橡胶增韧塑料的进展

本文对橡胶增韧塑料的增韧机理进行了评述。指出在低温、应变速率快、冲击强度大、有缺口存在时,橡胶增韧塑料的裂纹效应大,剪切屈服效应较小;而塑料的连续相分子量高、分子间作用力大、韧性增加都使剪切屈服效应增加。还讨论了影响橡胶增韧塑料的因素。     

聚合物增韧增强机理研究进展

总结了橡胶增韧塑料机理,讨论了橡胶粒子形态,结构等因素对增韧效果的影响。介绍了近年来出现的刚性有机填料（ＲＯＦ）增韧塑料的基本概念及冷拉机理。讨论了无机刚性粒子填充聚合物的增强、增韧与粒子的分散及界面的关系。     

聚合物增韧机理的研究进展

总结了橡胶增韧塑料机理,讨论了橡胶粒子形态,结构等因素对增韧效果的影响。介绍了近年来出现的刚性有机填料（ＲＯＦ）增韧塑料的基本概念及冷拉机理。对无机刚性料子填充聚合物的增强及增韧与粒子的分散及界面的关系进行了讨论。     

脆性塑料的强度、断裂和增韧

本文简要介绍了塑料的脆性、韧性的物理概念、Griffith强度理论及其在脆性塑料上的应用以及聚合物分子结构、分子量和聚集态结构对塑料抗破裂性的影响。阐述了银纹和剪切带在和橡胶粒子接枝共聚塑料中的增韧机理、制备透明增韧塑料的方法以及相互穿透聚合物网链的增韧作用。     

书讯

塑料增韧孙载坚编译化学工业出版社出版本书系统地介绍了用橡胶改善塑料韧性的基本原理,叙述了增韧塑料的制法、鉴定分析技术、主要力学特性及其熔体的流动行为、成型应用等,重点阐述了增韧塑料的形变和抗断裂性能。书82年7月出版。     

橡胶增韧塑料的透明性

本文对橡胶量、橡胶相粒径大小、两相折光率匹配与橡胶增韧塑料透明性的关系作了一些定量描述,并对温度、丙烯腈、调聚剂等影响因素进行了讨论。     

环氧树脂的增韧

添加一种分相的橡胶粒子到环氧树脂中可增加其破坏韧性。已知的这些改性剂有 Ｃ Ｔ Ｂ Ｎ、微凝胶和核壳粒子等。这些橡胶增韧环氧树脂体系形成海岛结构,增韧的原因是橡胶粒子的撕裂并诱发母体的塑性变形。另一类替代反应性橡胶用于改性环氧的是多种强韧的热塑性塑料,环氧树脂变韧是形成了双连接相结构。综合讨论了改性剂和母体的性质对环氧树脂共混物韧性的影响以及增韧机理。     

建筑塑料的增韧改性研究进展

综述了聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯等常用建筑塑料的增韧改性研究进展，讨论了橡胶和热塑性弹性体共混增韧、刚性无机粒子增韧以及共聚、交联等化学增韧的方法和特点。     

聚丙烯共混增韧研究进展

从塑料增韧聚丙烯（PP）体系，橡胶或热塑性弹性体增韧PP体系、PP／弹性体／塑料三元共混体系以及无机刚性粒子增韧PP体系4个方面详细论述了国内外PP共混增韧改性的研究进展。采用塑料类作为改性剂增专心PP，虽可增韧，但是由于体系的不相容性，往往要大量使用改性剂或添加相容剂。使用橡胶或者热塑性弹性体与PP共混增韧效果最为明显，但由于随着弹性体用量的增加，体系在冲击强度大幅度提高的同时也出现了刚性等性能的损失。PP弹性体／塑料三元共混体系可均衡改善力学性能及降低成本。此外，还就近年发展起来的无机刚性粒子增韧PP的研究工作进展和机理研究情况作了介绍。     

塑料和橡胶复合物的韧性

作者对塑料橡胶复合物的增韧诸理论作了分析比较,并详细叙述了影响韧性的种种结构因素以及对其控制的问题。     

环氧树脂增韧研究

综述目前环氧树脂增韧的几种最新机理,如分散相的撕裂和塑性拉伸、钝化基体树脂裂纹、裂纹钉铆、逾渗理论及其他几种增韧机理。探讨了橡胶弹性体、热塑性树脂、柔性链段固化剂、刚性纳米粒子、热致液晶(TLCP)、核-壳结构(CSP)、互穿网络(IPN)等增韧环氧树脂的方法及其相应机理,并指明了今后环氧树脂增韧研究发展方向。     

核壳粒子增韧工程塑料

讨论了具有橡胶核-硬塑料壳的核壳型冲击改性剂对工程塑料的增韧作用。应用多种橡胶增韧机理解释核壳粒子增韧工程塑料的原理,并比较详细地介绍了国内外采用核壳粒子增韧各类工程塑料的研究进展。     

Temperature effects on rigid nano‐silica and soft nano‐rubber toughening in epoxy under impact loading

The rigid nano‐silica and soft nano‐rubber toughening effects on neat epoxy under impact loading in a range of ?50 to 80 °C were investigated. Nanosilica particles (20 nm) toughened neat epoxy at all temperatures with a maximum toughening efficiency at ?50 °C and lower efficiency at elevated temperatures. In contrast, except at ?50 °C, nano‐rubber particles (100 nm) showed the deterioration effect on the impact fracture toughness of epoxy resin. Scanning electron microscopy examinations revealed that the crack pinning and local epoxy deformation induced by rigid particles in term of nano‐silica/epoxy and nano‐rubber/epoxy interfacial debonding (at ?50 °C) led to positive toughening efficiency on neat epoxy. However, at 20 and 80 °C, the rubber cavitations/void plastic growth was significantly suppressed under the impact loading, which led to the negative toughening efficiency on epoxy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 45319.     

The effects of particle bulk modulus on toughening mechanisms in rubber-modified polymers

The interaction of a blunting mode I plane-strain crack tip with a periodic array of initially spherical rubber particles directly ahead of and parallel to the crack front in the effective medium is studied by the crack tip-particle interaction model. The local stress concentrations responsible for rubber cavitation, matrix crazing and shear yielding are obtained by three-dimensional large deformation elastic-plastic finite element analysis with a sub-modeling technique to explore the relationship between these toughening mechanisms. It is shown that rubber particles can act as stress concentrators to initiate matrix crazing or shear yielding but they behave differently from voids at high triaxiality because of their high bulk modulus. Particle bulk modulus affects significantly the hydrostatic stress inside rubber particles as well as the plastic deformation in the ligament between the crack tip and particles. Rubber cavitation or interface debonding relieves the triaxial stress planestrain condition so that extensive plastic deformation can be developed in the toughening process.     

Fine structures and fracture processes in plastic/rubber two -phase polymer systems. II. Observation of crazing behaviors under the electron microscope

Detailed crazing behavior in several plastic/rubber twophase polymer systems was studied by means of direct observation of ultrathin sections under the electron microscope by employing osmium tetroxide staining and hardening procedure. Samples used are ABS polymer, high -impact polystyrene and several PVC/rubber blends. All of the systems investigated showed evidence of stress -crazing when under flexural stress. Relationships between the dispersed rubber particles and the crazing behaviors were studied, and the role of rubber particles in the toughening mechanism of plastics was discussed based on these observations.     

Rubber-Toughened polymer blends of polycarbonate (PC) and poly (ethylene terephthalate (PET)

The intrinsically impact brittle nature of the PC/PET blends can be effectively toughened by incorporating butylacrylate core-shell rubber. The rubber-modified PC/PET blend possess both excellent low temperature impact properties and reduced notch sensitivity. The ductile-brittle transition temperature of the blend decreases with the increase of rubber content. The presence of rubber in the PC/PET blend does not relieve the strain rate induced yield stress increase. Two separate modes, localized shear yielding and mass hear yielding, work simultaneously in the rubber toughening mechanism. The plane-strain localized shear yielding dominates the toughening mechanism at lower temperature and results in brittle failure. At higher temperature, the planestress mass shear yielding dominates the toughening mechanism and results in ductile failure. The critical plastic zone volume can be used to interpret the observed phenomenon.     

Morphology and properties of blends of polypropylene with ethylene-propylene rubber

Great attention has been paid to the toughening of isotactic polypropylene (PP) in recent years in order to make full use of this plastic. This paper presents the results of our study on the compatibility of PP with ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPT), polybutadiene rubber (PB) or styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) through characterization of the blends' morphology, and on. the morphology and properties of binary blends of PP with EPT (EPT/PP) and ternary blends of PP, EPT, and polyethylene (PE) (EPT/PE/PP). Morphological structure of solution blends and the great improvement in low-temperature impact strength and other properties of the mechanical blends have shown the difference among EPT, PB, and SBR in compatibility with PP, the effectiveness of using EPT as PP's toughening agent, and the effect of EPT on EPT/PP blend as both toughening agent and compatibilizer. Addition of EPT to EPT/PP made interesting changes in morphology but no effect on properties was observed.     

Toughening of poly(L‐lactide) by melt blending with rubbers

Poly(L ‐lactide) (PLA) was melt‐blended with four rubber components—ethylene–propylene copolymer, ethylene–acrylic rubber, acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR), and isoprene rubber (IR)—in an effort to toughen PLA. All the blend samples exhibited distinct phase separation. Amorphous PLA constituted a topologically continuous matrix in which the rubber particles were dispersed. According to Izod impact testing, toughening was achieved only when PLA was blended with NBR, which showed the smallest particle size in its blend samples. In agreement with the morphological analysis, the value of the interfacial tension between the PLA phase and the NBR phase was the lowest, and this suggested that rubber with a high polarity was more suitable for toughening PLA. Under the tensile stress conditions for NBR and IR blend samples, these rubbers displayed no crosslinking and showed a high ability to induce plastic deformation before the break as well as high elongation properties; this suggested that the intrinsic mobility of the rubber was important for the dissipation of the breaking energy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Use of surface modified recycled rubber particles for toughening of epoxy polymers

The objective of this research is to investigate the feasibility of using surface treated recycled rubber particles for toughening of epoxy polymers. These particles are obtained through grinding of scrap tires followed by oxidizing the surface of the particles in a reactive gas atmosphere. Surface treated recycled rubber particles with a nominal particle size of approximately 75 μm and a commonly used reactive liquid elastomer, CTBN, have been incorporated in a DGEBA epoxy resin. It has been shown that the recycled rubber particles are not as effective as CTBN in toughening of the epoxy matrix. However, blending of the two modifiers results in a synergistic toughening. Microscopy reveals that, when used alone, recycled rubber particles simply act as large stress concentrators and modestly contribute to toughening via crack deflection and microcracking. In the presence of micron size CTBN particles, which cavitate and induce massive shear yielding in the matrix, however, the recycled particles “stretch” the plastic deformation to distances far from the crack tip. This mechanism causes plastic zone branching and provides an unexpectedly high fracture toughness value. This study, therefore, provides a practical approach for manufacturing engineering polymer blends utilizing the surface modified recycled rubber particles.     

核壳聚合物增韧环氧树脂的研究及进展

核壳聚合物(CSP)用来增韧环氧树脂的最大优点,即在提高韧性的同时而不降低材料的Tg和加工性能。综述了核壳聚合物增韧环氧树脂的特点,核壳聚合物的制备方法、微观结构及形态,以及增韧环氧树脂及其复合材料的性能及影响因素。树枝形聚合物作为一种结构特殊的聚合物,也越来越得到广泛的研究和应用。并对环氧树脂的增韧机理进行了阐述,即空穴化-塑性形变。文中还对核壳聚合物及树枝形聚合物增韧环氧树脂进行了展望。