A time-marching scheme based on implicit Green’s functions for elastodynamic analysis with the domain boundary element method

The present work presents an alternative time-marching technique for boundary element formulations based on static fundamental solutions. The domain boundary element method (D-BEM) is adopted and the time-domain Green’s matrices of the elastodynamic problem are considered in order to generate a recursive relationship to evaluate displacements and velocities at each time-step. Taking into account the Newmark method, the Green’s matrices of the problem are numerically and implicitly evaluated, establishing the Green–Newmark method. At the end of the work, numerical examples are presented, verifying the accuracy and potentialities of the new methodology.     

Green’s functions for non-self-adjoint problems in heat conduction with steady motion

Heat conduction in a rectangular parallelepiped that is in steady motion relative to a fluid is studied in this paper. The governing equation consists of the standard heat equation plus lower-order derivative terms with the space variables that represent the effects of the solid flow. The presence of the first-order-derivative terms with the space variables renders the spatial part of the governing differenial equation non-self-adjoint and care must be exercised in defining the new Green’s functions to be used in representing the solutions of initial- and boundary-value problems. It is illustrated how the Green’s functions may be constructed and how solutions of initial- and boundary-value problems may be obtained that lead to numerical results. Convergence properties of the solutions are also discussed.     

A new family of time integration methods for heat conduction problems using numerical green’s functions

This paper is concerned with the formulation and numerical implementation of a new class of time integration schemes applied to linear heat conduction problems. The temperature field at any time level is calculated in terms of the numerical Green’s function matrix of the model problem by considering an analytical time integral equation. After spatial discretization by the finite element method, the Green’s function matrix which transfers solution from t to t + Δt is explicitly computed in nodal coordinates using efficient implicit and explicit Runge-Kutta methods. It is shown that the stability and the accuracy of the proposed method are highly improved when a sub-step procedure is used to calculate recursively the Green’s function matrix at the end of the first time step. As a result, with a suitable choice of the number of sub-steps, large time steps can be used without degenerating the numerical solution. Finally, the effectiveness of the present methodology is demonstrated by analyzing two numerical examples.     

On the static equilibrium of an elastic orthotropic medium with an arbitrarily oriented elliptical crack

We analyze the problem of the stress distribution in an elastic orthotropic medium with an arbitrarily oriented elliptical crack. To construct the problem solution, the Willis approach is used which is based on the triple Fourier transformation of spatial variables and Fourier-image of Green’s function for an infinite anisotropic space. The investigation results in special cases are compared with the data of other authors. The effect of the elliptical crack orientation in an orthotropic space on the distribution of the stress intensity factors along its contour is studied. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 4, pp. 146–159, July–August, 2007.     

Numerical analysis of 2-D crack propagation problems using the numerical manifold method

The numerical manifold method is a cover-based method using mathematical covers that are independent of the physical domain. As the unknowns are defined on individual physical covers, the numerical manifold method is very suitable for modeling discontinuities. This paper focuses on modeling complex crack propagation problems containing multiple or branched cracks. The displacement discontinuity across crack surface is modeled by independent cover functions over different physical covers, while additional functions, extracted from the asymptotic near tip field, are incorporated into cover functions of singular physical covers to reflect the stress singularity around the crack tips. In evaluating the element matrices, Gaussian quadrature is used over the sub-triangles of the element, replacing the simplex integration over the whole element. First, the method is validated by evaluating the fracture parameters in two examples involving stationary cracks. The results show good agreement with the reference solutions available. Next, three crack propagation problems involving multiple and branched cracks are simulated. It is found that when the crack growth increment is taken to be 0.5h≤da≤0.75h, the crack growth paths converge consistently and are satisfactory.     

Numerical simulation of crack problems using triangular finite elements with embedded interfaces

The aim of this paper is to propose numerical aspects for the modeling of discrete cracks in quasi-brittle materials using triangular finite elements with an embedded interface based on the formulation in [Computational Mechanics 27 (2001) 463]. The kinematics of the discontinuous displacement field and the variational formulation applied to a body with an internal discontinuity is given. The discontinuity is modeled by additional global degrees of freedom and the continuity of the displacement jumps across the element boundaries is enforced. To show the performance of the model, a single element test and two examples for mode-I dominated fracture, namely a tension test and a three-point bending beam, are discussed.     

Green’s function for KI determination of axisymmetric elastic solids containing external circular crack

A new Green’s function is derived to determine the mode-I stress intensity factor for axisymmetric solids containing external circular crack. The formulated boundary integral equation is applied to a finite cylindrical bar with an external crack, and the obtained solution is compared with existing published results, indicating good agreement. The proposed method compared with the finite element method or the conventional application of the boundary element method provides the following main advantages: (a) it does not require discretization of the crack surface, (b) it does not require multi-region modeling and (c) it reduces the 3-D discretization of the solid to 1-D resulting in substantially reduced effort.     

Potential discontinuity simulations with the numerical Green’s function in steady and transient problems

This paper applies the numerical Green’s function (NGF) boundary element formulation (BEM) first in standard form to solve the Laplace equation and then, coupled to the operational quadrature method (OQM), to solve time domain problems (TD-BEM). Both involve the analysis of potential discontinuities in the respective scalar model simulation. The implementation of the associated Green’s function acting as the fundamental solution is advantageous since element discretization of actual discontinuity surfaces are no longer required. In the OQM the convolution integral is substituted by a quadrature formula, whose weights are computed using the fundamental solution in the Laplace domain, producing the direct solution to the problem in the time domain. Applications of the NGF to problems involving the Laplace equation and its transient counterpart are presented for two-dimensional potential flow examples, confirming that the formulation is stable and accurate.     

Numerical method for nonlinear complex eigenvalues problems depending on two parameters: Application to three-layered viscoelastic composite structures

ABSTRACT

The design of high-damping composite viscoelastic sandwich structures (CVSS) requires continuous study of damping properties according to some parameters. The common design parameters that directly affect the damping properties of CVSS are the fibers' orientation and the thicknesses of the composite layers. However, until now there has been no method for continuously studying the influences of any design parameter on the damping properties of CVSS. Also, to study the influence of a design parameter on the damping properties of CVSS, computations are made for various discrete values of this parameter. These calculations are qualified incrementally, and are very expensive in computation time and do not allow to follow continuously the effects of the parameter on the damping properties of CVSS. In order to tackle these problems, we propose in this article a numerical method for studying the damping properties variation of CVSS according to a chosen modeling parameter, through the resolution of a generic, residual, complex nonlinear eigenvalues problems having frequency dependence and a modeling parameter that describes a study interval. This method is based on the asymptotic numerical method, automatic differentiation, homotopy technique and continuation. An application is performed to study the variation of the damping properties of a three-layered symmetric viscoelastic sandwich plates according to the fibers orientation of their orthotropic faces layers.     

Numerical solution of two backward parabolic problems using method of fundamental solutions

This work is devoted to a numerical algorithm based on the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) for solving two backward parabolic problems with different boundary conditions, one with nonlocal Dirichlet boundary conditions, and second one with Robin type boundary conditions. The initial temperature distribution will be identified from the final temperature distribution, which appear in some applied subjects. The Tikhonov regularization method with the L-curve criterion for choosing the regularization parameter is adopted for solving the resulting matrix equation which is highly ill-conditioned. Two numerical examples are provided to show the high efficiency of the suggested method.     

Probabilistic crack growth analyses using a boundary element model: Applications in linear elastic fracture and fatigue problems

This paper addresses the numerical solution of random crack propagation problems using the coupling boundary element method (BEM) and reliability algorithms. Crack propagation phenomenon is efficiently modelled using BEM, due to its mesh reduction features. The BEM model is based on the dual BEM formulation, in which singular and hyper-singular integral equations are adopted to construct the system of algebraic equations. Two reliability algorithms are coupled with BEM model. The first is the well known response surface method, in which local, adaptive polynomial approximations of the mechanical response are constructed in search of the design point. Different experiment designs and adaptive schemes are considered. The alternative approach direct coupling, in which the limit state function remains implicit and its gradients are calculated directly from the numerical mechanical response, is also considered. The performance of both coupling methods is compared in application to some crack propagation problems. The investigation shows that direct coupling scheme converged for all problems studied, irrespective of the problem nonlinearity. The computational cost of direct coupling has shown to be a fraction of the cost of response surface solutions, regardless of experiment design or adaptive scheme considered.     

Strength and crack properties of nanoscale materials by ab initio molecular dynamics and temperature lattice Green’s function methods

The crack nucleation and propagation processes in nanoscale materials are studied using the ab initio constraint molecular dynamics method and the lattice Green’s function method. We investigate the strength and fracture behaviors of carbon related nanoscale materials, especially the graphen sheets in comparison with those of carbon nanotubes. The linear elastic parameters, non-linear elastic instabilities, thermal lattice expansion and fracture behaviors are studied in detail. We will show that the thermodynamic and strength properties of the nanoscale materials exhibit characteristic features and they are different from those of the corresponding bulk materials.     

Edge crack in an elastic layer resting on Winkler foundation

The paper deals with the stress analysis near a crack tip in an elastic layer resting on Winkler foundation. The edge crack is assumed to be normal to the lower boundary plane. The upper surface of the layer is loaded by given forces normal to the boundary. The considered problem is solved by using the method of Fourier transforms and dual integral equations, which are reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. The stress intensity factor is given in the term of solution of the Fredholm integral equation and some numerical results are presented.     

Deriving the time-dependent dyadic Green’s functions in conductive anisotropic media

A homogeneous anisotropic conductive medium, characterized by symmetric positive definite permeability and conductivity tensors, is considered in the paper. In this anisotropic medium, the electric and magnetic dyadic Green’s functions are defined as electric and magnetic fields arising from impulsive current dipoles and satisfying the time-dependent Maxwell’s equations in quasi-static approximation. A new method of deriving these dyadic Green’s functions is suggested in the paper. This method consists of several steps: equations for electric and magnetic dyadic Green’s functions are written in terms of the Fourier images; explicit formulae for the Fourier images of dyadic Green’s functions are derived using the matrix transformations and solutions of some ordinary differential equations depending on the Fourier parameters; the inverse Fourier transform is applied numerically to obtained formulae to find dyadic Green’s functions values. Using suggested method images of electric and magnetic dyadic Green’s function components are obtained in such conductive anisotropic medium as the white matter of a human brain.     

A singular edge-based smoothed finite element method (ES-FEM) for crack analyses in anisotropic media

The recently developed edge-based smoothed finite element method (ES-FEM) is extended to fracture problems in anisotropic media using a specially designed five-node singular crack-tip (T5) element. In the formulation of singular ES-FEM, only the assumed displacement values (not the derivatives) on the boundaries of the smoothing domains are needed. Thus, a layer of T5 crack-tip element is devised to construct “singular” shape functions via a simple point interpolation with a fractional order basis, without mapping procedure. The effectiveness of the present singular ES-FEM is demonstrated by intensive examples for a wide range of degrees of anisotropy.     

Numerical simulation of crack deflection and penetration at an interface in a bi-material under dynamic loading by time-domain boundary element method

The hybrid time-domain boundary element method (BEM), together with the multi-region technique, is applied to simulate the dynamic process of crack deflection/ penetration at an interface in a bi-material. The whole bi-material is divided into two regions along the interface. The traditional displacement boundary integral equations (BIEs) are employed with respect to the exterior boundaries; meanwhile, the non-hypersingular traction BIEs are used with respect to the part of the crack in the matrix. Crack propagation along the interface is numerically modelled by releasing the nodes in the front of the moving crack tip and crack propagation in the matrix is modeled by adding new elements of constant length to the moving crack tip. The dynamic behaviours of the crack deflection/penetration at an interface, propagation in the matrix or along the interface and kinking out off the interface, are controlled by criteria developed from the quasi-static ones. The numerical results of the crack growth trajectory for different inclined interface and bonded strength are computed and compared with the corresponding experimental results. Agreement between numerical and experimental results implies that the present time-domain BEM can provide a simulation for the dynamic propagation and deflection of a crack in a bi-material.     

Theoretical Study of Interplay of Superconductivity and Ferromagnetism in Hybrid Rutheno–Cuprate Superconductors RuSr2RCu2O8

We consider the extended two-band s–f model with additional terms, describing intersite Cooper pairs’ interaction between 4f (5f) and conduction electrons. Following Green’s function technique and equation of motion method, self-consistent equations for superconducting order parameter (Δ) and magnetic order parameter (m _f ) are derived. The expressions for specific heat, density of states, and free energy are also derived. The theory has been applied to explain the coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in hybrid rutheno-cuprate superconductors RuSr₂RECu₂O₈ (RE = Gd, Eu). The theory shows that it is possible to become superconducting if the system is already ferromagnetic. A study of specific heat, density of states and free energy is also presented. The agreement between theory and experimental observations is quite satisfactory.      

A Trefftz method in space and time using exponential basis functions: Application to direct and inverse heat conduction problems

In this paper we present a Trefftz method based on using exponential basis functions (EBFs) to solve one (1D) and two (2D) dimensional transient problems. We focus on direct and inverse heat conduction problems, the latter being the more challenging ones, to show the capabilities of the method. A summation of exponential basis functions (EBFs), satisfying the governing equation in time and space, with unknown coefficients is considered for the solution. The unknown coefficients are determined by the satisfaction of the prescribed time dependent boundary and initial conditions through a collocation method. Several 1D and 2D direct and inverse heat conduction problems are solved. Some numerical evidence is provided for the convergence and sensitivity of the method with respect to the noise levels of the measured data and time steps.     

Fundamental solutions for transient heat transfer by conduction and convection in an unbounded, half-space, slab and layered media in the frequency domain

Analytical Green's functions in the frequency domain are presented for the three-dimensional diffusion equation in an unbounded, half-space, slab and layered media. These proposed expressions take into account the conduction and convection phenomena, assuming that the system is subjected to spatially sinusoidal harmonic heat line sources and do not require any type of discretization of the space domain. The application of time and spatial Fourier transforms along the two horizontal directions allows the solution of the three-dimensional time convection-diffusion equation for a heat point source to be obtained as a summation of one-dimensional responses. The problem is recast in the time domain by means of inverse Fourier transforms using complex frequencies in order to avoid aliasing phenomenon. Further, no restriction is placed on the source time dependence, since the static response is obtained by limiting the frequency to zero and the high frequency contribution to the response is small.

The proposed functions have been verified against analytical time domain solutions, known for the case of an unbounded medium, and the Boundary Element Method solutions for the case of the half-space, slab and layered media.     

Numerical simulation of elastic plastic fatigue crack growth in functionally graded material using the extended finite element method

In the present work, the extended finite element method has been used to simulate the fatigue crack growth problems in functionally graded material in the presence of holes, inclusions, and minor cracks under plastic and plane stress conditions for both edge and center cracks. Both soft and hard inclusions have been implemented in the problems. The validity of linear elastic fracture mechanics theory is limited to the brittle materials. Therefore, the elastic plastic fracture mechanics theory needs to be utilized to characterize the plastic behavior of the material. A generalized Ramberg-Osgood material model has been used for modeling purposes.