上海市闵行区初级农产品中金黄色葡萄球菌污染状况及毒力基因分布特征研究

了解上海市闵行区初级农产品中金黄色葡萄球菌的污染状况及毒力基因的携带情况。方法 按国标方法,采用科玛嘉显色培养基,对初级农产品中的金黄色葡萄球菌进行分离、生化鉴定,收集的菌株采用实时荧光PCR方法检测血浆凝固酶基因coa,耐热核酸酶基因nuc,粘附素基因clfA和肠毒素基因sea、seb、sec、sed、see。结果 206份食品中检出金黄色葡萄球菌43株,检出率为20.87%;43株金黄色葡萄球菌均含有coa、nuc和clfA基因,而see基因全部缺失,其余4个毒力基因则表现为部分缺失。结论 本地区初级农产品中存在金黄色葡萄球菌的污染,生肉禽类食品中金黄色葡萄球菌污染比较严重,应加强监督管理;金黄色葡萄球菌菌株均包含有coa毒力基因,可以作为一项检测其致病力的指标。     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素与多位点序列分型分子分型研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起临床疾病、社区感染和食物中毒的常见革兰氏阳性菌;肠毒素是参与金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒、猩红热、全身感染等疾病的重要毒力因子;目前已发现27种金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素/类肠毒素,不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌携带肠毒素/类肠毒素存在差异;多位点序列分型(MLST) 是一门新兴的基于细菌多个管家基因位点差异性分析、可长期监测细菌遗传进化趋势的分子分型技术;截至2021年初MLST已建立128种细菌的分型数据库,金黄色葡萄球菌数据库中已有6583种分型,金黄色葡萄球菌ST分型存在明显的地区流行性,各地已形成独特优势克隆。目前研究表明金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素/类肠毒素携带与MLST分型间存在一定的相关性,本文将围绕金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素/类肠毒素、MLST分型及相关性进行综述。     

利用简并引物检测金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B基因

通过设计简并引物建立一种PCR技术同步快速检测金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和B基因的方法。根据金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B基因编码序列,设计一对特异性简并引物SEAB来扩增靶基因片段,长度分别为105bp和135bp,通过对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B菌株和4株对照菌株进行PCR检测,评价该引物的特异性;对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B的DNA系列10倍稀释,对其灵敏性进行PCR检测。结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和B菌株的DNA检测结果呈阳性,4株对照菌株的检测结果呈阴性,通过基因测序证实了PCR产物的特异性,SEB的DNA最低检测浓度为3.58ng,整个检测过程不超过20h。建立了一个特异、快速灵敏的在同一条件下,金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B基因的PCR检测方法。     

噬菌体编码的金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A的 研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)是一种人畜共患的食源性致病菌,并且能够产生不同种类的毒素,其中金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(staphylococcal enterotoxin,SE)是引起食物中毒的一类主要毒素。金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A(staphylococcal enterotoxin A,SEA)在食物中毒事件中的检出率最高,毒性最强,成为目前研究的热点。编码金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A的基因sea是由噬菌体携带并在菌体之间传播的。本研究主要综述了编码SEA的噬菌体与SEA之间的关系、SEA的分类、在不同的食品基质中环境因子对SEA产生量、sea基因相对表达量的影响及SEA新型的检测方法等,并介绍了目前金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素研究的难点及研究方向的分析。     

一起食物中毒事件中产独特肠毒素表型的金黄色葡萄球菌病原学分析

目的对一起疑似为金黄色葡萄球菌所导致的食物中毒事件进行葡萄球菌肠毒素检测,结合金黄色葡萄球菌病原学分析,为明确食物中毒诊断提供依据。方法根据流行病学调查,采用ELISA方法对可疑食物进行葡萄球菌肠毒素检测,同时对可疑食物和患者呕吐物进行金黄色葡萄球菌分离,运用Vitek2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪和血浆凝固酶试验鉴定为金黄色葡萄球菌,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对病原菌进行同源性分析,以ELISA方法对检出的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株进行肠毒素检测,用PCR方法对肠毒素基因进行分型。结果食物和患者样品中分别分离出2和11株金黄色葡萄球菌,PCR方法及ELISA方法对肠毒素分型结果显示,其中12株同时存在SEA、SEB、SED、SEE 4种肠毒素及相关基因,PFGE聚类分析显示,其中12株产肠毒素金黄色葡萄球菌具有高度同源性。结论本起食物中毒事件为具有独特肠毒素表型的金黄色葡萄球菌导致,在金黄色葡萄球菌中毒实验室调查过程中,肠毒素检测结合病原菌溯源分析可以为相关公共卫生事件提供科学依据。     

2009-2018年广州市即食食品中金黄色葡萄球菌污染情况和菌型特征

目的 分析2009-2018年广州市零售即食食品中金黄色葡萄球菌污染情况,以及菌株肠毒素基因、耐药表型特征.方法 从广州市辖11个区的农贸市场、超市随机购买零售即食食品,增菌后分离金黄色葡萄球菌.对所有菌株进行多位点序列分型(MLST)、抗生素敏感性试验,并检测24种肠毒素基因.对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)进...     

PCR检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因

目的:检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因谱携带情况,探讨与食物中毒发病相关的金黄色葡萄球菌基因类型。方法:取食品中检出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行分离培养鉴定,通过PCR技术检测样本18种不同型的肠毒素基因的携带情况,并进行统计学分析。结果:食品中检出的金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因有较高的阳性检出率,主要检出sea、seb、sei、seg、sel、sem、sen等基因,其中sea基因检出率最高,达到77.27%;sei、seg、sem、sen基因具有相关性,检出率为9.09%;seb、sel基因的检出率为4.55%。结论:在食品中主要检出金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素sea、sei、seg、sem、sen、seb、sel等基因,其中,sei、seg、sem、sen基因的相关性还有待进一步深入研究。     

鄂西北地区食源性金黄色葡萄球菌污染及耐药性和毒力基因分析

目的 了解鄂西北地区食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的检出情况、耐药性以及毒力基因分布特征。方法 从湖北省襄阳市、十堰市、随州市三地共采集303份食物样品进行金黄色葡萄球菌筛查,通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法进行耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)的鉴定和毒力基因检测,并用K-B纸片扩散法进行耐药性测定。结果 303份样品中共有41份检出金黄色葡萄球菌,阳性率为13.53%,其中生肉制品检出率最高(23.91%,22/92)。在产肠毒素菌株中以携带产肠毒素基因sea的菌株最多,占87.80%(36/41)。携带表皮剥脱素基因eta和中毒性休克综合征毒素基因tst的菌株分别占97.56%(40/41)和7.32%(3/41)。同时携带3种及以上肠毒素基因的菌株占17.07%(7/41)。同时含有eta和tst的菌株占2.44%(1/41)。药敏结果显示,分离菌株对青霉素、四环素、红霉素和多西环素的耐药率分别为78.05%(32/41)、43.90%(18/41)、31.71%(13/41)和21.95%(9/41),对其他8种抗菌药物的耐药率均<20%。mecA基因检测表明,19.51%(8/41)的菌株为MRSA,且7株MRSA菌株来源于生肉制品和未加调料的素卤菜。结论 鄂西北地区食源性金黄色葡萄球菌具有较高的检出率,而且产毒株较多,并且存在多重耐药现象,相关部门需加强食品安全监测以控制该菌株的流行与扩散。     

野生型金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A基因的克隆与分析

根据A、B、C和D肠毒素基因的序列设计特异引物,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对食品中的金黄色葡萄球菌进行检测和鉴定肠毒素基因型,并进一步克隆肠毒素基因。结果表明,待检食品中的金黄色葡萄球菌的肠毒素基因为A型,序列长为774bp,编码257个氨基酸残基,同其他肠毒素A高度相似,等电点为8.85,是一种膜结合蛋白,功能结构域和三位结构预测分析发现此蛋白含有肠毒素家族结构域和肠毒素C家族结构域。     

食源性金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素及其检测方法

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种重要的食源性致病菌,在自然界中广泛分布,其引起的食物中毒是世界性的公共卫生问题。金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素是引起金黄色葡萄球菌食物中毒的主要致病因子。目前共发现22种金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素或类肠毒素(SEA-SEE、SEG-SET、SElU、SElU_2和SElV),其中具有催吐活性的被定义为肠毒素,没有催吐活性或者尚待验证的被定义为类肠毒素(SEl)。传统肠毒素SEA~SEE被报道是引起金黄色葡萄球菌食物中毒的主要肠毒素类型,但是大多数新型肠毒素或类肠毒素与食物中毒的关系还没有被真正认识。本文对近几年关于金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素与食物中毒的关系、肠毒素的表达调控以及肠毒素检测方法的研究进展进行了总结,以期更好地了解金黄色葡萄球菌新型肠毒素致病性,为今后金黄色葡萄球菌食物中毒的预防和控制提供依据。     

Staphylococcal enterotoxins

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that produces a wide array of toxins, thus causing various types of disease symptoms. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), a family of nine major serological types of heat stable enterotoxins, are a leading cause of gastroenteritis resulting from consumption of contaminated food. In addition, SEs are powerful superantigens that stimulate non-specific T-cell proliferation. SEs share close phylogenetic relationships, with similar structures and activities. Here we review the structure and function of each known enterotoxin.     

Dose-response Modelling of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins Using Outbreak Data

Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most common food-borne diseases and results from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Yet, small amount of data are available for establishing a dose response. The objective of this work was to build a dose response relation based on the systematic investigations carried out during recent years in France. Over the period 2010-2014, more than 60 SFP outbreaks involving SEs, mainly from France, were microbiologically investigated. The enterotoxins were characterized as well as quantified. Attack rates, appearance times and natures of symptoms collected during epidemiological investigations were related to microbiological data. The outbreaks collected focused on enterotoxins SEA, SEB, SEC, and SED. Distribution of appearance times of symptoms and their natures were not influenced by the type of enterotoxins. The US EPA benchmark dose (BMD) methodology was then used to establish dose response. Attack rates of SFP outbreaks were modelled as a function of ingested doses and a BMD have been estimated for SEA.     

5 种葡萄球菌肠毒素基因MPCR-DHPLC检测方法的建立

设计合成5 种葡萄球菌肠毒素基因（SEA、SEB、SEC、SED、SEE）的特异性引物,对聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）的反应体系进行优化后,建立5 种葡萄球菌肠毒素基因的多重PCR结合变性高效液相色谱（multiplex PCR-denaturing high performance liquid chromatography,MPCR-DHPLC）检测方法,并进行MPCR-DHPLC检测特异性及灵敏度的测定,5 重PCR-DHPLC检测灵敏度可达到100 CFU/mL。MPCR-DHPLC方法应用于食品中金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的检测,具有快速、准确、高通量等优点。     

Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and associated risk factors in Nham,a Thai fermented pork product

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent bacterial pathogens causing food-borne disease worldwide. Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) pre-formed in the implicated food. In this study, the incidences of S. aureus and classical SEs (SEA-SEE) contamination in ‘Nham’, a traditional Thai fermented pork product, were determined. Among 155 Nham samples tested, as high as 39.35% of the samples were positive for S. aureus (2–3500 MPN/g), but none were positive for the SEs. The risk factors for S. aureus contamination were highly correlated with the manufacturer and the pH of the product. A predictive model determined the probability of the presence of S. aureus to be ≤0.24 at the pH ≤ 4.6. During the fermentation process, the number of S. aureus slightly increased in the first day and decreased afterward. S. aureus counts continued to decrease when Nham was stored refrigerated. The negative result for enterotoxins and low counts of S. aureus in Nham surveyed in this study, and reduction of the pathogen counts during fermentation and storage suggested that there is very low risk of staphylococcal food poisoning from consuming properly fermented Nham.     

食源性金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因及其表达检测

金黄色葡萄球菌作为一种常见人类病原菌,可通过各种途径污染食品,引发食物中毒。其中,金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(SE)的分泌会大大增加其侵袭性和致病力。通过对比肠毒素基因的携带及其表达情况,有助于进一步分析肠毒素表达的环境条件,为产肠毒素金黄色葡萄球菌的防范和控制提供理论和数据支持。本研究采用PCR和3M^TMTecra^TM微孔板法分别检测33株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌中5种传统肠毒素SEA^SEE基因的携带及表达情况,结果显示,该批金黄色葡萄球菌中SE基因的检出率为100%,携带率最高和最低的分别为seb(48.48%,16/33)和see(9.09%,3/33)。而其中SE蛋白得到表达的菌株仅为63.64%(21/33),这表明不是有SE基因携带就一定可以有相应毒素蛋白的表达,可能还需相应的系统调控和适宜的环境因素。     

Coagulase-positive Staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus in food products marketed in Italy

Staphylococcus aureus is a very common organism capable of producing several enterotoxins (SEs) that cause intoxication symptoms of varying intensity in humans when ingested through contaminated food. This paper reports the results of an investigation on the presence of Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci (CPS) and S. aureus in several food products marketed in Italy and on food contact surface swabs sampled from the food industry. A total of 11,384 samples were examined and 1971 of them (17.3%) were found to contain CPS. The assays performed on 541 CPS strains led to the identification of 537 S. aureus strains on which characterization of type A, B, C and D staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC and SED) was performed. A total of 298 S. aureus strains (55.5%) produced one or more SEs: 33.9% of the strains produced SEC, 26.5% SEA, 20.5% SEA+SED, 13.4% SED, 2.7% SEB, 1.7% SEA+SEB, 0.7% SEC+SED and 0.3% produced SEA+SEC and SEB+SEC. The investigation highlighted that these organisms are very common and constitute a potential risk for consumers' health.     

Carbon nanotubes based optical immunodetection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) in food

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are a major cause of food-borne diseases, traditionally SEs assayed immunologically with ELISA. Carbon nanotubes' (CNT) unique mechanical and electronic properties combined with a large specific surface area make them attractive for biosensing. To investigate whether CNT could improve the sensitivity of ELISA assays, we developed an optical CNT immunosensor for the detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) in food. Anti-SEB antibodies were immobilized onto a CNT surface through electrostatic adsorption and then the antibody-nanotube mixture was bound onto a polycarbonate film. SEB was then detected by a "sandwich-type" ELISA assay on the polycarbonate film. The use of CNT increased the sensitivity of the immunosensor by at least 6-fold, lowering the detection limit of SEB. The CNT immunosensor was also able to detect SEB various foods, suggesting the utility of CNT for this and other optical-based immunological detection methods.     

Enterotoxin genes,enterotoxin production,and methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and dairy products in Central Italy

A total of 227 Staphylococcus aureus colonies, isolated from 54 samples of raw milk and dairy products of bovine, ovine, caprine and bubaline origin were tested for the presence of genes coding for staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs/SEls) and for methicillin resistance. Ninety-three colonies, from 31 of the 54 samples (57.4%) and from 18 (69.2%) of the 26 farms of origin tested positive for SEs/SEls genes. Most isolates harboured more than one toxin gene and 15 different toxinotypes were recorded. The most frequent were “sec” gene alone (28.6%), “sea, sed, ser, selj” (20%), “seg, sei” and “seh” (8.6%). The 77 colonies harbouring “classical enterotoxins” genes (sea-sed) were further tested for enterotoxin production, which was assessed for 59.2% of the colonies. Three methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were detected in three different ovine milk/dairy product samples (1.3%). All isolates belonged to spa type t127, sequence type 1, clonal complex 1, SCCmec type IVa.