结合Camshift和Kalman预测的运动目标跟踪

针对单一的CamShift跟踪算法在目标发生遮挡时非常容易致使跟踪目标失败的问题,本文提出了一种基于CamShift和Kalman预测的跟踪算法。首先,采用帧间差分阈值法来快速、精确地检测和提取出运动目标;然后,通过在CamShift算法中使用运动目标的颜色特征,在图像序列中找到运动目标的所在位置和大小;最后,使用Kalman滤波预测目标的位置,进而有效地解决了背景中大面积相同颜色的干扰和目标部分被遮挡等问题。用无线遥控车完成了运动目标的跟踪实验,实验证明结合CamShift算法和Kalman预测滤波能实时、准确地跟踪目标。     

一种快速的非侵入式眼动跟踪方法

针对眼控人机交互系统对实时性要求较高的特点,提出了一种快速、非侵入式的眼动跟踪方法。首先融合CamShift跟踪算法和AdaBoost型目标检测方法快速地分割出眼睛所在矩形区域;然后在第一帧视频图像中精确定位虹膜并建立虹膜模板;最后通过放大或缩小虹膜模板自适应地在后续各帧视频图像中搜索匹配以预测虹膜位置。虹膜中心相对眼角或鼻孔的位移可用于控制鼠标指针在屏幕上移动。在分辨率为640×480的视频上,取得了32帧/秒的跟踪速度,正确率达到95.5%。实验结果表明方法是有效的,可直接应用于眼控人机交互系统。     

联合多特征的自动CamShift跟踪算法

针对CamShift跟踪算法仅采用颜色作特征,易发生跟踪错误等问题,提出了一种基于特征融合的算法。采用改进的背景差分法自动检测目标,目标模型联合了颜色和梯度方向特征,并对特征的可信度进行加权处理,有效解决了CamShift算法在有颜色相近的干扰目标存在情况下跟踪可能失效的问题。实验表明,该算法提高了跟踪的准确性和稳健性。     

基于SURF和CamShift的物体跟踪方法

CamShift算法是一种常用的跟踪算法,但是它只利用颜色特征来进行目标跟踪,当背景颜色与跟踪目标的颜色相似时会出现跟踪失败的情况。结合SURF设计了一种基于SURF和CamShift算法的创新的跟踪方法。利用反馈机制计算CamShift跟踪窗口与初始窗口的特征相似度以及SURF跟踪窗口与初始窗口的色彩相似度;同时抑制大的位移变化,为两种跟踪算法动态分配位移的权重,以实现对物体的跟踪。测试实验表明,该跟踪方法对不同的物体、在不同的环境下有较好的效果。     

基于CamShift的目标跟踪算法

CamShift是一种应用颜色信息的跟踪算法,在跟踪过程中,CamShift利用目标的颜色直方图模型得到每帧图像的颜色投影图,并根据上一帧跟踪的结果自适应调整搜索窗口的位置和大小,从而得到当前图像中目标的尺寸和中心位置.在CamShift算法基础上对搜索窗口进行简单运动预测,并增加二次搜索方法,提高跟踪的稳定性.实验结果表明,在图像背景复杂且目标不规则运动的情形下,仍能有效地跟踪到目标.     

无人机对船舶目标的改进CamShift跟踪算法研究

针对由于CamShift算法跟踪特征单一引起的对颜色相似目标或背景的干扰和对目标遮挡情况较敏感的问题,提出了一种基于改进CamShift融合局部特征匹配的无人机目标跟踪算法.首先,采用基于 H分量和LBP二维模板的改进CamShift目标跟踪算法以提高对相似目标干扰的鲁棒性;其次,在能保证目标跟踪的实时性要求的前提下,融合局部特征匹配算法中的BRISK匹配算法,可有效改善CamShift对颜色相似目标或背景的干扰的敏感性,同时增强对目标遮挡鲁棒性.实验结果表明,该改进算法通过颜色特征和局部特征的共同定位目标,实现了目标的准确跟踪.     

基于CamShift融合局部特征匹配的无人机目标跟踪研究

针对由于CamShift算法跟踪特征单一引起的对颜色相似目标或背景的干扰和对目标遮挡情况较敏感的问题,提出了一种CamShift融合局部特征匹配的无人机目标跟踪算法。实验表明,局部特征匹配算法中BRISK匹配算法在特征检测和特征描述阶段都表现出了较好的性能,融合CamShift算法和BRISK算法的目标跟踪算法在能保证目标跟踪的实时性要求的前提下,改善了CamShift对颜色相似目标或背景的干扰的敏感性,同时增强了对目标遮挡鲁棒性。该方法通过颜色特征和局部特征的共同定位目标,实现了目标的准确跟踪。     

基于CamShift和Kalman组合的改进目标跟踪算法

针对应用CamShift算法进行目标跟踪过程中,当目标被严重遮挡、目标被与目标颜色相近的背景干扰时易丢失跟踪目标的问题,提出了一种基于CamShift和Kalman滤波组合的改进跟踪算法;为克服目标因严重遮挡而丢失的缺陷,利用自适应算法改进了传统的CamShift算法,扩大了搜索窗口,使运动目标位于搜索窗口内;为解决目标因颜色相近背景干扰而丢失的问题,改善跟踪准确率,利用卡尔曼滤波预测目标运动空间位置,作为下一帧搜索窗口的质心坐标;基于上述改进,利用C++语言,研发了改进的CamShift目标跟踪软件模块,给出了该模块的算法流程;实验结果表明,改进后的目标跟踪算法能有效地克服传统CamShift算法的缺陷,大大提高运动目标跟踪的准确性;所提的算法可以应用于运动小车跟踪,人脸识别等领域。     

基于快速鲁棒特征的CamShift跟踪算法

为了解决CamShift算法由于对颜色敏感导致的跟踪效果变差或失效的问题,提出一种基于局部特征匹配的CamShift跟踪算法。采用快速鲁棒特征(SURF)方法在多通道图像的目标区域和搜索区域提取包含图像信息的局部特征点,并利用近似最近邻搜索对特征点进行匹配;使用提纯后的匹配结果得到特征点的位置、尺度及方向信息,对CamShift方法进行约束和更新,以提高跟踪精度和稳定性。实验结果表明,与经典CamShift算法和同类的改进算法相比,该算法能够较好地实现对复杂背景下旋转和放缩运动目标的实时跟踪。     

基于多特征融合的Camshift结合Kalman预测的实时性视觉跟踪算法研究

根据传统CamShift算法的研究,由于它仅采用颜色作为特征,容易产生错误跟踪,本文提出了一种基于多特征融合的camshift结合kalman预测的实时性视觉跟踪算法,采用颜色直方图与灰度梯度直方图,进行加权处理,有效解决背景干扰,实时性跟踪的问题,实验表明本文算法可以实时性跟踪并且在迭代次数上有所下降,提高了跟踪的准确性和效率.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).