产乳糖酶酵母Kluyveromyces lactis培养产酶发酵条件的研究

通过正交试验和单因素试验确定了本实验室乳酸克鲁维酵母菌株产乳糖酶的发酵培养基组分(W/V,%)为乳糖8、葡萄糖0.5、酵母膏0.7、尿素0.15、KH2PO41.5、MgSO40.1、MnCl20.01,并考察了其发酵工艺条件,优化得到的最高产酶量平均达到1.930ONPGU/ml。     

Kinetics of growth and glucose transport in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066

The glucose transport capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 was studied in aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures. Two different transport systems were encountered with affinity constants of 1 and 20 mM, respectively. The capacity of these carriers (Vmax) was dependent on the dilution rate and the residual glucose concentration in the culture. From the residual glucose concentration in the fermenter and the kinetic constants of glucose transport, their in situ contribution to glucose consumption was determined. The sum of these calculated in situ transport rates correlated well with the observed rate of glucose consumption of the culture. The growth kinetics of S. cerevisiae CBS 8066 in glucose-limited cultures were rather peculiar. At low dilution rates, at which glucose was completely respired, the glucose concentration in the fermenter was constant at 110 microM, independent of the glucose concentration in the reservoir. At higher dilution rates, characterized by the occurrence of both respiration and alcoholic fermentation, the residual substrate concentration followed Monod kinetics. In this case, however, the overall affinity constant was dependent on the reservoir glucose concentration.     

The alcohol dehydrogenase system in the yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis

We have studied the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Southern hybridization to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH2 gene indicates four probable structural ADH genes in K. lactis. Two of these genes have been isolated from a genomic bank by hybridization to ADH2. The nucleotide sequence of one of these genes shows 80% and 50% sequence identity to the ADH genes of S. cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe respectively. One K. lactis ADH gene is preferentially expressed in glucose-grown cells and, in analogy to S. cerevisiae, was named K1ADH1. The other gene, homologous to K1ADH1 in sequence, shows an amino-terminal extension which displays all of the characteristics of a mitochondrial targeting presequence. We named this gene K1ADH3. The two genes have been localized on different chromosomes by Southern hybridization to an orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis-resolved K. lactis genome. ADH activities resolved by gel electrophoresis revealed several ADH isozymes which are differently expressed in K. lactis cells depending on the carbon source.     

马克斯克鲁维酵母的中试发酵研究

对马克斯克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces marxianus）的细胞积累展开中试发酵,并且在其培养过程中研究菌体的生长情况以及呼吸参数和代谢产物的变化规律。结果表明,通过摇瓶和3 L发酵罐的分批培养,从6株马克斯克鲁维酵母中确定了马克斯克鲁维酵母菌株F#在生长方面更具优势。利用带有尾气分析仪的50 L发酵罐对菌株F#进行分批培养和流加培养,确定了菌株F#存在Crabtree效应。并且通过线上监测呼吸商（RQ）、发酵液pH和溶氧的变化情况,以合适的补料工艺减弱了菌株F#的Crabtree效应,培养12 h后细胞干质量达（54.37±3.3）g/L,实现了细胞的大量积累,对马克斯克鲁维酵母的工业生产具有一定指导意义。     

重组乳酸克鲁维酵母产磷脂酶A2发酵条件的优化

利用重组乳酸克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces lactis）GG799表达磷脂酶A2,对其产酶发酵条件进行研究。采用单因素试验和正交试验对培养基及培养条件进行优化,确定了重组菌产酶的最佳发酵条件。结果表明：最优培养基组成为葡萄糖30 g/L、酵母粉20 g/L、蛋白胨30 g/L、KH2PO4 3 g/L;最优培养条件为：发酵温度30 ℃、接种量2%（V/V）、初始pH?7.0、装液量90 mL/250 mL三角瓶、摇床转速220 r/min,在此条件下发酵培养,酶活力由（1.87±0.12）U提高到（5.35±0.27）U。     

LYS2 gene and its mutation in Kluyveromyces lactis

The KlLYS2 gene, encoding the alpha-aminoadipate reductase of Kluyveromyces lactis, was isolated by complementation of a lysA1 mutant. The deduced amino acid sequence shared an identity of 73% with the LYS2 product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite the high sequence homology of the alpha-aminoadipate reductase genes, the two yeast species differently responded to the presence of alpha-aminoadipate in the medium. Wild-type S. cerevisiae is known to be sensitive to alpha-aminoadipate, but becomes resistant when mutated to lys2. In contrast, K. lactis strains were found to be naturally resistant to alpha-aminoadipate. Therefore, the positive selection procedure for the isolation of lys2 mutants on alpha-aminoadipate, as practised in S. cerevisiae, cannot be applied to K. lactis. A possible reason of this difference may be that the catalytic rate of the alpha-aminoadipate reductase differs in the two yeasts. The EMBL/Genbank Accession No. for the KlLYS2 gene is AJ504405.     

Physiological approach to heterologous human serum albumin production by Kluyveromyces lactis in chemostat culture

Production of recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) controlled by the constitutive promoter phosphoglycerate kinase was studied in Kluyveromyces lactis. It was governed by both cell concentration and glycolytic flow. The triggering of the fermentation metabolism by unfavourable culture conditions (pH, pO₂, D) caused a decrease in the synthesis of the heterologous protein. The highest productivity (75 mg 1^?1 per h) and rHSA concentration (62 mg 1^?1) were obtained in chemostat culture with a dilution rate of 0·12 h^?1 and with 38 g 1^?1 dry weight.     

The KlTrk1 gene encodes a low affinity transporter of the K+ uptake system in the budding yeast Kluyveromyces lactis

Potassium uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by at least two proteins, known as Trk1p and Trk2p. Direct involvement in cation movements has been demonstrated for Trk1p, which is the high affinity transporter. S. cerevisiae cells also show low affinity potassium uptake, perhaps mediated by Trk2p. Mutants lacking Trk1p, lose high affinity system, but when grown with moderate potassium concentrations, Trk2p seems to replace it. Mutants lacking both proteins are viable but require at least 10 mM K(+) in the medium to sustain growth. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a gene from Kluyveromyces lactis encoding a homologue of these two proteins. KlTrkp is a 1070 amino acid peptide that shows, overall, higher homology with Trk2p than with Trk1p, and its disruption gives rise to cells with deficient potassium transport and with an increased K(+) requirement for normal growth. Determination of kinetic parameters in the K. lactis wild-type and Kltrk1Delta strains, as well as in Sctrk1Delta Sctrk2Delta S. cerevisiae cells expressing KlTrk1, indicated that this is a low affinity component of a major potassium uptake system in K. lactis.     

Isolation and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Kluyveromyces lactis

The KlPCK1 gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; ATP-dependent) was cloned from the Kluyveromyces lactis genome using a PCR amplicon from Saccharomyces cerevisiae PCK1 gene as a probe. A DNA fragment of about 4·8 kb containing KlPCK1 complemented PEPCK activity of the mutant of S. cerevisiae defective in PEPCK. The KlPCK1 gene has an open reading frame of 1629 bp (543 amino acids). The KlPCK1 nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence showed 76% and 84% homologies to those of S. cerevisiae PCK1, respectively. Multiple alignment of ATP-dependent PEPCK genes shows highly conserved regions. The nucleotide sequence of KlPCK1 has been submitted to the DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL data bank with Accession Number U88575. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sequence of a cytochrome c gene from Kluyveromyces lactis and its upstream region

The complete sequence of a cytochrome c gene from Kluyveromyces lactis including its upstream region is reported. Sequence of the translated open reading frame is discussed in terms of cytochrome c structural requirements. Putative regulatory signals in the upstream region are described and compared with reported sequences which modulate the expression of respiratory-related yeast genes.     

一株马克斯克鲁维酵母菌的生长及酒精发酵特性分析

该文对一株耐高温的马克斯克鲁维酵母菌株HY32的生长及酒精发酵特性进行了研究.与耐高温酿酒活性干酵母TRADY相比,菌株HY32表现出了极好的耐热能力和较好的耐酒精能力.在37℃、42℃、45℃摇瓶培养10h后,菌株HY32的活菌数分别为2.45× 108个/mL、1.76× 108个/mL和0.92× 108个/mL.将菌株TRADY和HY32按相同的接种量转接到添加了4％vol乙醇的液体培养基中,37℃摇瓶培养6h后,菌株HY32的OD600值是菌株TRADY的1.6倍.随着温度的升高和培养基中乙醇浓度的增加,菌株HY32较TRADY的相对耐酒精能力更好.菌株HY32在高温下仍具有一定的产酒能力.采用葡萄糖酒精发酵培养基进行酒精发酵,菌株HY32在42℃和45℃时发酵72h,酒精产率分别为5.25％vol和4.02％vol.木薯酒精发酵实验结果分析表明,菌株HY32的乙酸乙酯产量是酿酒酵母TRADY的10倍左右,而正丙醇和乳酸乙酯等含量较低.     

人溶菌酶基因在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的表达

人溶菌酶是一种天然广谱抑菌物质,在食品和医药工业有潜在应用前景。为获得高活性的人溶菌酶制剂,采用乳酸克鲁维酵母表达系统,对经密码子优化的人溶菌酶基因(h LYZ)进行分泌表达。将人工合成h LYZ插入到乳酸克鲁维酵母表达载体p KLAC1,构建重组载体p KLAC1-h LYZ,并用电脉冲法将SacⅡ线性化的重组质粒转化到乳酸克鲁维酵母GG799中。通过全细胞PCR鉴定,最后获得了一株多拷贝整合的基因工程菌h LYZ1。工程菌可以分泌表达分子量约14 ku的目的蛋白质,与预期大小相符。摇瓶发酵培养128 h,酶活最高达到1430 U/mL。抗菌活性检测结果显示,重组人溶菌酶对溶壁微球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有较好的溶菌活性。本研究成功地在乳酸克鲁维酵母中表达了重组人溶菌酶,表达的蛋白具有较高的酶活性,试验结果为利用乳酸克鲁维酵母表达系统规模化生产重组人溶菌酶奠了基础。     

乳酸克鲁维酵母超量表达葡萄糖氧化酶的研究

本研究应用具有超量分泌表达能力的乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kl SEL1基因突变型)、游离型载体p KDU7以及整合型表达载体p KLAC1,对具有5个氨基酸点突变的葡萄糖氧化酶(该突变酶的比活是野生型葡萄糖氧化酶的3.24倍)进行分泌表达。最终获得了一株可以超量分泌表达葡萄糖氧化酶的菌株,其最大产量为70±7 k U/L。这是现今已报道的分泌表达葡萄糖氧化酶能力最高的乳酸克鲁维重组菌株,为食品安全级的葡萄糖氧化酶的生产和应用提供了新途径。      

Disruption of PMR1 in Kluyveromyces lactis improves secretion of calf prochymosin

BACKGROUND: Chymosin is an important industrial enzyme widely used in cheese manufacturing. Kluyveromyces lactis is a promising host strain for expression of the chymosin gene. However, only low yields of chymosin (80 U mL^?1 in shake flask culture) have been obtained using K. lactis GG799. The aim of this study was to increase the amount of recombinant calf chymosin secreted by K. lactis GG799 by disrupting the PMR1 gene. RESULTS: Kluyveromyces lactis GG799 harbouring the disrupted PMR1 gene showed reduced growth in ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid‐containing and Ca²⁺‐deficient medium, but Ca²⁺ supplementation eliminated the growth problem. The calf chymosin gene was ligated into the K. lactis GG799 expression vector, generating the plasmid pKLAC1‐N‐prochymosin. The linearised plasmid was homologously integrated into the genome of K. lactis GG799. In shake flask culture, chymosin activity was 496 U mL^?1 in the K. lactis PMR1‐deficient mutant, sixfold higher than that in wild‐type K. lactis GG799. CONCLUSION: Disrupting the PMR1 gene improved chymosin production in K. lactis GG799 sixfold. This knowledge could be applied to industrial chymosin production. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cloning and sequencing of the gene for apocytochrome b of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis strains WM27 (NRRL Y-17066) and WM37 (NRRL Y-1140)

The apocytochrome b genes from two strains of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, have been isolated and sequenced. The coding sequences in strains WM27 (NRRL Y-17066) and WM37 (NRRL Y-1140) were identical but the upstream noncoding regions were slightly different. The sequences demonstrated the presence of a continuous open reading frame with no introns. The amino acid sequence, derived from the coding strand, showed 82% homology to the apocytochrome b of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D273-10B and only 58% homology to the protein from Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain 50. CUN and CGN codon families were absent from the K. lactis gene. Codon usage was very similar to that of other mitochondrial genomes with mostly U or A in the third position. There were two unusual features. All threonines were coded by ACA(U) and all arginines by AGA.