测量方法，它主要有两个步骤：用ＣＣＤ获取物体表面的轮廓信息；重建三维实体。讨论了采用３ＤＡＰＩ实现三维重建的具体方法，并给出了实例。     

Research and development of an accurate 3D shape measurement system based on fringe projection: Model analysis and performance evaluation

In this paper, the research and development of an accurate 3D shape measurement system based on fringe projection is presented. This system utilizes a sliding projection unit to project the desired encoding fringe patterns onto the object and the object shape can be obtained by analyzing the images captured with a camera for each projection. The sliding projection unit uses a high precision grating element fabricated by electron beam lithography to produce the accurate encoding fringe patterns thus to reduce the projection error. And a method based on gray-code and phase-period edge detection is developed to align the grating element with its sliding direction to guarantee the alignment between the projected patterns. The influence of the lens distortion of both the projection unit and the camera is also studied and an improved nonlinear system model is developed based on triangulation. This model gives a more accurate mathematical representation of the shape measurement system and thus improves the system measurement accuracy. The experimental results show that an overall measurement error of 0.04 mm with a variability of ±0.035 mm can be obtained for the developed system.     

基于形态变换的三维表面形貌方向特性研究

针对面向功能的三维表面形貌表征存在的问题,基于灰值形态学的基本运算构造了边缘检测形态算法,有效地提取了三维形貌的形态学边缘,实现了三维形貌的纹理方向特征的提取,获得了表征纹理方向特性的表征参数.该方法不仅适用于直线纹理,而且也适用于曲线纹理,为分析表征三维形貌的各向异性特征提供了一个新的方法.把它引入到粗糙表面的润滑分析中,能够更确切地揭示出各向异性表面的纹理方向特性对润滑性能的影响规律.     

自遮挡物体线激光测量视点规划

针对未知自遮挡物体的测量和三维重建问题,提出利用Kinect Fusion技术快速重建和线激光精密测量相结合的视点规划新方法。应用Kinect Fusion技术快速获取未知自遮挡物体表面的深度信息模型,研究提出轮廓表面的截面特征信息提取方法,在此基础上分析轮廓表面的截面形状特征,根据五自由度线激光测量系统的左右方向和上下方向测量可视性判断,在最佳测量范围内进行线激光测量全局视点规划,准确、快速消除自遮挡和点云孔洞,最后获得重建精度高的三维物体表面。经过自遮挡物体重建实验,验证了所提方法的可行性及有效性。     

利用超体素中心点连线可见性的图像分割算法

当图像中存在阴影、低对比度边缘和模糊区域时,传统算法利用纹理、颜色等信息难以准确分割物体。以点云图为研究对象,依据盒状、柱状物体在三维空间中的几何形状,提出一种基于超体素中心点连线可见性的图像物体分割算法。该算法首先对点云图进行过分割,得到具有相邻关系的超体素,接着依据其中心点法向量平行准则以及中心点连线可见性准则共同判断相邻超体素是否融合,然后过滤噪声,并利用遮挡关系进一步考察同一物体平面超体素的融合情况。实验结果表明:在OSD-v0.2公开数据集上,文章提出的算法误识别率为6.9%,漏识别率为4.6%,比单一结合法向量的凹凸性判断方法更好,整体误差更小。利用本算法对物体进行分割,更容易计算物体的抓取位姿,有助于机器人执行抓取任务。     

Improved structured light 3D scanner with application to anthropometric parameter estimation

Obtaining accurate anthropometric body segment parameters in a fast and reliable manner is an essential step in biomechanical analysis of human motion. With advance of computer vision, and reduction in cost of electronic components, building a customized computer-vision based measurement device becomes possible. In the paper a novel structured light pattern for 3D structured light scanner is proposed. During development, accuracy and robustness of the proposed system were tested on artificial objects with known surface configurations, after which measurements were performed on human subjects. Simultaneous measurements with standard structured light pattern were achieved and obtained results compared. Volumetric parameters of both artificial object and human body segment obtained by 3D scanning were compared to the immersion method and were found to be in a good agreement and were used for segment mass estimation. Obtained results are presented and analyzed, and conclusions about system performance with possible improvements are discussed.     

MRT letter: A total variation based method for 3D shape recovery of microscopic objects through image focus

Generally, shape from focus methods use a single focus measure to compute focus quality and to obtain an initial depth map of an object. However, different focus measures perform differently in diverse conditions. Therefore, it is hard to get accurate 3D shape based on a single focus measure. In this article, we propose a total variation based method for recovering 3D shape of an object by combining multiple depth hypothesis obtained through different focus measures. Improved performance of the proposed method is evaluated by conducting several experiments using images of synthetic and real microscopic objects. Comparative analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:877–881, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

3D measurement of gears based on a line structured light sensor

Gears are core components of transmission systems. The current trend of gear measurements is the rapid and full digitization. To rapidly obtain information on the three-dimensional (3D) shape of the gear tooth flank, a 3D point cloud measurement system based on a line structure light sensor and high precision air floating rotary table is proposed. The system can acquire more than 1.5 million 3D data points on one side of the gear tooth flank within less than 5 s. In this study, the measured 3D point cloud data is used to calculate the profile error, pitch error, then compared to those obtained from traditional contact measurements. In addition, tooth flank error was evaluated. The results show that the 3D point cloud measurement system can perform fast and accurately in 3D measurements of gears and it is a novel system for gear measurement and error calculation.     

矩阵换能器超声三维成像方法研究*

针对常规超声检测难以直观地显示被检对象缺陷的形状及走向等问题,开展矩阵换能器超声三维成像方法研究。超声三维成像技术具有直观显示被测对象内部缺陷三维特征的优点,基于矩阵换能器的超声三维成像方法具有扫查速度快、分辨率高等优点,是当前超声三维成像技术的研究热点。本文介绍了矩阵换能器体扫查原理及其控制方法;提出了矩阵换能器体扫查时三维体数据采集方法和数据融合算法;基于矩阵换能器和相控阵板卡系统对铝标样等试样进行了体扫查检测实验,采用等值面和体绘制两种算法对缺陷进行三维成像,并对单一缺陷进行了定量分析,定量精度较高。研究结果表明,矩阵换能器超声三维成像方法能够表征缺陷的三维形貌特征,在无需移动换能器的情况下便可实现缺陷三维检测,是超声三维检测的有效方法。     

基于激光线光源的钢轨表面缺陷三维检测方法

将结构光三维检测方法应用于钢轨生产过程中的表面缺陷三维检测,通过在钢轨四周安装4台激光线光源和8台面阵CCD摄像机实现钢轨四个面的检测。对摄像机采集到的激光光带图像进行光带中心提取、光带中心线矫正、光带中心线与基准线的差值等步骤,得到钢轨表面深度的变化值,并将沿钢轨长度方向和高度方向的深度变化值用深度分布图表示,通过两维图像识别的方法检测缺陷所在的区域,从而实现钢轨表面缺陷的自动检测。该方法已经实现在线应用,可以达到的最大检测速度为1.5m/s,深度检测分辨力为0.2mm。     

Study and development of a low cost “OptInertial” 3D scanner

The 3D scanner domain normally relies on the presence of many tools and technologies. They are mainly divided between contact and non-contact ones, but at present a new trend is coming up, starting from the articulated arms family, where the traditional mechanical joints, allowing flexible measures on complex objects, have been replaced by handy scanner with laser trackers, or with markers. These new systems have the advantage to get the entire object shape without changing the object position itself, but moving the scanning device without the involvement of long software alignments and post treatment operations. Anyway, the use of laser trackers obliges the operator to maintain the scanner head always visible, while the marker usage is quite critical because the measure precision depends strongly on the marker position. Starting from these considerations, the research project presented in this paper has been focused on the design and development of a flexible 3D scanner, without trackers and markers, that merge low-cost optical technologies together with low-cost inertial sensors. Thanks to this synergy, the developed 3D scanner is able to measure the three-dimensional shape of the object recording its movement and transferring it to a control unit for obtaining a point cloud. The paper presents the main concepts of the 3D scanner design and is concluded by an experimental phase made with the use of a benchmark.