Thermal stability of some flavonoids and phenolic acids in sheep tallow olein

In this study, the thermal stability of some phenolic antioxidants including flavonoids (quercetin and catechin) and phenolic acids (gallic acid, tannic acid, ellagic acid and caffeic acid) in tallow olein was investigated. Tallow olein fractionated from sheep tallow fat was used as a medium to study the antioxidant activity at 120, 140, 160 and 180°C. In order to extract tallow olein, a three‐stage fractionation method was performed on sheep tallow fat at the constant temperatures of 25, 15 and 5°C using acetone as a solvent. The results suggested that quercetin and ellagic acid had the highest thermal stability amongst others, while gallic acid and caffeic acid exhibited the least thermal stability. Practical applications: The sheep tallow fat has been primarily used in soap manufacturing and its application as an edible fat has been limited due to its high content of saturated fatty acids. Extraction of the liquid phase of tallow fat (tallow olein) by fractionation reduces its long‐chain saturated fatty acid content to an acceptable level for edible consumption. The fractionation process, as negatively affects the stability to autoxidation, should be followed by stabilisation with antioxidants. The recent interest in natural antioxidants encouraged the authors to investigate the thermal stability of phenolic antioxidants in tallow olein. It is necessary to determine the thermal stability of antioxidants to predict their appropriateness to be used in high‐temperature applications such as deep frying. Fractionation and stabilisation with appropriate antioxidants are the important steps to utilise tallow olein as an edible oil for different applications in salad formulations, cooking and frying.     

Comparison of the effects of anionic and cationic surfactant concentration on mean drop size in a mixer-settler extractor

In this study, the effect of Aniline and SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) surfactant on mean drop size, D₃₂, was investigated in a horizontal mixer-settler. For this purpose, three series of experiments were conducted in a single stage mixer-settler on the liquid–liquid dispersion of a toluene–water system. At first, the effects of impeller speed and hold-up on the mean drop size were examined without any surfactant. Afterwards the same investigation was performed in the presence of SDS (Seri 1) and then in the presence of Aniline (Seri 2). The results revealed that D₃₂ in Aniline system is larger than D₃₂ in SDS system. In addition, the results show that D₃₂ in the presence of Aniline depends on the impeller speed with a power low function, having an exponent of −1.11 which has a good agreement with Hinze–Kolmogorov's theory.     

Effects of extraction and fractionation pressures on supercritical extraction of cholesterol from beef tallow

Edible beef tallow was extracted by supercritical CO₂ in a dynamic mode at pressures from 138 to 345 bars and temperatures of 40 and 50°C. The lipid fractions were collected at 34.5 bar/40°C. A retrograde behavior of lipid solubility was observed around 170–175 bar. The ranges of the cholesterol concentration [chol.], were 300–450 mg/100 g and 50–200 mg/100 g lipid for the fractions extracted at 138 bar and 345 bar, respectively. Beef tallow was also extracted with sequentially varied pressures of 138, 345 and 138 bars at 40°C and collected at 34.5 bar/40°C. The results showed that after 20 kg CO₂ was used for extracting 100 g of loaded beef tallow the weight of the residual beef tallow remaining in the extractor was 23 g with [chol.] of 49 mg/100 g lipid. The lower [chol.] of the residual beef tallow represents a 60–70% reduction in cholesterol content, when compared with untreated beef tallow where [chol.] ranges from 130 to 160 mg/100 g lipid. To isolate lipid fractions containing higher [chol.], beef tallow was extracted at 345 bar/40°C and then fractionated into three separators connected in series with decreasing pressures of 173 bar, 117 bar, and 34.5 bar at 40°C, respectively. The results showed that the fractions collected from the third separator (34.5 bar) contained concentrated [chol.] ranging from 272 to 433 mg/100 g lipid. The fatty acid analysis revealed that the fractions containing high [chol.] generally consisted of high concentrations of myristic and palmitoleic acids but low concentrations of stearic and oleic acids.     

中国表面活性剂/洗涤剂领域技术进展

自上世纪60年代以来,经过四十余年的建设,我国表面活性剂洗涤用品工业由最初的肥皂发展成为集科研开发、人才培养、生产及应用技术相结合的完整行业体系,其应用领域已从家用洗涤用品、个人清洁保护用品,工业与公共设施清洗用品拓展到国民经济的其他领域.特别是改革开放以来,随着我国整体工业技术水平的快速提高,表面活性剂/洗涤剂工业取得了长足的进步,已基本满足国内需求.2002年表面活性剂/洗涤剂行业总产值315亿5千万元,年增长率达7.84%,为国民经济的快速增长做出了贡献.     

表面活性剂和洗涤剂标准化工作历程

回顾了我国表面活性剂和洗涤剂标准化的发展历程及洗衣粉标准的变迁。对国内标准的编制、制订和修订工作进行了概括。强调要把采用国际标准和国外先进标准作为我国一项重大的技术经济政策,促进技术进步,提高产品质量,加快我国表面活性剂和洗涤剂标准化的进程。     

液体洗涤剂中表面活性剂的选择及发展趋势

国内洗涤剂产品的结构变化,为液体洗涤剂带来了极大的发展空间;为顺应世界发展趋势,又面临着巨大的挑战。从液体洗涤剂的分类、国内外产品现状、表面活性剂的选择及发展方向等方面进行了阐述。     

中国民用液体洗涤剂与表面活性剂之发展

液体洗涤剂具有易溶解、使用方便、生产能耗低、设备投资少、成本低、节省能源等特点,于20世纪60年代出现在欧美,70年代得到了发展,80～90年代则更为普及,在美国其销量占总洗涤剂销量的50%以上,中国近年来液体洗涤剂也有一定的发展,约占33%左右.洗涤剂朝着节能、节水、功能化、绿色化与清洁生产,质量保证,开发符合环境保护和对人体安全,以及利用生物质表面活性剂实现循环经济的发展方向.     

Principles of palm olein fractionation: a bit of science behind the technology

Dry fractionation is a well‐established and versatile fat modification technology that can produce a broad spectrum of edible oils and fats. Due to its specific chemical composition, especially palm oil can be processed by this technology into fractions that serve as salad oils, frying oils, margarine fats. Whereas the first step of this multi‐stage production process is well understood, the edible oil industry all over the world is much more often confronted with problems in the second stage of the process, when the liquid palm olein is further fractionated. The process of palm olein crystallization is indeed a lot more difficult to control. This article therefore elaborately explains the main, fundamental causes for this sensitivity of palm olein during the fractional crystallization. It further discusses which and how components present in refined palm olein can be responsible for process instability and how they affect the quality of the end products on an industrial scale. The article also highlights which novelties and innovation in dry fractionation technology are currently under investigation.     

中东地区洗涤剂和表面活性剂市场

介绍了中东地区的人口与经济概况以及家用清洁剂的市场与消费状况,分析了这一地区的消费习惯和洗涤剂生产技术的特点,结果表明,中东地区各国洗涤剂市场状况虽然有一定差异,但随着经济的发展仍存在巨大的市场潜力。     

Properties of detergent phosphates and their effects on detergent processing

Phosphates are usually key ingredients in detergent formulations ranging from liquids to free-flowing powdery material to hard cakes. Their functional properties, which contribute to the over-all detergency by controlling the alkalinity, lowering the critical micelle concentration, sequestering metal ions, and decreasing soil redeposition, are generally considered to be the reason for their wide use. Another important but less recognized reason is their versatile role in improving the handling properties and lowering the cost of the finished products. The sophistication of the phosphate manufacturing processes makes it possible to turn out a large number of phosphates with different properties and physical forms. Trisodium orthophosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, and sodium phosphate glass are for the specialties. Sodium tripolyphosphate, the work-horse of the detergent phosphates, has many grades. Some are designed to give the desired hydration properties for different detergent-processing conditions. Size and density are varied for granular grades to reduce segregation and degradation in dry-blended detergents. Sodium trimetaphosphate, which converts rapidly into tripolyphosphate, offers a new detergent-processing technology. Effervescent phosphate is an intriguing new detergent phosphate with many possible new applications. The properties of these phosphates and their effect on the detergent products and processes are discussed in detail.     

Submicron particle size and polymerization excess surfactant analysis by capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF)

The particle size distribution of a blend of two polymer latex monodisperse standards, 86 and 238 nm, has been measured by capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF). The particle size distributions obtained agreed well with the expected particle diameters. The relative amounts of the two standards in the blends were accurately measured at different blend ratios. The particle size distribution of a parenteral lipid sample was successfully measured. A soluble species was fractionated from latex standards smaller than 100nm. This soluble species appears to be excess surfactant used in the preparation of small size monodisperse latexes. The amount of excess surfactant increases as the particle diameter of the standard decreases.     

中国表面活性剂和洗涤用品标准化回顾及展望

回顾了全国表面活性剂和洗涤用品标准化技术委员会2005年在组织建设和制度建设、标准化和标委会秘书处的工作,并完成了2006年标委会的机构建设、领导和监督职能、标准制修订立项的征集工作、有效的管理模式、网站建设、标准宣传和培训计划。     

表面活性剂和洗涤用品标准化体系的建设构想

通过介绍表面活性剂和洗涤用品领域的国内国际标准化工作情况和发展趋势，就新形势下如何建立和完善本专业技术委员会和秘书处提出了具体的实施步骤，对本领域的标准化体系建设、规范和完善标准的制定工作以及适应国家标准化的中长期发展规划，作出了一些新的建议。     

丝毛洗涤剂中表面活性剂的初步剖析

使用传统的分析方法简单分析市场上销售的丝毛洗涤剂初步确定表面活性剂的组成、种类.     

The effects of the changing textile technology on detergent formulations

The rapidly changing character of the laundry load has created new cleaning criteria for the modern detergent composition. The effect of some likely changes in detergent formulations on the performance of a representative set of modern fabrics has been investigated. The results indicate that certain benefits in the cleaning of permanent press fabric can be achieved through some rather simple formulation changes. These changes include: the use of olefin sulfonate surfactant; and the use of mixed STPP-SNTA builders. Nonionics and nonionic-LAS mixtures were found to have rather flat response curves on the fabrics in this study. The maintenance of adequate use concentration when laundering with common detergents was also found to be quite beneficial in cleaning the modern textiles. The most apparent progress in achieving better appearance of laundered fabrics has been made by the development of the soil release finish for permanent press. Presented at the AOCS-AACC Joint Meeting, Washington, D.C., April, 1968.     

Improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by surfactants and detergent fractionation

The use of surfactants and detergent fractionation to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (BWCO) was investigated. The effect of five types of surfactants, including sugar esters (S270 and S1570), silicone oil (TSA 750S), polyglycerol ester (LOP-120DP) and diesel conditioner (DDA) on the reduction of the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of the BWCO, was evaluated, with the greatest reduction to the CFPP of the BWCO (from −10 °C to −16 °C) being was achieved by the addition of 0.02 wt% of polyglycerol ester (LOP-120P). Detergent fractionation of the BWCO was performed by first mixing partially crystallized biodiesel with a chilled detergent (sodium dodecylsulfate) solution accompanied by an electrolyte (magnesium sulfate), and then separating the mixture by centrifugation to obtain the BWCO liquid. An orthogonal experimental design was utilized to investigate the effects of the various parameters on detergent fractionation. The optimal parameters, as obtained by range analysis, were as follows: detergent loading 0.3 wt%, electrolyte loading 1.0 wt%, and water loading 150 wt%. The CFFP of the liquid biodiesel from waste cooking oil (LBWCO) was −17 °C with a yield of 73.1% when the detergent fractionation was performed under these conditions. A limited number of biodiesel physical and chemical properties were analyzed before and after the addition of surfactants and detergent fractionation.     

在中国洗涤用品工业协会行业年会上的报告

阐明了目前中国洗涤用品工业的发展状况和生产运营形势。介绍了2001年洗涤用品主要产品完成情况,分析了影响我国洗涤用品主要产品产量的因素,提出了2002年行业的主要工作及主要产品产量计划。     

液化气中乙烷浓度变化对气体分馏装置丙烯收率的影响

针对液化气进料中乙烷浓度的变化对丙烯收率的影响,运用正交实验设计安排实验,采用PR0/Ⅱ流程模拟计算软件对气体分馏系统进行模拟计算,考查了丙烯收率的变化、影响因素的主次关系及显著性,得出结论为,使丙烯收率达到93%以上就必须限制液化气中的乙烷浓度在1%以下.     

2002年国际洗涤用品/表面活性剂工业回顾

不久前,在瑞士的Montreax召开了第五届世界洗涤剂大会.大会的CEO(首席执行官),同时也是P&G公司主席的Lafley先生在主题发言中说,在1998年召开第四届世界大会时,全球洗涤剂和家用护理品的总销售额估计在550-600亿美元.