基于多特征级联筛查的在线boosting快速跟踪算法

传统基于Haar-like特征的在线boosting跟踪算法(HBT)采用局部穷举搜索目标的方式,不能很好地应对运动速度较快的目标以及目标被完全遮挡的情形。当目标状态和周围背景发生变化时,传统HBT算法会产生累积错误。对此系统进行改进,提出一种基于多特征级联筛查的在线boosting快速跟踪算法:将每帧视频网格化,依次根据目标运动方式、网格方差、目标模型、颜色分布以及重叠情况等多种特征级联筛选出有可能成为目标的网格。将这些候选网格交给boosting分类器得到最终的置信度,从而得到目标位置信息,实现快速的在线目标跟踪。用朴素贝叶斯分类器代替简单的阈值分类器,提高算法的准确性。实验结果表明,所提出的方法在鲁棒性、准确性和实时性上都有很大提升。     

结合PN约束在线半监督boosting目标跟踪算法

针对在现有的基于在线半监督boosting的目标跟踪算法中,当目标发生遮挡或快速移动导致分类器更新过程中有错误引入时,其自训练机制会造成分类器错误累积进而产生跟踪漂移甚至导致跟踪失败的问题,提出了一种基于结合正负样本约束的在线半监督boosting的目标跟踪算法（简称PN-SemiT）。该算法在原有的在线半监督boosting跟踪算法的基础上,通过增加正负样本约束条件来实时纠正分类器的错误,并且将目标的先验模型和在线分类器相结合,通过不断迭代更新分类器来预测未标记样本的类别标记和权重。实验结果表明,与传统的在线半监督boosting目标跟踪算法和其他跟踪算法相比,PN-SemiT具有更优异的跟踪性能,能够在复杂的跟踪环境下有效缓解目标跟踪漂移问题。     

多通道Haar-like特征多示例学习目标跟踪

目的 提出一种基于多通道Haar-like特征的多示例学习目标跟踪算法,克服了多示例跟踪算法在处理彩色视频时利用信息少和弱特征不能更换的缺点。方法 首先,针对原始多示例学习跟踪算法对彩色视频帧采用单通道信息或将其简单转化为灰度图像进行跟踪会丢失部分特征信息的缺点,提出在RGB三通道上生成位置、大小和通道完全随机的Haar-like特征来更好地表示目标。其次,针对多示例学习跟踪算法中Haar-like弱特征不能更换,难以反映目标自身和外界条件变化的特点,提出在弱分类器选择过程中,用随机生成的新Haar-like特征实时替换部分判别力最弱的Haar-like特征,从而在目标模型中引入新的信息,以适应目标外观的动态变化。结果 对8个具有挑战性的彩色视频序列的实验结果表明,与原始多示例学习跟踪算法、加权多示例学习跟踪算法、基于分布场的跟踪算法相比,提出的方法不仅获得了最小的平均中心误差,而且平均跟踪准确率比上述3种算法分别高52.85%,34.75%和5.71%,在4种算法中获得最优性能。结论 通过将Haar-like特征从RGB三通道随机生成,并将判别力最弱的部分Haar-like弱特征实时更换,显著提升了原始多示例学习跟踪算法对彩色视频的跟踪效果,扩展了其应用前景。     

结合低维特征和在线加权MIL的目标跟踪算法

为了提高视频序列中目标跟踪的准确性,提出了结合低维Haar-like特征和在线加权多示例学习（OWMIL）的跟踪算法。将训练集中的图像进行剪裁,构建正负样本集。通过稀疏编码提取低维度的Haar-like特征来表示目标。通过这些正负样本的局部稀疏特征在线学习生成弱分类器集,并通过示例加权方法来促进学习过程,最终生成一个强分类器,用于测试视频中的目标跟踪。实验结果表明,该算法在旋转、光照和尺度变化等影响下取得了优异的效果。相比其他几种改进型多示例学习算法,提出的算法获得了更好的跟踪效果。     

基于压缩传感的多样本目标跟踪算法

针对实时目标跟踪会产生跟踪不稳定、易漂移、被遮挡就丢失的问题,提出改进的多样本跟踪算法。在压缩传感实时跟踪中,通过增加随机测量矩阵产生新的压缩感知特征,融合多个正负样本。结合boosting学习方法更新特征权值并改进置信图估计,解决目标漂移和丢失问题。实验结果表明,该方法在目标运动、纹理和环境显著变化以及被部分遮挡的情况下,跟踪的鲁棒性依旧很高,能达到稳定、实时的目标跟踪。     

适应目标尺度变化的改进压缩跟踪算法*

基于压缩感知理论对目标Haar-like特征进行降维处理的压缩跟踪算法采用固定大小的跟踪框跟踪目标,在目标尺度发生变化时,容易产生跟踪漂移甚至丢失跟踪目标的现象.为了克服这一缺陷,文中分析Haar-like特征随目标尺度变化的情况,发现在一定变化尺度范围内,跟踪矩形框内目标Haar-like特征值的变化与跟踪矩形框的面积变化呈近似线性关系,在此基础上提出适应目标尺度变化的改进压缩跟踪算法(CTVS).实验表明,CTVS具有较高的尺度自适应能力,能更好地减轻目标跟踪过程中可能出现的遮挡、光照变化、背景混杂、变形等干扰因素的影响,具有较高的鲁棒性和准确性.同时算法计算效率较高,能够达到实时跟踪的目的.     

基于图像传感器的上下文快速压缩感知算法

针对快速压缩感知算法在目标被遮挡、光照变化较大时存在跟踪不稳定的问题,提出了基于图像传感器的上下文快速压缩感知跟踪（ FCT）算法。新算法首先在Haar-like特征中引入时空上下文特征,通过目标周围的空间信息和时间上的递推关系协助估计目标的位置。通过改进的随机测量矩阵同时提取目标的纹理特征和灰度特征,加强了特征的稳定性,提高跟踪的准确性。通过方差分类器预判定候选样本,减少判定的次数,并减少错误的候选样本。改进的FCT算法对光照、旋转、尺度缩放都有良好的不变性,且不易发生跟踪漂移。实验证明：改进的FCT算法优于压缩感知跟踪（ CT）算法和FCT算法。     

一种高效的适用于复杂环境下物体跟踪的级联分类器

传统跟踪算法在复杂环境下容易发生漂移（drift）现象,本文改进了TLD跟踪技术算法提出了基于Sliding-window的局部搜索和全局搜索策略、积分直方图过滤器和随机Haar-like块特征过滤器。首先,采用积分直方图过滤器可以有效地过滤大量非目标子窗口块,从而减少后续过滤器特征匹配数;其次,利用随机Haar-like块特征过滤器能够解决跟踪算法在复杂环境（多物体、部分或较大区域遮挡、快速运动等）跟踪过程易发生漂移而导致跟踪精度的不足。本文结合TLD原始过滤器与新提出的两个过滤器组合而成的级联分类器,通过与主流的跟踪算法实验进行对比表明,级联分类器在稳定的背景或复杂环境的跟踪鲁棒性强、跟踪精度高,并且采用了局部和全局搜索策略提高了计算速度。     

融合典型纹理特征的粒子滤波目标跟踪方法

针对图像目标跟踪中,跟踪窗口易受噪声扰动所产生的跟踪不稳定问题。创造性地结合多种典型纹理特征和粒子滤波算法,将其应用于实时跟踪领域。选择3种典型的纹理特征,即灰度共生矩阵纹理特征、幅值与方向加权的梯度纹理特征、局部二进制模式纹理特征进行跟踪实验。通过对比实验,在精度与速度两方面测试纹理特征作为跟踪特征的实际效果。作为跟踪中特征的选择,实验结果说明灰度共生矩阵纹理信息在抗扰动与实时处理方面表现出良好的属性特征。     

改进压缩特征的实时压缩跟踪算法

提出了一种改进的实时压缩跟踪算法（RCT）。该算法基于实时压缩跟踪算法,构造出一个改进的随机测量矩阵,使降维后得到的压缩特征包含的灰度特征信息和纹理特征信息比例相等。RCT算法首先将图像序列的特征用改进的随机测量矩阵转化为低维度特征,再用朴素贝叶斯分类器对低维特征进行目标和背景的分类,从而实现对目标的跟踪。将原始算法（CT）、一种改进算法（BCT）和该文创新的改进算法（RCT）进行对比,实验表明：RCT算法保持了原始算法的实时性,并且在各实验图像序列中跟踪目标的鲁棒性最好。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。