Oxygen‐Deficient Homo‐Interface toward Exciting Boost of Pseudocapacitance

Pseudocapacitors hold great promise as charge storage systems that combine battery‐level energy density and capacitor‐level power density. The utilization of pseudocapacitive material, however, is usually restricted to the surface due to poor electrode kinetics, leading to less accessible charge storage sites and limited capacitance. Here, tin oxide is successfully endowed with outstanding pseudocapacitance and fast electrode kinetics in a negative potential window by engineering oxygen‐deficient homo‐interfaces. The as‐prepared SnO_2?x@SnO_2?x electrode yields a specific capacitance of 376.6 F g^?1 at the current density of 2.5 A g^?1 and retains 327 F g^?1 at a high current density of 80 A g^?1. The theoretical calculation reveals that the oxygen defects are more favorable at homo‐interfaces than at the surface due to the lower defect formation energy. Meanwhile, as compared with the surface, the homo‐interface possesses more stable Li⁺ storage sites that are readily accessed by Li⁺ due to the occurrence of oxygen vacancies, enabling outstanding pseudocapacitance as well as high rate capability. This oxygen‐deficient homo‐interface design opens up new opportunities to develop high‐energy and power pseudocapacitors.     

2D Nanospace Confined Synthesis of Pseudocapacitance‐Dominated MoS2‐in‐Ti3C2 Superstructure for Ultrafast and Stable Li/Na‐Ion Batteries

Exploring a universal strategy to implement the precise control of 2D nanomaterials in size and layer number is a big challenge for achieving ultrafast and stable Li/Na‐ion batteries. Herein, the confined synthesis of 1–3 layered MoS₂ nanocrystals into 2D Ti₃C₂ interlayer nanospace with the help of electrostatic attraction and subsequent cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) directed growth is reported. The MoS₂ nanocrystals are tightly anchored into the interlayer by 2D confinement effect and strong Mo? C covalent bond. Impressively, the disappearance of Li⁺ intercalated into MoS₂ reduction peak is successfully observed for the first time in the experiment, showing in a typical surface‐controlled charge storage behavior. The pseudocapacitance‐dominated contribution guarantees a much faster and more stable Li/Na storage performance. As predicted, this electrode exhibits a very high Li⁺ storage capacity of 340 mAh g^?1 even at 20 A g^?1 and a long cycle life (>1000 times). It also shows an excellent Na⁺ storage capacity of 310 mAh g^?1 at 1 A g^?1 with a 1600 times high‐rate cycling. Such impressive confined synthesis strategy can be extended to the precise control of other 2D nanomaterials.     

Stabilizing High-Nickel Cathodes with High-Voltage Electrolytes

Electrolytes connect the two electrodes in a lithium battery by providing Li⁺ transport channels between them. Advanced electrolytes are being explored with high-nickel cathodes and the lithium-metal anode to meet the high energy density and cycle life goals, but the origin of the performance differences with different electrolytes is not fully understood. Here, the mechanisms involved in protecting the high-capacity, cobalt-free cathode LiNiO₂ with a model high-voltage electrolyte (HVE) are delineated. The kinetic barrier posed by a thick surface degradation layer with poor Li⁺-ion transport is found to be the major contributor to the fast capacity fade of LiNiO₂ with the conventional carbonate electrolyte. In contrast, HVE reduces the side reactions between the electrolyte and the electrodes, leading to a thinner nano-interphase layer comprised of more beneficial species. Crucially, the HVE leads to a different surface reorganization pathway involving the formation of a thinner nanoscale LiNi₂O₄ spinel phase on the LiNiO₂ surface. With a high 3D Li⁺-ion and electronic conductivity, the spinel LiNi₂O₄ reorganization nanolayer preserves fast Li⁺ transport across the cathode–electrolyte interface, reduces reaction heterogeneity in the electrode and alleviates intergranular cracking within secondary particles, resulting in superior long-term cycle life.     

Tuning Anionic Redox Activity and Reversibility for a High‐Capacity Li‐Rich Mn‐Based Oxide Cathode via an Integrated Strategy

When fabricating Li‐rich layered oxide cathode materials, anionic redox chemistry plays a critical role in achieving a large specific capacity. Unfortunately, the release of lattice oxygen at the surface impedes the reversibility of the anionic redox reaction, which induces a large irreversible capacity loss, inferior thermal stability, and voltage decay. Therefore, methods for improving the anionic redox constitute a major challenge for the application of high‐energy‐density Li‐rich Mn‐based cathode materials. Herein, to enhance the oxygen redox activity and reversibility in Co‐free Li‐rich Mn‐based Li_1.2Mn_0.6Ni_0.2O₂ cathode materials by using an integrated strategy of Li₂SnO₃ coating‐induced Sn doping and spinel phase formation during synchronous lithiation is proposed. As an Li⁺ conductor, a Li₂SnO₃ nanocoating layer protects the lattice oxygen from exposure at the surface, thereby avoiding irreversible oxidation. The synergy of the formed spinel phase and Sn dopant not only improves the anionic redox activity, reversibility, and Li⁺ migration rate but also decreases Li/Ni mixing. The 1% Li₂SnO₃‐coated Li_1.2Mn_0.6Ni_0.2O₂ delivers a capacity of more than 300 mAh g^?1 with 92% Coulombic efficiency. Moreover, improved thermal stability and voltage retention are also observed. This synergic strategy may provide insights for understanding and designing new high‐performance materials with enhanced reversible anionic redox and stabilized surface lattice oxygen.     

High‐Performance Micro‐Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fabricated on Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates

Micro‐solid oxide fuel cells (μ‐SOFCs) are fabricated on nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with a cell structure composed of a 600‐nm‐thick AAO free‐standing membrane embedded on a Si substrate, sputter‐deposited Pt electrodes (cathode and anode) and an yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Initially, the open circuit voltages (OCVs) of the AAO‐supported μ‐SOFCs are in the range of 0.05 V to 0.78 V, which is much lower than the ideal value, depending on the average pore size of the AAO template and the thickness of the YSZ electrolyte. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals the formation of pinholes in the electrolyte layer that originate from the porous nature of the underlying AAO membrane. In order to clog these pinholes, a 20‐nm thick Al₂O₃ layer is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on top of the 300‐nm thick YSZ layer and another 600‐nm thick YSZ layer is deposited after removing the top intermittent Al₂O₃ layer. Fuel cell devices fabricated in this way manifest OCVs of 1.02 V, and a maximum power density of 350 mW cm^?2 at 500 °C.     

Nanostructured Li2MnSiO4/C Cathodes with Hierarchical Macro‐/Mesoporosity for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Li₂MnSiO₄/C nanocomposite with hierarchical macroporosity is prepared with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) colloidal crystals as a sacrificial hard‐template and water‐soluble phenol‐formaldehyde (PF) resin as the carbon source. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirm that the periodic macropores are ≈400 nm in diameter with 20–40 nm walls comprising Li₂MnSiO₄/C nanocrystals that produce additional large mesopores (< 30 nm) between the nanocrystals. The nanostructured Li₂MnSiO₄/C cathode exhibits a high reversible discharge capacity of 200 mAh g^?1 at C/10 (16 mA g^?1) rate at 1.5–4.8 V at 45 °C. Although the discharge capacity can be further increased on operating at 55 °C, the sample exhibits a relatively fast capacity fade at 55 °C, which can be partially solved by simply narrowing the voltage window to avoid side reactions of the electrolyte. The good performance of the Li₂MnSiO₄/C cathodes is attributed to the unique macro‐/mesostructure of the silicate coupled with uniform carbon coating.     

Highly‐Cyclable Room‐Temperature Phosphorene Polymer Electrolyte Composites for Li Metal Batteries

Despite significant interest toward solid‐state electrolytes owing to their superior safety in comparison to liquid‐based electrolytes, sluggish ion diffusion and high interfacial resistance limit their application in durable and high‐power density batteries. Here, a novel quasi‐solid Li⁺ ion conductive nanocomposite polymer electrolyte containing black phosphorous (BP) nanosheets is reported. The developed electrolyte is successfully cycled against Li metal (over 550 h cycling) at 1 mA cm^?2 at room temperature. The cycling overpotential is dropped by 75% in comparison to BP‐free polymer composite electrolyte indicating lower interfacial resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the coordination number of Li⁺ ions around (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI^?) pairs and ethylene‐oxide chains decreases at the Li metal/electrolyte interface, which facilitates the Li⁺ transport through the polymer host. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the adsorption of the LiTFSI molecules at the BP surface leads to the weakening of N and Li atomic bonding and enhances the dissociation of Li⁺ ions. This work offers a new potential mechanism to tune the bulk and interfacial ionic conductivity of solid‐state electrolytes that may lead to a new generation of lithium polymer batteries with high ionic conduction kinetics and stable long‐life cycling.     

Enhanced Interfacial Stability of Hybrid‐Electrolyte Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries with a Layer of Multifunctional Polymer with Intrinsic Nanoporosity

The use of lithium‐ion conductive solid electrolytes offers a promising approach to address the polysulfide shuttle and the lithium‐dendrite problems in lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. One critical issue with the development of solid‐electrolyte Li‐S batteries is the electrode–electrolyte interfaces. Herein, a strategic approach is presented by employing a thin layer of a polymer with intrinsic nanoporosity (PIN) on a Li⁺‐ion conductive solid electrolyte, which significantly enhances the ionic interfaces between the electrodes and the solid electrolyte. Among the various types of Li⁺‐ion solid electrolytes, NASICON‐type Li_1+xAl_xTi_2‐x(PO₄)₃ (LATP) offers advantages in terms of Li⁺‐ion conductivity, stability in ambient environment, and practical viability. However, LATP is susceptible to reaction with both the Li‐metal anode and polysulfides in Li‐S batteries due to the presence of easily reducible Ti⁴⁺ ions in it. The coating with a thin layer of PIN presented in this study overcomes the above issues. At the negative‐electrode side, the PIN layer prevents the direct contact of Li‐metal with the LATP solid electrolyte, circumventing the reduction of LATP by Li metal. At the positive electrode side, the PIN layer prevents the migration of polysulfides to the surface of LATP, preventing the reduction of LATP by polysulfides.     

A New Approach to Tuning Carbon Ultramicropore Size at Sub‐Angstrom Level for Maximizing Specific Capacitance and CO2 Uptake

Ultramicroporous carbon materials with uniform pore size accurately adjusted to the dimension of electrolyte ions or CO₂ molecule are highly desirable for maximizing specific capacitance and CO₂ uptake. However, efficient ways to fine‐tuning ultramicropore size at angstrom level are scarce. A completely new approach to precisely tuning carbon ultramicropore size at sub‐angstrom level is proposed herein. Due to the varying activating strength and size of the alkali ions, the ultramicropore size can be finely tuned in the range of 0.60–0.76 nm as the activation ion varies from Li⁺ to Cs⁺. The carbons prepared by direct pyrolysis of alkali salts of carboxylic phenolic resins yield ultrahigh capacitances of up to 223 F g^‐1 (205 F cm^‐3) in ionic liquid electrolyte, and superior CO₂ uptake of 5.20 mmol g^‐1 at 1.0 bar and 25 °C. Such outstanding performance of the finely tuned carbons lies in its adjustable pore size perfectly adapted to the electrolyte ions and CO₂ molecule. This work paves the way for a new route to finely tuning ultramicropore size at the sub‐angstrom level in carbon materials.     

High Pseudocapacitance from Ultrathin V2O5 Films Electrodeposited on Self‐Standing Carbon‐Nanofiber Paper

An ultrathin V₂O₅ layer was electrodeposited by cyclic voltammetry on a self‐standing carbon‐nanofiber paper, which was obtained by stabilization and heat‐treatment of an electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN)‐based nanofiber paper. A very‐high capacitance of 1308 F g^?1 was obtained in a 2 M KCl electrolyte when the contribution from the 3 nm thick vanadium oxide was considered alone, contributing to over 90% of the total capacitance (214 F g^?1) despite the low weight percentage of the V₂O₅ (15 wt%). The high capacitance of the V₂O₅ is attributed to the large external surface area of the carbon nanofibers and the maximum number of active sites for the redox reaction of the ultrathin V₂O₅ layer. This ultrathin layer is almost completely accessible to the electrolyte and thus results in maximum utilization of the oxide (i.e., minimization of dead volume). This hypothesis was experimentally evaluated by testing V₂O₅ layers of different thicknesses.     

Super Kinetically Pseudocapacitive MnCo2S4 Nanourchins toward High‐Rate and Highly Stable Sodium‐Ion Storage

Improving surface morphology profiles, i.e., surface area and porosity, by nanostructure/surface engineering is effective in accommodating sodium's ionic and kinetic inadequacies. However, this strategy is limited to only activating the extrinsic pseudocapacitance in terms of improving surface‐based reactions. Herein, it is aimed to improve the sodiation performance by enhancement from both intrinsic and extrinsic pseudocapacitance to maximize sodiation potential of materials. A rarely reported but highly functional spinel MnCo₂S₄ (MCS), is introduced and systematically analyzed using first‐principles investigations, which exhibits energetically favorable charge‐transfer states and strong Na‐ions adsorption kinetics as well as diffusion channels (?3.65 and 0.40 eV respectively). The overall electrochemical redox profiles of the MCS nanostructure is revealed by in situ techniques, which disclose the commencing of partial and then a full conversion‐type sodiation at low discharge potentials (0.52 V vs Na/Na⁺) with fast Na‐ions diffusivity. Assisted by surface engineering technology on the intrinsically pseudocapacitive MCS, the urchin‐like morphology is instrumental in boosting and realizing sodium storage performance, especially the surface capacitive behavior (from 73.4% to 94.1%), prolonged cycling stability (>800 cycles), and high‐rate capability (416 mAh g^?1 at 10 A g^?1), as well as exhibiting remarkable full cell capability (high rate at 2 A g^?1, >200 cycles at 200 mA g^?1).     

Phase‐Separation‐Induced Micropatterned Polymer Surfaces and Their Applications

We report a route to fabricate micropatterned polymer films with micro‐ or nanometer‐scale surface concavities by spreading polymer solutions on a non‐solvent surface. The route is simple, versatile, highly efficient, low‐cost, and easily accessible. The concavity density of the patterned films is tuned from 10⁶ to 10⁹ features cm^–2, and the concavity size is controlled in the range from several micrometers to less than 100 nm, by changing the film‐forming parameters including the polymer concentration, the temperature of the non‐solvent and the interactions between polymer, solvent, and non‐solvent. We further demonstrate that these concavity‐patterned films have significantly enhanced hydrophobicity, owing to the existence of the surface concavities, and their hydrophobicity could be controlled by the concavity density. These films have been used as templates to successfully fabricate convex‐patterned polymer films, inorganic TiO₂ microparticles, and NaCl nanocrystals. Their other potential applications are also discussed.     

Hierarchical Carbon–Nitrogen Architectures with Both Mesopores and Macrochannels as Excellent Cathodes for Rechargeable Li–O2 Batteries

Lithium–oxygen batteries are attracting more and more interest; however, their poor rechargeability and low efficiency remain critical barriers to practical applications. Herein, hierarchical carbon–nitrogen architectures with both macrochannels and mesopores are prepared through an economical and environmentally benign sol–gel route, which show high electrocatalytic activity and stable cyclability over 160 cycles as cathodes for Li–O₂ batteries. Such good performance owes to the coexistence of macrochannels and mesopores in C–N hierarchical architectures, which greatly facilitate the Li⁺ diffusion and electrolyte immersion, as well as provide an effective space for O₂ diffusion and O₂/Li₂O₂ conversion. Additionally, the mechanism of oxygen reduction reactions is discussed with the N‐rich carbon materials through first‐principles computations. The lithiated pyridinic N provides excellent O₂ adsorption and activation sites, and thus catalyzes the electrode processes. Therefore, hierarchical carbon–nitrogen architectures with both macrochannels and mesopores are promising cathodes for Li–O₂ batteries.     

Ultrahigh Specific Capacitances for Supercapacitors Achieved by Nickel Cobaltite/Carbon Aerogel Composites

Nickel cobaltite, a low cost and an environmentally friendly supercapacitive material, is deposited as a thin nanostructure of 3–5 nm nanocrystals into carbon aerogels, a mesoporous host template of high specific surface areas and high electric conductivities, with a two‐step wet chemistry process. This nickel cobaltite/carbon aerogel composite shows ultrahigh specific capacitances of around 1700 F g^?1 at a scan rate of 25 mV s^?1 within a potential window of ?0.05 to 0.5 V in 1 M NaOH solutions. The composite also possesses an excellent high rate capability manifested by maintaining specific capacitances above 800 F g^?1 at a high scan rate of 500 mV s^?1, and an outstanding cycling stability demonstrated by a negligible 2.4% decay in specific capacitances after 2000 cycles. The success is attributable to the fuller utilization of nickel cobaltite for pseudocapacitance generation, made possible by the composite structure enabling well exposed nickel cobaltite to the electrolyte and easy transport of charge carriers, ions, and electrons, within the composite electrode.     

Confined Sulfur in Microporous Carbon Renders Superior Cycling Stability in Li/S Batteries

The use of sulfur in the next generation Li‐ion batteries is currently precluded by its poor cycling stability caused by irreversible Li₂S formation and the dissolution of soluble polysulfides in organic electrolytes that leads to parasitic cell reactions. Here, a new C/S cathode material comprising short‐chain sulfur species (predominately S₂) confined in carbonaceous subnanometer and the unique charge mechanism for the subnano‐entrapped S₂ cathodes are reported. The first charge–discharge cycle of the C/S cathode in the carbonate electrolyte forms a new type of thiocarbonate‐like solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The SEI coated C/S cathode stably delivers ≈600 mAh g^?1 capacity over 4020 cycles (0.0014% loss cycle^?1) at ≈100% Coulombic efficiency. Extensive X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the discharged cathodes shows a new type of S₂ species and a new carbide‐like species simultaneously, and both peaks disappear upon charging. These data suggest a new sulfur redox mechanism involving a separated Li⁺/S^2? ion couple that precludes Li₂S compound formation and prevents the dissolution of soluble sulfur anions. This new charge/discharge process leads to remarkable cycling stability and reversibility.     

Evaluating the Critical Thickness of TiO2 Layer on Insulating Mesoporous Templates for Efficient Current Collection in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

In this paper, a way of utilizing thin and conformal overlayer of titanium dioxide on an insulating mesoporous template as a photoanode for dye‐sensitized solar cells is presented. Different thicknesses of TiO₂ ranging from 1 to 15 nm are deposited on the surface of the template by atomic layer deposition. This systematic study helps unraveling the minimum critical thickness of the TiO₂ overlayer required to transport the photogenerated electrons efficiently. A merely 6‐nm‐thick TiO₂ film on a 3‐μm mesoporous insulating substrate is shown to transport 8 mA/cm² of photocurrent density along with ≈900 mV of open‐circuit potential when using our standard donor‐π‐acceptor sensitizer and Co(bipyridine) redox mediator.     

Synthesis and Optical Properties of KYF4/Yb,Er Nanocrystals,and their Surface Modification with Undoped KYF4

KYF₄/Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ nanocrystals with a mean diameter of approximately 13 nm were synthesized at 200 °C in the high boiling organic solvent N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine (HEEDA). The particles crystallize in the cubic phase known from α‐NaYF₄ and form transparent colloidal solutions in tetraethylene glycol (TEG) or propanol. Solutions containing 1 wt % of the nanocrystals in TEG display visible upconversion emission upon continuous wave (CW) excitation at 978 nm. Growing undoped KYF₄ on the surface of the KYF₄/Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ nanocrystals increases the upconversion efficiency by more than a factor of 20. The XRD data of these particles, display a slight increase in the mean particle size from 13 to 15.5 nm, indicating that only a part of the subsequently added KYF₄ shell material is deposited onto the particle surface. Nevertheless the performed surface modification obviously leads to core/shell structured particles.     

Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Confined in Mesocellular Carbon Foam for High Performance Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals confined in mesocellular carbon foam (MSU‐F‐C) are synthesized by a “ host–guest ” approach and tested as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Briefly, an iron oxide precursor, Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O, is impregnated in MSU‐F‐C having uniform cellular pores ～30 nm in dia­meter, followed by heat‐treatment at 400 °C for 4 h under Ar. Magnetite Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals with sizes between 13–27 nm are then successfully fabricated inside the pores of the MSU‐F‐C, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen sorption isotherms. The presence of the carbon most likely allows for reduction of some of the Fe³⁺ ions to Fe²⁺ ions via a carbothermoreduction process. A Fe₃O₄/MSU‐F‐C nanocomposite with 45 wt% Fe₃O₄ exhibited a first charge capacity of 1007 mA h g^?1 (Li⁺ extraction) at 0.1 A g^?1 (～0.1 C rate) with 111% capacity retention at the 150^th cycle, and retained 37% capacity at 7 A g^?1 (～7 C rate). Because the three dimensionally interconnected open pores are larger than the average nanosized Fe₃O₄ particles, the large volume expansion of Fe₃O₄ upon Li‐insertion is easily accommodated inside the pores, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance as a LIB anode. Furthermore, when an ultrathin Al₂O₃ layer (<4 Å) was deposited on the composite anode using atomic layer deposition (ALD), the durability, rate capability and undesirable side reactions are significantly improved.     

Enhanced Cycling Stability of Rechargeable Li–O2 Batteries Using High‐Concentration Electrolytes

The stability of electrolytes against highly reactive, reduced oxygen species is crucial for the development of rechargeable Li–O₂ batteries. In this work, the effect of lithium salt concentration in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME)‐based electrolytes on the cycling stability of Li–O₂ batteries is investigated systematically. Cells with highly concentrated electrolyte demonstrate greatly enhanced cycling stability under both full discharge/charge (2.0–4.5 V vs Li/Li⁺) and the capacity‐limited (at 1000 mAh g^?1) conditions. These cells also exhibit much less reaction residue on the charged air‐electrode surface and much less corrosion of the Li‐metal anode. Density functional theory calculations are used to calculate molecular orbital energies of the electrolyte components and Gibbs activation energy barriers for the superoxide radical anion in the DME solvent and Li⁺–(DME) _n solvates. In a highly concentrated electrolyte, all DME molecules are coordinated with salt cations, and the C–H bond scission of the DME molecule becomes more difficult. Therefore, the decomposition of the highly concentrated electrolyte can be mitigated, and both air cathodes and Li‐metal anodes exhibit much better reversibility, resulting in improved cyclability of Li–O₂ batteries.     

Dynamic Ion Sieve as the Buffer Layer for Regulating Li+ Flow in Lithium Metal Batteries

How to realize uniform Li⁺ flow is the key to achieve even Li deposition for lithium metal batteries (LMBs). In this study, a concept of dynamic ion sieve is proposed to design the buffer layer nearby Li anode surface to regulate Li⁺ spatial arrangement by introducing tributylmethylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TMPB) into the carbonate electrolyte. The buffer layer induced by TMP⁺ can adjust the velocity of arriving solvated Li⁺ that gives solvated Li⁺ sufficient time to redistribute and accumulate on Li anode surface, resulting in a uniform and higher concentrated Li⁺ flow. Besides, TFSI⁻ can participate in the generation of inorganic component-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with Li₃N, which can facilitate the Li⁺ conductivity of SEI. Consequently, the stable and uniform Li deposition can be obtained, achieving the excellent cycling performance up to 1000 h at 0.5 mA cm⁻² in the Li||Li symmetric cell. Besides, the Li||NCM622 full cell also possesses excellent cycling stability with a high-capacity retention rate of 66.7% after 300 cycles.