Moulds and yeasts in fruit salads and fruit juices

Thirty-eight fruit salad samples including cantaloupe, citrus fruits, honeydew, pineapple, cut strawberries and mixed fruit salads, and 65 pasteurized fruit juice samples (apple, carrot, grapefruit, grape and orange juices, apple cider, and soy milk) were purchased from local supermarkets in the Washington, DC area and tested for fungal contamination. The majority of fruit salad samples (97%) were contaminated with yeasts at levels ranging from <2.0 to 9.72 log10 of colony forming units per gram (cfu/g). Frequently encountered yeasts were Pichia spp., Candida pulcherrima, C. lambica, C. sake, Rhodotorula spp., and Debaryomyces polymorphus. Low numbers of Penicillium spp. were found in pineapple salads, whereas Cladosporium spp. were present in mixed fruit and cut strawberry salads. Twenty-two per cent of the fruit juice samples tested showed fungal contamination. Yeasts were the predominant contaminants ranging from <1.0 to 6.83 log10 cfu/ml. Yeasts commonly found in fruit juices were C. lambica, C. sake, and Rhodotorula rubra. Geotrichum spp. and low numbers of Penicillium and Fusarium spp. (1.70 and 1.60 log10 cfu/ml, respectively) were present in grapefruit juice.     

A comparison of nutrient density scores for 100% fruit juices

ABSTRACT:  The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that consumers choose a variety of nutrient-dense foods. Nutrient density is usually defined as the quantity of nutrients per calorie. Food and nutrition professionals should be aware of the concept of nutrient density, how it might be quantified, and its potential application in food labeling and dietary guidance. This article presents the concept of a nutrient density score and compares nutrient density scores for various 100% fruit juices. One hundred percent fruit juices are popular beverages in the United States, and although they can provide concentrated sources of a variety of nutrients, they can differ considerably in their nutrient profiles. Six methodologies were used to quantify nutrient density and 7 100% fruit juices were included in the analysis: apple, grape, pink grapefruit, white grapefruit, orange, pineapple, and prune. Food composition data were obtained from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 18. Application of the methods resulted in nutrient density scores with a range of values and magnitudes. The relative scores indicated that citrus juices, particularly pink grapefruit and orange juice, were more nutrient dense compared to the other nonfortified 100% juices included in the analysis. Although the methods differed, the relative ranking of the juices based on nutrient density score was similar for each method. Issues to be addressed regarding the development and application of a nutrient density score include those related to food fortification, nutrient bioavailability, and consumer education and behavior.     

Prevalence, concentration, spoilage, and mitigation of Alicyclobacillus spp. in tropical and subtropical fruit juice concentrates

The presence of Alicyclobacillus in fruit juices and concentrates poses a serious problem for the juice industry. This study was undertaken to determine the (i) prevalence, concentration, and species of Alicyclobacillus in tropical and subtropical concentrates; (ii) efficacy of aqueous chlorine dioxide in reducing Alicyclobacillus spp. spores on tropical and subtropical fruit surfaces; and (iii) fate of and off-flavor production by Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in mango and pineapple juices. One hundred and eighty tropical and subtropical juice concentrates were screened for the presence and concentration of Alicyclobacillus spp. If found, the species of Alicyclobacillus was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis with NCI BLAST. Of these samples, 6.1% were positive for Alicyclobacillus, and nine A. acidoterrestris strains and two Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius strains were identified. A five-strain cocktail of Alicyclobacillus spp. was inoculated onto the surface of fruits (grapefruit, guava, limes, mangoes, oranges and pineapple), which were then washed with 0, 50, or 100 ppm aqueous chlorine dioxide. Significant reductions due to chlorine dioxide were only seen on citrus fruits. A five-strain cocktail of A. acidoterrestris was inoculated into mango and pineapple juices. Microbial populations were enumerated over a 16-day period. Aroma compounds in the juice were analyzed by GC-olfactometry (GC-O) and confirmed using GC-MS. GC-O of mango juice identified previously reported medicinal/antiseptic compounds. GC-O of pineapple juice revealed an unexpected “cheese” off-aroma associated with 2-methylbutyric acid and 3-methylbutyric acid.     

OPTIMUM QUALITY PARAMETERS OF MUSCADINE GRAPE JUICES, BEVERAGES, AND BLENDS

Cold- and hot-pressed juices from black and bronze muscadine grapes were tested to determine optimum Brix/acid ratios, optimum juice level in beverages, and optimum blend ratios with other fruit juices. The optimum Brix/acid ratio, regardless of cultivar or process, was approxi-mately 30 with. an acceptable range from 25. to 35. Increased sweetness due to sugar addition was perceptible, even when balanced with addition of acid. Optimum dilution was dependent upon cultivar and process. Red hot-pressed juice was most acceptable at a 25% juice level, when Brix/acid was adjusted to 30. Optimum blends with fruit juices varied with muscadine juice color and process. Best blends were muscadine juices and commercial grape juices, orange juice, and pineapple juice. Muscadine grape-grapefruit juice blends had poor acceptability.     

橙汁饮料中橙与橘成分双重实时荧光定量PCR检测技术

目的：建立双重实时荧光定量PCR检测橙汁饮料中橙与橘成分的方法。方法：通过设计和筛选橙、橘成分的引物和探针,检测水果寻找橙和橘的荧光扩增规律,利用橙和橘在FAM/VIC两个荧光通道上的比值差异来判定橙、橘成分。采用模拟橙汁掺杂柑橘汁试验验证方法检测的最低掺杂比例,对市售橙汁饮料进行检验来验证方法可行性。结果：纯橙水果在FAM和VIC两通道均有荧光扩增曲线,FAM/VIC通道荧光比值在0.5±0.2的范围内,而纯橘水果仅在FAM通道有很强的荧光扩增曲线。模拟掺杂试验中,可以检测出橙汁中掺有10%及以上的柑橘汁。结论：该方法能够检测橙汁饮料中的橙和橘成分,可用于市售橙汁饮料的鉴伪。     

Effect of low-temperature, high-pressure treatment on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in unpasteurized fruit juices

The destructive effect of high pressure (615 MPa) combined with low temperature (15 degrees C) on various strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and various serovars of Salmonella in grapefruit, orange, apple, and carrot juices was investigated. The three-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 (SEA13B88, ATCC 43895, and 932) was found to be most sensitive in grapefruit juice (8.34-log reduction) and least in apple juice (0.41-log reductions) when pressurized at 615 MPa for 2 min at 15 degrees C. Correspondingly, no injured survivor was detected in grapefruit and carrot juices under similar treatment conditions. No Salmonella spp. were detected in a 2-min pressure treatment (615 MPa, 15 degrees C) of grapefruit and orange fruit juices. Except for Enteritidis, all four serovars tested in the present study have viability loss of between 3.92- and 5.07-log reductions when pressurized in apple juice at 615 MPa for 2 min at 15 degrees C. No injured cells were recovered from grapefruit and orange juices, whereas the same treatment demonstrated reduction in numbers of Salmonella serovars Agona and Muenchen in apple juices and to a lesser extent with Typhimurium, Agona, and Muenchen in carrot juice. The present study demonstrated that low-temperature, high-pressure treatment has the potential to inactivate E. coli O157:H7 strains and different Salmonella spp. in different fruit juices.     

Stability of enterocin AS-48 in fruit and vegetable juices

Enterocin AS-48 is a candidate bacteriocin for food biopreservation. Before addressing application of AS-48 to vegetable-based foods, the interaction between AS-48 and vegetable food components and the stability of AS-48 were studied. Enterocin AS-48 had variable interactions with fruit and vegetable juices, with complete, partial, or negligible loss of activity. For some juices, loss of activity was ameliorated by increasing the bacteriocin concentration, diluting the juice, or applying a heat pretreatment. In juices obtained from cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, green beans, celery, and avocado, AS-48 was very stable for the first 24 to 48 h of storage under refrigeration, and decay of activity was markedly influenced by storage temperature. In fresh-made fruit juices (orange, apple, grapefruit, pear, pineapple, and kiwi) and juice mixtures, AS-48 was very stable for at least 15 days at 4 degrees C, and bacteriocin activity was still detectable after 30 days of storage. Gradual and variable loss of activity occurred in juices stored at 15 and 28 degrees C; inactivation was faster at higher temperatures. In commercial fruit juices (orange, apple, peach, and pineapple) stored at 4 degrees C, the bacteriocin was completely stable for up to 120 days, and over 60% of initial activity was still present in juices stored at 15 degrees C for the same period. Commercial fruit juices stored at 28 degrees C for 120 days retained between 31.5% (apple) and 67.71% (peach) of their initial bacteriocin activity. Solutions of AS-48 in sterile distilled water were stable (120 days at 4 to 28 degrees C). Limited loss of activity was observed after mixing AS-48 with some food-grade dyes and thickening agents. Enterocin AS-48 added to lettuce juice incubated at 15 degrees C reduced viable counts of Listeria monocytogenes CECT 4032 and Bacillus cereus LWL1 to below detection limits and markedly reduced viable counts of Staphylococcus aureus CECT 976.     

The growth of Propionibacterium cyclohexanicum in fruit juices and its survival following elevated temperature treatments

This study investigated the growth of Propionibacterium cyclohexanicum in orange juice over a temperature range from 4 to 40 degrees C and its ability to multiply in tomato, grapefruit, apple, pineapple and cranberry juices at 30 and 35 degrees C. Survival after 10 min exposure to 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90 and 95 degrees C in culture medium and in orange juice was also assessed. In orange juice the organism was able to multiply by 2 logs at temperatures from 4 to 35 degrees C and survived for up to 52 days. However, at 40 degrees C viable counts were reduced after 6 days and no viable cells isolated after 17 days. The optimum growth temperature in orange juice over 6 days was 25 degrees C but over 4 days it was 35 degrees C. The growth of P. cyclohexanicum was monitored in tomato, grapefruit, cranberry, pineapple and apple juices at 30 and 35 degrees C over 29 days. Cranberry, grapefruit and apple juice did not support the growth of P. cyclohexanicum. At 30 degrees C no viable cells were detected after 8 days in cranberry juice or after 22 days in grapefruit juice while at 35 degrees C no viable cells were detected after 5 and 15 days, respectively. However, in apple juice, although a 5 log reduction occurred, viable cells could be detected after 29 days. P. cyclohexanicum was able to multiply in both tomato and pineapple juices. In tomato juice, there was a 2 log increase in viable counts after 8 days at 30 degrees C but no increase at 35 degrees C, while in pineapple juice there was a 1 log increase in numbers over 29 days with no significant difference between numbers of viable cells present at 30 and 35 degrees C. The organism survived at 50 degrees C for 10 min in culture medium without a significant loss of viability while similar treatment at 60, 70 and 80 degrees C resulted in approximately a 3-4 log reduction, with no viable cells detected after treatment at 85 or 90 or 95 degrees C but, when pre-treated at intermediate temperatures before exposure to higher temperatures, some cells survived. However, in orange juice a proportion of cells survived at 95 degrees C for 10 min without pre-treatment and there was no significant difference between numbers surviving with and without pre-treatment. The results from this study demonstrate that P. cyclohexanicum is able to grow in a number of juices, other than orange juice, and able to survive a number of high temperature procedures. Therefore, if initially present in the raw materials P. cyclohexanicum might survive the pasteurization procedures used in the fruit juice industry, contaminate and consequently spoil the final product.     

Use of a multivariate approach to assess the incidence of Alicyclobacillus spp. in concentrate fruit juices marketed in Argentina: results of a 14-year survey

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of Alicyclobacillus spp. in fruit/vegetable juices (concentrated pulps and clarified and non-clarified juices) marketed in Argentina between 1996 and 2009.The presence of Alicyclobacillus was determined in a total of 8556 samples of fruit and vegetable juices (apple, pear, grape, peach, blend of juices, tangerine, pineapple, orange, mango, plum, guava, apricot, lemon, banana, kiwi, carrot, strawberry, grapefruit, and beetroot) collected in seven Argentinean provinces. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) was carried out on a data matrix that contained the percentage of positive samples, type of juice, raw material and production year.Except for kiwi and orange, Alicyclobacillus was found in juices from all the evaluated raw materials. The highest percentage of positive samples was found for beetroot, strawberry, banana, peach, mango, carrot and plum juices. The percentage of positive samples for these juices ranged from 100% to 24%.Furthermore, the application of multivariate techniques provided an insight on the relationship between the incidence of Alicyclobacillus and production variables. This approach enabled the identification of the most relevant variables that increased the percentage of positive samples among the juices, which could help in developing strategies to avoid the incidence of this bacterium.By means of hierarchical cluster analysis seven groups (clusters) of juices which showed different percentages of positive samples for Alicyclobacillus spp. were identified. This analysis showed that pineapple, peach, strawberry, mango and beetroot juices had higher rates of positivity for Alicyclobacillus than the rest of the evaluated juices. MFA analysis also showed that some clear relationships could be highlighted between the percentage of samples positive for Alicyclobacillus and five types of fruit juices (strawberry, beetroot, grapefruit, pineapple and mango). It was observed that a large proportion of juices produced in 2000, 2005 and 2008 were located in clusters with higher incidence of Alicyclobacillus spp., whereas a larger proportion of clarified concentrate juice and concentrate pulp samples showed higher probability of incidence of Alicyclobacillus in these products. Data presented in this study brings a contribution to the ecology of Alicyclobacillus in fruit/vegetable juices marketed in Argentina. This information would be useful to enhance the microbiological stability of fruit juices regarding the presence of Alicyclobacillus spp.     

Portable, low-cost equipment for small-scale fruit juice processing

Simple, low-cost portable equipment to extract citrus juice, and pasteurize it and other fruit juices by passing through a coil of stainless steel tube in boiling water was designed, constructed and tested. Temperature reached was varied by altering the hydrostatic feed height, and the product was directly hot-bottled and capped. Pasteurization was microbiologically effective, and had little effect on ascorbic acid, furfural and colour of freshly prepared pineapple orange, Valencia orange and apple juices, and an orange squash drink, and only the expected changes occurred on storage at 21°C for periods up to 6 months, although with no indication of microbial activity. Taste panel ratings showed a loss of liking for treated orange juice, but not for apple. The equipment is suitable for improved utilization of crops by community technology in less-developed areas.     

Formation of α-terpineol in Citrus Juices, Model and Buffer Solutions

The formation of α-terpineol from its putative precursors in citrus juice (d-limonene and linalool) was investigated in juice, buffers and model solutions. α-Terpineol content was higher in commercial lemon juice than in orange or grapefruit juices. Its content exceeded its taste threshold of 2.5 mg/L in orange juice stored for 1 month at 35 °C. During storage of homogenized model solutions fortified with d-limonene or linalool, α-terpineol was simultaneously formed and degraded, especially at 45 °C and its formation was strongly dependent on pH. Linalool was a more reactive substrate than limonene for α-terpineol formation; the protonation in linalool was faster than in limonene. However, since there was more limonene than linalool in citrus juices, a-terpineol appeared to have been formed to about the same extent from both precursors.     

培养条件和果汁种类对脂环酸芽孢杆菌生长的影响

脂环酸芽孢杆菌是造成巴氏灭菌果汁腐败的重要细菌之一。鉴于目前脂环酸芽孢杆菌的培养方法尚未统一且污染特征不明确,本研究考察了pH、7种培养基和9种果汁对其生长的影响,同时采用固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱(GC)-质谱(MS)技术检测了该菌的主要代谢产物愈创木酚和2,6-二溴苯酚在果汁中的释放情况。结果表明,脂环酸芽孢杆菌在pH4.0时生长情况最好,pH2.5时生长较差,pH6.0~7.0时最差。AAM培养基和BAT培养基较其他5种培养基(YSG培养基、K氏培养基、SK培养基、PDB培养基和营养肉汤培养基)更适合用来培养脂环酸芽孢杆菌。脂环酸芽孢杆菌接种到9种果汁中后生长差异明显,在葡萄汁和橙汁中生长情况最好,细菌数量分别为1.5×104 CFU/mL和8.5×103 CFU/mL;在菠萝汁和西柚汁中生长缓慢,细菌数量分别为4.4×102 CFU/mL和1.9×102 CFU/mL。此外,9种果汁接种脂环酸芽孢杆菌后均未检测出2,6-二溴苯酚;但是,除葡萄汁外的8种果汁均检测出愈创木酚,浓度在8.6~23.9 μg/L之间。     

D-alanine in Fruit Juices: A Molecular Marker of Bacterial Activity, Heat Treatments and Shelf-life

Apple, grapefruit, orange, peach, pear, pineapple and other commercial juice samples were investigated by GC (chiral phase) and HPLC (chiral eluent) to detect D-amino acids as molecular markers of bacterial activity, heat treatments, and shelf life. The development of D-amino acids was followed in grapefruit juice samples inoculated with bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarun), or yeasts (Saccharomyces cereviae). Significant amounts of free D-alanine were found only in juices affected by bacterial contamination. The content of D-alanine was not dependent upon pasteurization or sterilization treatments and did not change during the shelf-life of the products. D-alanine may be considered as a marker of bacterial contamination occurring before or during juice processing.     

Limonoid Glucosides in Commercial Citrus Juices

Commercial citrus juices were found to contain very high concentrations of limonoid glucosides. TLC analyses showed the presence of these compounds averaging 320, 190 and 82 ppm in orange, grapefruit and lemon juices, respectively. The major glucoside in citrus juices was limonin 17-O-β-D-glucopyianoside, which constituted over 50% of the total limonoid glucosides in the juices.     

Development and optimisation by means of sensory analysis of new beverages based on different fruit juices and sherry wine vinegar

BACKGROUND: Despite the long history of sherry wine vinegar, new alternatives of consumption are being developed, with the aim of diversifying its market. Several new acetic‐based fruit juices have been developed by optimising the amount of sherry wine vinegar added to different fruit juices: apple, peach, orange and pineapple. Once the concentrations of wine vinegar were optimised by an expert panel, the aforementioned new acetic fruit juices were tasted by 86 consumers. Three different aspects were taken into account: habits of consumption of vinegar and fruit juices, gender and age. RESULTS: Based on the sensory analysis, 50 g kg^?1 of wine vinegar was the optimal and preferred amount of wine vinegar added to the apple, orange and peach juices, whereas 10 g kg^?1 was the favourite for the pineapple fruit. Based on the olfactory and gustatory impression, and ‘purchase intent’, the acetic beverages made from peach and pineapple juices were the most appreciated, followed by apple juice, while those obtained from orange juice were the least preferred by consumers. CONCLUSION: New opportunities for diversification of the oenological market could be possible as a result of the development of this type of new product which can be easily developed by any vinegar or fruit juice maker company. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Free sugars determination by HPLC in pineapple products

Free sugars have been determined by HPLC in fresh pineapple fruit, freshly extracted pineapple juice (home-made), pineapple juice concentrate (for industrial use), commercial pineapple juices and nectars. In natural samples, intermediate products and commercial juices the dominant sugar was sucrose, followed by fructose and glucose, both of which were found in similar concentrations. However, the sugar content of nectars analyzed was highly variable. The presence of maltose in nectar samples is a clear indication of the addition of sugars from corn syrup. We have found a fructose/glucose ratio close to 1, and the coefficient fructose plus glucose/sucrose close to 1, both of which are a good index of authenticity of pineapple juices.     

Stability of black carrot anthocyanins in various fruit juices and nectars

Fruit juices (apple, grape, orange, grapefruit, tangerine and lemon) and nectars (apricot, peach and pineapple) were coloured with black carrot juice concentrate and stability of black carrot anthocyanins in these matrices was studied during heating at 70–90 °C and storage at 4–37 °C. Anthocyanin degradation, in all coloured juices and nectars, followed first-order reaction kinetics. During heating, black carrot anthocyanins in apple and grape juices showed higher stability than those in citrus juices at 70 and 80 °C. High stability was also obtained for the anthocyanins in peach and apricot nectars at these temperatures. Black carrot anthocyanins were the least stable in orange juice during both heating and storage. During storage, degradation of anthocyanins was very fast at 37 °C, especially in pineapple nectar. Refrigerated storage (4 °C) markedly increased the stability in all samples. Activation energies for the degradation of black carrot anthocyanins in coloured juices and nectars ranged from 42.1 to 75.8 kJ mol⁻¹ at 70–90 °C and 65.9–94.7 kJ mol⁻¹ at 4–37 °C.     

A review of limonin in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) juice,its relationship to flavour,and efforts to reduce it

Ever since limonin was first discovered in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf) juice in 1965 and found responsible for significantly contributing to bitterness in the juice, a great deal of research has been directed towards understanding its role therein. Information is presented relative to limonin's chemical determination, taste threshold and content in grapefruit juice, and to relevant legislation. Also considered are (1) several factors affecting the limonin content of grapefruit juice (2) the effect of limonin content on sensory flavour in grapefruit juice (3) the interaction between the Brix: acid ratio and limonin content in affecting grapefruit juice flavour and (4) methods for reducing limonin in citrus juices generally. Finally, recommendations for future studies on limonin in grapefruit juice are reviewed.     

果汁冷冻浓缩过程中冰晶形成规律的研究

本研究测定了橙汁和菠萝汁的冰点曲线,并以此探讨在果汁冷冻浓缩时水分冻结率的变化规律。结果表明,果汁在开始冻结的温度附近结冰率变化最大;以后逐渐减慢。橙汁和菠萝汁的最大冰晶生成区分别是-0.8～-7.9℃和-0.7～-6.7℃。冷却介质温度越低,冰晶的生长速度越快,但最终冰晶尺寸越小。当介质温度为-10℃左右时,可获得较大的冰晶尺寸。本文也研究了搅拌作用及果汁预处理因素对冰晶生长的影响。