C对Gd5Si4磁致冷材料结构和性能的影响

以商业蒸馏Gd为原料,采用非自耗电弧炉在氩气保护下熔炼了Gd5Si4Cx(x=0、0.24、0.35、0.5)系列合金,研究了C对Gd5Si4磁致冷合金组织结构与磁热性能的影响.粉末XRD结果表明,Gd5Si4Cx系列合金主相均为正交的Gd5Si4型结构,此外C(x=0.24、0.35、0.5)加入后合金中出现了少量的GdSi相.利用振动样品磁强计测量的合金的磁性能的结果表明,Gd5Si4Cx(x=0、0.24、0.35、0.5)系列合金的居里温度Tc在344～297K连续可调.在1.5T外加磁场变化时居里温度附近的最大磁熵变分别是2.79、2.47、2.03、1.65J/(kg·K).     

热处理对Gd5Si4Cx组织结构与磁热性能的影响

以商业蒸馏Gd为原料,采用非自耗电弧炉在氩气保护下熔炼了Gd5Si4Cx(x=0.35、0.5、0.7)系列合金,随后将合金在钼丝炉进行1300℃,1h热处理.研究了高温热处理对Gd5Si4Cx磁致冷合金组织结构与磁热性能的影响.粉末XRD结果表明,热处理后的Gd5Si4Cx系列合金主相均为正交的Gd5Si4型结构,并含有少量的GdSi相.利用振动样品磁强计测量的合金的磁性能的结果表明,Gd5Si4Cx(x=0.35、0.5、0.7)系列合金的居里温度分别为302、294、217K.相对于铸态合金分别下降了5、3、25K.在1.5T外加磁场变化时居里温度附近的最大磁熵变分别是2.36、1.87、0.72J/(kg·K).相对于铸态合金分别提高了16%、13%、24%.     

放电等离子烧结Gd/Gd5Si2Ge2复合材料磁热效应研究

以高纯钆和Gd5Si2Ge2合金为原料,采用放电等离子烧结技术制备了两组元Gdx(Gd5Si2Ge2)1-x(x=0,0.33,0.5,0.7,1)层状复合磁制冷材料.通过自制的磁热效应测量仪器直接测量了复合材料在外加磁场1.5 T下的磁热效应(ΔTad).随着复合比例的变化,材料的最大绝热温变(ΔTad)从x=0.3时的1.6 K增加到x=0.7时的2.0 K,而最大绝热温变峰的位置从286K变到了293 K.同时,与单组元的Gd5Si2Ge2合金相比,随着钆的含量增加时,复合材料的最大绝热温变峰变宽.当x=0.7时,层状复合磁制冷材料在外加磁场1.5 T下的最大绝热温变(ΔT)在260-310K范围里从1.1 K变到2.0 K,这种材料非常适合作为室温磁制冷材料.     

C对Gd5SiGe3磁致冷材料组织结构和磁相变的影响

主要研究C对Gd5SiGe3磁致冷合金组织结构与居里温度的影响.使用商业蒸馏Gd为原料,采用非自耗电弧炉熔炼了Gd5SiGe3Cx(x=0、0.1、0.3、1.0)系列合金.粉末XRD结果表明,少量C(x=0.1、0.3)加入合金后,样品主相具有单斜的Gd5Si2Ge2型结构,当x=1.0时,合金中出现了CSi相和GdGe相.采用光学显微镜观察了了合金纵截面的微观形貌,纵截面的柱状晶和晶粒内的线条组织是Gd5SiGe3Cx合金显微组织的两大显著特征.用样品振动磁强计测定了样品在低场下(7960A/m)的M-T曲线,结果表明,Gd5SiGe3Cx系列合金的居里温度随C含量的增加而逐渐降低,x=1.0时居里温度达到最低值108K.     

快淬低纯Gd5Si2Ge2合金的结构和磁熵变

采用纯度为99%的低纯稀土金属Gd经电弧炉熔炼获得Gd5Si2Ge2 母合金,然后通过快淬研究快淬工艺对低纯Gd5Si2Ge2 合金结构与磁熵变的影响。粉末衍射结构分析表明,铸态Gd5Si2Ge2 合金由Gd5Si2Ge2 相、Gd5 (Si、Ge)3 相和Gd(Si、Ge)相所组成;而甩带速度为25、40m/s的合金均为Gd5Si4 型正交相。用最小二乘法计算得两种不同快淬速度合金的晶格常数没有明显差异。甩带速度为40m/s 的Gd5Si2Ge2 合金的居里温度(Tc=305K)在室温区间,等温磁熵变为7.25J/kg·K(0~5T)。     

低磁场条件下（Gd1-xREx）5Si4（RE：Dy,Tb；x=0、0.1、0.125、0.15）合金磁热效应研究术

用高频真空悬浮炉在氲气保护下制备了（Gd1-xREx）5Si4（RE：Dy,Tb；x=0、0.1、0.125、0.15）和（Gd1-xREx）5Si4（x=0.1、0.125）合金样品，用直接测量方法测定了在永磁体提供的低磁场（H=1．3T）条件下样品的磁热效应曲线（△Tab-T）；结果表明，用稀土金属Dy、Tb分别部分替代Gd5Si4合金中的Gd原子，不能增强合金的磁热效应，但可在333～300K范围改变材料的居里温度，且磁热效应峰值范围变宽．     

高能球磨Gd5Si1.8Ge1.8Si0.4合金的磁性能及相组成

采用电弧熔炼的方法制备了具有一级磁晶相变Gd5Si1.8Ge1.8Si0.4母合金,然后在不同时间条件下对其进行高能球磨,并研究球磨时间对该磁热合金的磁性能及相组成的影响.粉末XRD结果显示球磨没有改变Gd5Si2Ge2相,但拓宽了相应的布拉格衍射峰,这表明球磨后的合金的晶粒尺寸较小.另外,球磨后的合金中形成了一些非晶相.随着晶粒尺寸和磁畴的减小,与母合金相比,希望其滞后现象减小.     

Gd2Co2Al合金的磁相变及磁热效应

电弧炉熔炼的Gd2Co2Al合金在铸态条件下即为W2Co2B型单相正交结构。变温磁化曲线表明,当外加磁场为0.01和0.1T时,可以在40、77和215K附近观察到磁相变;而外加磁场增加到1T以上时,40和215K温度处的磁相变消失。在排除第二相相变的前提下,推测215和77K处的相变对应Gd2Co2Al合金中Co和Gd次晶格的磁有序相变,而40K处的相变可能是由于自旋重取向产生。在0～5T磁场变化下,Gd2Co2Al合金在77K附近的最大磁熵变(-ΔSMmax)为10.7J/kgK,相对制冷量的值为5.4×102J/kg,表明该合金适合作为工作在液氮温区附近的磁致冷工质。     

低磁场条件下Gd5（Si1-xGex）4（x=0，0.2，0.3）合金磁热效应研究

用高频真空悬浮炉在氩气保护下制备了Gd5（Si1-xGex）4（x=0，0.2，0.3）系列样品，用直接测量方法测定了在永磁体提供的低磁场H=1.3T）条件下样品的磁热效应曲线（△Tad-T）．结果表明，用元素Ge分别替代Gd5Si4合金中的Si原子，不能增强合金的磁热效应，但可在333～300K范围改变材料的居里温度，且磁热效应峰值范围变宽．     

具有大磁熵变的Gd基四元合金

研究了以纯度为99.94%的Gd为原料配制的Gd5Si1.9Ge2Sn0.1四元合金的磁热性能.磁性测量表明,该四元合金在260～300K温度区间内,出现了两个居里温度;合金的最大磁熵变为-15.2J·kg-1·K-1(0～5T),并且具有较宽熵变峰值平台.通过合金的粉末衍射曲线对比分析表明,Gd5Si1.9Ge2Sn0.1合金和Gd5Si2Ge2合金具有相同相结构.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to