复合膜生物反应器的生物学研究

投加载体的膜生物反应器中同时存在附着生长和悬浮生长的微生物，对HSMBR系统的生物相进行分析，发现悬浮生长微生物中的大多数菌属在生物膜中也同样存在，这为微生物在附着相和悬浮相之间的转化提供了物质基础。此外，对反应器内微生物之间的相互关系进行了分析，对微生物的构成进行了探讨。     

复合膜生物反应器的除污性能研究

采用自行设计研制的复合膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水，考察了系统的除污性能。结果表明，在HRT为9h、SRT为30d、DO为2～3．5mg／L的条件下，系统对COD、NH3-N和浊度具有较好的去除效果，平均去除率分别为90％、89％和90％。生物降解主要承担了对COD和NH3-N的去除作用，膜截留起到了稳定出水水质及去除浊度物质的作用。     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水及中水回用

针对生活污水的特点，在小试基础上建成了膜生物反应器中水回用示范工程（24m^3／d）。运行结果表明，出水浊度、BOD5、NH3-N、动植物油平均浓度分别为1．8NTU、8．7mg／L、1．69mg／L、0．58mg／L，出水无色无味，各项水质指标均优于《城市污水再生利用——城市杂用水水质》（GB／T18920-2002）标准。膜及膜面凝胶层对稳定系统出水水质起到了决定性作用。     

一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

采用一体式聚丙烯中空纤维膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水，考察了其处理效果，研究了运行条件对膜污染的影响和不同清洗方法对受污染膜的清洗效果。结果表明，在进水COD为172～331mg／L、NH3-N为23～27mg／L的条件下，稳定运行时系统对COD和NH3-N的去除率均大于90％。抽停比越小则膜通量的衰减越缓慢；抽吸压力越大则初始膜通量越大；试验中确定的最佳抽停比为8：2，临界抽吸压力为30kPa。对已污染的膜采用空曝气、水洗、水洗＋碱洗、水洗＋酸洗、水洗＋碱洗＋酸洗的方法进行清洗，可使膜通量分别恢复至新膜通量的30％、46．3％、86．54％、82．36％、92％。     

复合淹没式中空膜生物反应器处理生活污水的特性研究

复合淹没式中空膜生物反应器（ＨＳＭＢＲ）将多种污水处理工艺包含在极其简单的装置中,并在Ａ／Ｏ系统中实现了Ａ＾２／Ｏ的运行。投放泡沫填料的中空膜生物反应器兼具活性污泥法、生物膜法和膜分离三种处理过程,出水水质优于国家生活杂用水水质标准,可作为非饮用水回用。     

动态膜生物反应器处理城市生活污水的研究

分别采用尼龙网和无纺布作为膜材料构建动态膜生物反应器(DMBR),并用于处理城市生活污水,考察了曝气方式对系统运行效果的影响,同时进行了中试应用研究.结果表明,侧下方曝气方式优于底部曝气方式,底部曝气虽然能够减缓膜污染,但动态膜难以形成且不稳定,导致出水浊度和SS一直居高不下;而侧下方曝气方式虽然运行周期较短,但出水水质好,运行1 h后即可使出水浊度和SS分别降至5 NTU和10 mg/L以下.无纺布和尼龙网DMBR的处理效果均较好,但普通无纺布的强度不够,不适于工程应用.采用侧下方曝气、以尼龙网为膜材料进行中试研究,结果表明,DMBR整体运行效果较好,对COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到80%和84.8%以上,其中微生物的降解起主要作用,动态膜本身的除污效果不明显.     

一体式膜——生物反应器处理洗浴污水

采用规模为 10m3/d的一体式膜—生物反应器对洗浴污水的处理进行了中试研究 ,整个系统在没有进行任何化学清洗的条件下连续运行了 2 16d。试验结果表明 :出水稳定 ,水质良好 (COD <4 0mg/L、NH3-N <0 .5mg/L、LAS <0 .2mg/L ,且无色无味、无SS) ,符合建设部颁布的生活杂用水回用水质标准。在一体式膜—生物反应器中 ,活性污泥对污染物的去除起主要作用 ,而膜分离对维持稳定的系统出水起重要作用。整个系统具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力 ,容积负荷为0 .50～ 1.85kgCOD/ (m3·d) ,污泥负荷为 0 .33～ 2 .0 2kgCOD/ (kgVSS·d)。膜外表面污泥层的沉积、凝胶层的增厚 (0～ 5μm之间 )和膜内表面微生物的滋生是膜污染的主要原因。     

A/O型IMBR处理生活污水的研究

利用自行设计的A/O型一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水,考察了对污染物的去除效果及污泥性能。试验结果表明:出水COD值稳定,对其平均去除率达96%以上;对NH4+-N的去除率受pH的影响较大;试验过程中活性污泥的粘度不随污泥浓度的增加而增大,而是稳定在2.1 mPa.s左右;由于进水负荷的冲击及溶解性微生物产物(SMP)和胞外多聚物(ECP)在反应器中的不断积累,SV30和SVI值逐渐增大,MLVSS/MLSS值则呈较弱的下降趋势;运行过程中活性污泥的粒径由49.58μm降至24.96μm;在连续运行的70 d内未发生膜污染现象,说明所使用的聚偏氟乙烯平板膜具有很好的耐污染性能。     

膜生物反应器处理酒店污水

介绍了采用膜生物反应器处理酒店污水的设计和运行情况。实践表明，该装置具有运行稳定，节能降耗及处理效率高等特点，出水水质完全达到了上海市《污水综合排放标准》(DB31／199-1997)的要求。对影响膜生物反应器工程推广的曝气量大、能耗高、出水不连续、膜易污染等问题提出了解决方法。     

移动床生物膜反应器处理生活污水

利用移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理生活污水,在进水COD为80～300mg L、水力停留时间为2～4h、有机负荷为0.48～2.93kgCOD (m3·d)的条件下,出水COD浓度可降至30～60mg L。应用MBBR建造的地埋式装置处理能力高、出水水质稳定,管理简单方便。     

A/O-MBR处理生活污水回用的试验研究

采用缺氧-好氧一体式膜生物反应器(A/O-MBR)对生活污水处理回用进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,该系统具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,膜分离截留对COD的去除起到了决定性作用,生物膜对NH3-N的去除占主要作用.系统出水无色无味,COD、NH3-N的浓度分别为14.82和0.45 mg/L,出水水质优于城市杂用水水质标准(GB/T 18920-2002)和河道景观环境用水水质标准(GB/T 18921-2002).     

膜生物反应器处理造纸废水研究

为了确定针对造纸废水处理的外置式膜生物反应器的最佳运行条件,采用中试膜生物反应器系统处理实际造纸废水,试验对COD和色度的平均去除率分别为93.7%和79.2%,并确定膜组件清洗周期为150 d。     

膜生物反应器在废水处理中的应用及前景展望

介绍了膜生物反应器的发展历程,对膜生物反应器的分类以及工艺特点作了阐述,并讨论了膜生物反应器在生活污水、工业废水中的应用,对其发展前景进行了展望.     

Indigenous somatic coliphage removal from a real municipal wastewater by a submerged membrane bioreactor

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) features many advantages, such as its excellent effluent quality and compactness. Moreover, the MBR is well known for its disinfectant capacity. This paper investigates virus removal performance for municipal wastewater using a submerged MBR and the operational conditions affecting the virus removal using indigenous somatic coliphages (SC) as an indicator for viruses. The results revealed that the municipal wastewater acquired by the Qinghe Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, Beijing, contained an SC concentration of (2.81 ± 1.51) × 10⁴ PFU ml⁻¹, which varies seasonally due to spontaneous decay. In the MBR system, the biomass process dominates SC removal. Membrane rejection is an essential supplement of biomass process for SC removal. In this paper, the relative contributions of biomass process and membrane rejection during the start-up and steady operational periods are discussed in detail. The major factors affecting SC removal are biodegradation, membrane pore size, and gel layer formation on the membrane. During long-term experiments, it was demonstrated that high inoculated sludge concentration, long hydraulic retention time, moderate fouling layer, and non-frequent chemical cleaning are favorable for high SC removal in MBR systems.     

Microbial community structure and dynamics in a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor aerobically treating domestic wastewater under real operation conditions

A pilot scale submerged ultra-filtration membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used for the aerobic treatment of domestic wastewater over 9 months of year 2006 (28th March to 21st December). The MBR was installed at a municipal wastewater facility (EMASAGRA, Granada, Spain) and was fed with real wastewater. The experimental work was divided in 4 stages run under different sets of operation conditions. Operation parameters (total and volatile suspended solids, dissolved oxygen concentration) and environmental variables (temperature, pH, COD and BOD₅ of influent water) were daily monitored. In all the experiments conducted, the MBR generated an effluent of optimal quality complying with the requirements of the European Law (91/271/CEE 1991). A cultivation-independent approach (polymerase chain reaction-temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, PCR-TGGE) was used to analyze changes in the structure of the bacterial communities in the sludge. Cluster analysis of TGGE profiles demonstrated significant differences in community structure related to variations of the operation parameters and environmental factors. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggested that temperature, hydraulic retention time and concentration of volatile suspended solids were the factors mostly influencing community structure. 23 prominent TGGE bands were successfully reamplified and sequenced, allowing gaining insight into the identities of predominantly present bacterial populations in the sludge. Retrieved partial 16S-rRNA gene sequences were mostly related to the α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria classes. The community established in the MBR in each of the four stages of operation significantly differed in species composition and the sludge generated displayed dissimilar rates of mineralization, but these differences did not influence the performance of the bioreactor (quality of the permeate). These data indicate that the flexibility of the bacterial community in the sludge and its ability to get adapted to environmental changes play an important role for the stable performance of MBRs.     

膜生物反应器在水处理中的应用与发展

介绍了国内外膜生物反应器的研究及应用进展，结合膜生物反应器的特点与分类，就其应用现状作了阐述，并指出膜生物反应器技术是一种高效废水处理工艺，具有广阔的应用前景。     

Critical flux and chemical cleaning-in-place during the long-term operation of a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment

The critical flux and chemical cleaning-in-place (CIP) in a long-term operation of a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment were investigated. Steady filtration under high flux (30 L/(m² h)) was successfully achieved due to effective membrane fouling control by sub-critical flux operation and chemical CIP with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in both trans-membrane pressure (TMP) controlling mode (cleaning with high concentration NaClO of 2000-3000 mg/L in terms of effective chorine was performed when TMP rose to 15 kPa) and time controlling mode (cleanings were performed weekly and monthly respectively with low concentration NaClO (500-1000 mg/L) and high concentration NaClO (3000 mg/L)). Microscopic analysis on membrane fibers before and after high concentration NaClO was also conducted. Images of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that NaClO CIP could effectively remove gel layer, the dominant fouling under sub-critical flux operation. Porosity measurements indicated that NaClO CIP could partially remove pore blockage fouling. The analyses from fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) with attenuated total reflectance accessory (ATR) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) demonstrated that protein-like macromolecular organics and inorganics were the important components of the fouling layer. The analysis of effluent quality before and after NaClO CIP showed no obvious effect on effluent quality.     

High-concentration food wastewater treatment by an anaerobic membrane bioreactor

The viability of treating high-concentration food wastewater by an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR) was studied using polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes PES200, PES300, PES500 and PES700 with norminal molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) ranging from 20,000 to 70,000 Da. Hydraulic and solid retention time significantly affected the treatment performance of the AMBR kept at 60 h and 50 days in the study. The four membranes exhibited a similar efficiency in removal of suspended solids, color, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and bacteria. When the volumetric loading rate was below 4.5 kg/m3d, COD removal rate was in the range of 81-94% and the gas yield stabilized at 0.136 m3/kg COD. The effect of membrane properties including MWCO, hydrophobicity and surface morphology on membrane fouling and cleaning was evaluated. The PES200 membranes with the smallest MWCO and smoothest surface exhibited a serious initial flux decline, whereas the PES700 membranes with the largest MWCO and roughest surface were observed related to the highest flux decline and the lowest recoverable flux rate during long-term operation. Membrane autopsy revealed that the significant flux decline was caused by the formation of a thick biofouling layer onto the membrane surfaces.     

Development of an innovative vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) for simultaneous removal of organic matter and nutrients

A novel vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) composed of anoxic and oxic zones in one reactor was developed in an attempt to reduce the problems concerning effective removal of pollutants from synthetic wastewater including glucose as a sole carbon source as well as membrane fouling. The optimal volume ratio of anoxic zone/oxic zone was found as 0.6. The desirable internal recycle rate and hydraulic retention time (HRT) for effective nutrient removal were 400% and 8h, respectively. Under these conditions, the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P) were 75% and 71%, respectively, at the total chemical oxygen demand (T-COD)/T-N ratio of 10. In addition, the VSMBR showed high specific removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus while the biomass growth yield from the reactor was about 20% of the conventional activated sludge process.