Protease Inhibitors of Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL) During Seed Development

Developing seeds of two chickpea varieties were collected on the 20th, 40th and 60th day after flowering (DAF) and analysed for trypsin inhibitors (TI). The varieties differed in their TI profiles and activity units. The TI band and activity were not detectable at 20 DAF in the varieties Annigeri and BDN 9-3. Annigeri showed the highest total and specific TI activity, and five isoinhibitors at 40 DAF, which decreased to four at 60 DAF. The appearance and disappearance of TI bands during seed development indicate their specific post-translational modification and/or the presence of isolated gene groups. © 1997 SCI.     

Effects of processing and cooking on ascorbic acid content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) varieties

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) is an important source of protein in several developing countries. Two commonly grown chickpea cultivars, HPG‐17 and C‐235, were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics such as 100‐seed weight and density. Both chickpea varieties were subjected to various processing treatments and then analysed for their ascorbic acid content. The ascorbic acid content was generally found to be higher in the C‐235 variety, but it was higher in the HPG‐17 variety after germination. Significant results were obtained for both varieties after various treatments such as pressure cooking, germination, parching and solar cooking. It was found that the ascorbic acid content in both varieties decreased after all treatments except germination. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cooking quality and nutritional attributes of some nely developed cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Eight nely developed and to commonly gron chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) cultivars ere evaluated for their cooking quality by measuring cooking time, ater absorption and sensory properties. Nutritional aspects of cooked hole seed samples ere measured chemically (including amino acids and minerals) and biologically in nitrogen-balance experiments ith rats. Results indicated that kabuli (cream seed coat) may be generally preferred to desi (bron seed coat) cultivars in terms of cooking time and sensory properties. Calcium content as noticeably higher in desi than in kabuli cultivars, hereas magnesium, iron, copper and zinc shoed no definite trend. Levels of lysine, threonine, methionine and cystine of these genotypes ere ithin the range of FAO values. Desi and kabuli revealed no noticeable difference in protein and amino acids. Hoever, biological value as considerably higher for kabuli than for desi. Consequently, kabuli contained more utilisable protein and may be nutritionally better than desi. In general, cooking quality and nutritional aspects of both nely developed and control cultivars ere similar.     

Phytic acid content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and black gram (Vigna mungo): varietal differences and effect of domestic processing and cooking methods

Phytic acid content of various cultivars showed a narrow variation: 7.48-8.00 g kg^?1 and 6.47-6.68 g kg^?1 for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) and black gram (Vigna mungo L), respectively. Phytic acid was lowered significantly by the common methods of domestic processing and cooking including soaking, cooking, autoclaving and sprouting of the legume grains. Sprouting had the most marked phytic acid lowering effect followed by autoclaving and soaking. Cooking of soaked seeds lowered phytic acid by 20-26% in chickpea and 35-40% in black gram grains whereas the loss was 7-11% and 6-9% in these pulses, respectively, when unsoaked seeds were cooked.     

Biochemistry and technology of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds

Chickpea is an important source of proteins, carbohydrates, B-group vitamins, and certain minerals, particularly to the populations of developing nations. India contributes over 75% of the chickpea production in the world where it is mostly consumed as dhal, whole seeds, and several types of traditional, fermented, deep fried, sweetened, and puffed products. In this review, the world production and distribution, genetic background, biochemical and nutritional quality, and developments in storage and processing technology of chickpea are discussed. Future research needs, to improve the utilization of chickpea as human food, are addressed.     

Saponin content of chickpea and black gram: Varietal differences and effects of processing and cooking methods

Differences were observed in saponin contents of eight varieties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and four of black gram (Phaseolus mungo). Common domestic processing and cooking treatments reduced the saponin level of the pulses significantly. Sprouting had the most pronounced effect followed by autoclaving, soaking and ordinary cooking. Cooking of soaked as well as unsoaked seeds had a similar diminishing effect.     

Water Absorption in Chickpea (C. arietinum) and Field Pea (P. sativum) Cultivars using the Peleg Model

Moisture absorption in seven chickpea cultivars and three field pea cultivars was investigated at 5, 15, 25 and/or 42°C using the Peleg model (M (t) = Mo + t/[K₁+ K₂t]). The Peleg constant K₁ varied with temperature. At a given temperature, the lower the K₁, the more water was absorbed. The Peleg constant K₂ was almost unaffected by temperature and could be used to predict the equilibrium water absorption. A constant K₃ expressing the temperature effect on water absorption (K₁= K₃T + K₄) was developed to distinguish two types of chickpea — Desi and Kabuli. All chickpeas had similar composition and initial moisture. The difference in water absorption rate was probably due to thickness and structure of the seed coat. The Peleg model could be used to predict water absorption in chickpea and field pea.     

Composition and properties of starches from Virginia‐grown kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars

Composition and properties of seeds and starches from five Virginia‐grown kabuli chickpea cultivars were investigated. The seeds had the average weight of 4.48 g per 10 g and volume of 641.2 mm³, and were rich in carbohydrate with starch as a principal constituent (59.2–70.9%). Resistant starch accounted for 7.7–10.4% of the total starch content. The composition and properties of the starches among the five cultivars were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05). All starches had a C‐type crystalline structure. The degree of crystallinity ranged from 21.1% to 27.4%, gelatinisation temperature from 7.97 to 11.2 °C and gelatinisation enthalpies from 2.18 to 3.76 J g^?1, and water absorption capacities from 90.7% to 117.5%. Different shapes and granule sizes were observed. Molecular weight of amylopectin was in the range of 6.35 × 10⁸–11.6 × 10⁸ Da. Cultivar ‘HB‐14’ was superior to the other cultivars, when combining larger seed size, higher resistant starch level and better properties.     

Study of selected quality and agronomic characteristics and their interrelationship in Kabuli‐type chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)

Impact of genotype on quality, agronomic characteristics and their interrelationship in Kabuli‐type chickpea was investigated to provide significant feedback to breeder for selection/evolution of the most suitable varieties. Seven genotypes were studied for seventeen physical, chemical and agronomic characteristics. The effect of Kabuli‐type chickpea genotype on the physicochemical parameters, cooking time and agronomic characteristics were significant. Maximum seed size and volume were recorded for CC98/99 (0.32 g and 0.26 mL seed^?1, respectively), density and swelling index for the genotype FLIP97‐179C (having minimum seed size and volume), while the rest of the genotypes were statistically the same. Weight, volume after hydration, hydration capacity and swelling capacity followed the same pattern. Maximum moisture, protein and mineral concentration were noted in CC98/99. Seed protein concentration for the remaining genotypes was statistically non‐significant from one another. Longer period was taken by CM 2000 for flowering and maturity (130 and 181 days, respectively). Minimum time to flowering and maturity was taken by CC98/99. Genotype CC 98/99 outyielded all other genotypes (2107 kg ha^?1). Seed size and seed volume were strongly and positively correlated with protein content, weight after hydration, volume after hydration, hydration and swelling capacities (r = 0.83–1.0). Strong correlation was also noted among different agronomic characters.     

Effects of ripening and parching on the quality characteristics,the chemical composition and the nutritive value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L)

Physical properties and various chemical constituents of chickpea seeds were determined before and after ripening (malana and dry seeds of Giza 1 cultivar) and before and after parching (dry and parched seeds of Giza 2 cultivar). The raw dry seeds of Giza 2 were much smaller, lighter in mass and higher in seed coat percentage than those of Giza 1. Malana (green seeds at physiological maturity) seeds were large and uniform in size; they became smaller with much variation in seed size upon ripening. Parching significantly reduced the seed mass, but increased the seed volume. Marked differences in the chemical composition of the raw dry seeds were observed between the two cultivars which were grown under different environmental conditions. Ripening resulted in significant decreases in crude protein and polyphenol content but significant increases in nonreducing sugars, raffinose, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), add detergent fibre, cellulose, and phytic acid content. A considerable increase in Ca and Cu, a significant increase in in-vitro protein digestibility, but significant reductions in NDF, trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid content occurred upon parching.     

Reduction of raffinose oligosaccharides in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) flour by crude extracellular fungal α-galactosidase

The efficiency of crude extracelluar α-galactosidases from Cladosporium cladosporides, Aspergillus oryzae and A niger in reducing the raffinose and stachyose content in chickpea flours was studied and compared with other traditional treatments. The optimum pH for α-galactosidase activity was found to be 4·5 for A oryzae and 5·0 for Cl cladosporides and A niger, while the optimum temperature of enzyme activity was 40°C for Cl cladosporides and 50°C for A oryzae and A niger. The specific activities of α-galactosidase from Cl cladosporides, A oryzae and A niger were 3·35, 3·94 and 5·94 units μg⁻¹ protein, respectively. The enzyme activity was stable between pH 4·0 and 7·0 for A oryzae and A niger and between pH 5·0 and 7·0 for Cl cladosporides. The enzymes were thermostable when incubated at temperature ranges of 40–60°C for Cl cladosporides and 40–50°C for A oryzae and A niger. The optimum conditions for removing the raffinose and stachyose were obtained by incubating chickpea flours with 30 ml of crude fungal α-galactosidase extract (290, 210 and 130 units ml⁻¹ for Cl cladosporides, A oryzae and A niger, respectively) for 3 h at the optimum conditions of each strain. Crude fungal α-galactosidases reduced the raffinose oligosaccharides content in chickpea flours by 100%, while germination reduced the raffinose content by 69% and stachyose content by 75%. Other traditional techniques reduced the raffinose content by 13–49% and stachyose content by 10–32%. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Kinetics of roasting of split chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

The effects of three roasting temperatures on rates of moisture loss, size reduction and increase in bulk density in roasting chickpea dhal in a small rotary roaster mostly followed first order kinetics. Electrical energy use was more efficient at 150 than 125 or 100°C.     

鹰嘴豆肽、大豆肽功能性质的研究

研究对比了鹰嘴豆肽和大豆肽的水解度、抗氧化性、吸油性、吸湿及保湿性等功能特性的差异,以及蛋白酶种类对肽产物功能性质的影响。结果表明,①酶Ⅱ(Protease from Bacillus sp.)制备的蛋白肽抗氧化性和吸油能力最好,且在低湿度下的吸湿性和高湿度下的保湿性也最好;酶Ⅲ(Papain from papaya latex)制备的蛋白肽水解度最高;酶Ⅰ(Protease fromAspergillus melleus)制备的蛋白肽在不同湿度条件下都有较好的吸湿性能。②大豆肽的水解度和抗氧化能力比鹰嘴豆肽好。③Desi肽吸油能力最强,在抗氧化性上仅次于大豆肽,高低湿度环境下都有很好的保湿能力,其中Desi肽Ⅱ这些特征最为明显。④Kabuli肽在不同湿度条件下的吸湿和保湿能力都较好。     

Polyphenols of chickpea and blackgram as affected by domestic processing and cooking methods

The effects of soaking, cooking, autoclaving and sprouting on the polyphenol contents of eight cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and four of blackgram (Vigna mungo) were studied. All the treatments reduced the polyphenols of the legume seeds, but to a varying extent. Sprouting and autoclaving had the most pronounced effect; ordinary cooking and soaking were relatively less effective.     

浸钙处理对黄桃后熟软化的影响

研究了在不同贮藏温度下,浸钙处理对黄桃后熟软化的影响,实验结果表明:浸钙处理可以明显地延缓黄桃果实后熟,保持较高硬度,防止软化。     

Chemical composition,functional properties and microstructural characteristics of three kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as affected by different cooking methods

Chickpea is an important food legume and is a major ingredient in many human diets. Chemical composition, physical parameters, functional properties and microstructural characteristics of three kabuli chickpea cultivars and the effects of three cooking methods were investigated. Carbohydrate and protein were two major components in all seeds. Cooking increased fibre, total carbohydrate and total and resistant starch contents, but decreased ash content. Protein and oil levels of the cooked samples either decreased or did not change significantly. Seed weight and density decreased with cooking. Hydration and swelling capacities as well as water absorption and holding capacities of cooked chickpeas were higher than raw samples, with the largest increases in the pressure‐cooked seeds. Seed weights were highly correlated with hydration (r = 0.89) and swelling (r = 0.76) rates. Emulsifying activity, emulsifying stability and foaming capacity of cooked chickpea flours decreased, while foaming stability increased. Chickpea flours had pronounced morphological changes after cooking.     

Thermal inactivation of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase in green coconut (Cocos nucifera) water

Coconut water is an isotonic beverage naturally obtained from the green coconut. After extracted and exposed to air, it is rapidly degraded by enzymes peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO). To study the effect of thermal processing on coconut water enzymatic activity, batch process was conducted at three different temperatures, and at eight holding times. The residual activity values suggest the presence of two isoenzymes with different thermal resistances, at least, and a two‐component first‐order model was considered to model the enzymatic inactivation parameters. The decimal reduction time at 86.9 ^°C (D_{86.9 °C}) determined were 6.0 s and 11.3 min for PPO heat labile and heat resistant fractions, respectively, with average z‐value = 5.6 °C (temperature difference required for tenfold change in D). For POD, D_{86.9 °C} = 8.6 s (z = 3.4 °C) for the heat labile fraction was obtained and D_{86.9 °C} = 26.3 min (z = 6.7 °C) for the heat resistant one.     

Proximate composition and antinutritive substances in chickpea (cicer arietinum L) as affected by the biotype factor

A study was made of both Desi (16 cultivars) and Kabuli (21 cultivars) chickpea biotypes grown under the same environmental conditions in order to evaluate the influence of the biotype factor as source of variance of the proximate composition and antinutritive substances content. Differences were found between the two biotypes for fat, total dietary fibre (TDF), insoluble dietary fibre (IDF), phytic acid and tannin content. Desi biotypes revealed lower fat and phytic acid contents, whereas Kabuli biotypes showed lower TDF, IDF and tannin content. Differences in coat thickness, as reported in the literature, are confirmed as a source of differences between the two biotypes in the fat, TDF, IDF, phytic acid and tannin content. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.