大坝坝基胶状析出物的分析与评价

大坝坝基胶状析出物是较普遍存在的现象，通过对部分大坝坝基析出物的物理性质、化学性质和矿物成分以及排水孔水质和水中微生物的分析，认识到析出物的形成主要是下层库水向坝基渗透过程中，水对岩石及帷幕、混凝土化学潜蚀作用的产物。坝基存在微生物生长繁殖的良好环境，在微生物的生命活动中，产生的无机酸和有机酸，加剧了这一过程。依据化学成分，析出物可划分为4类，其中硅、铝为主要成分的析出物的多量迁移，是坝基岩石遭受溶蚀的标志，以钙为主要成分的析出物的迁出，将削弱坝基帷幕防渗性能和混凝土的强度。     

华东地区某大坝坝基水质特征及防渗帷幕性状评价

大坝运行后水环境发生剧变,库水中水质特征变化可导致坝基地下侵蚀性的加强,侵蚀大坝及坝基帷幕等结构,使坝基帷幕防渗材料逐渐流失,以致帷幕防渗效果大大降低,从而造成坝基帷幕防渗性能的衰减。因此,需要对运行多年后的大坝防渗帷幕性状评价进行评价。以华东地区某水电站重力坝为例,对坝前、坝体、坝基等点位进行水样采集分析,研究不同点位水样的pH值、水化学成分及胶状析出物等水质特征,详细论证大坝坝基帷幕防渗性状,判定帷幕总体防渗性状完好,局部存在薄弱部位。     

华东地区某大坝坝基水质特征及防渗帷幕性状评价

大坝运行后水环境发生剧变,库水中水质特征变化可导致坝基地下侵蚀性的加强,侵蚀大坝及坝基帷幕等结构,使坝基帷幕防渗材料逐渐流失,以致帷幕防渗效果大大降低,从而造成坝基帷幕防渗性能的衰减。因此,需要对运行多年后的大坝防渗帷幕性状评价进行评价。以华东地区某水电站重力坝为例,对坝前、坝体、坝基等点位进行水样采集分析,研究不同点位水样的pH值、水化学成分及胶状析出物等水质特征,详细论证大坝坝基帷幕防渗性状,判定帷幕总体防渗性状完好,局部存在薄弱部位。     

乌江渡水电站坝基水质特征及帷幕性状评价

以岩溶地区乌江渡水电站为典型案例,针对pH值、水化学类型、析出物、渗漏量等坝基防渗评价因素,结合历史、近期水样检测资料及坝址地层岩性和帷幕材料,对比库水与防渗帷幕后水样的pH值和水化学类型的变化,研究析出物成分的来源变化、渗漏量的趋势,分析坝基防渗帷幕性能。结果表明:水化学类型以CO_3~(2-)或OH~-型、HCO_3~-型为主,白色碳酸钙析出物由水—岩—混凝土三者间互相作用而成。水库在蓄水后,库底变为高压缺氧的还原环境,同时有机物的堆积会使得库底水呈弱酸性,侵蚀性CO_2含量会有所增加。这对坝基帷幕体不利。坝基防渗帷幕体的防渗性能整体上仍然完整有效;水的流动是析出物沉淀的必要条件之一。将水的pH值与渗流量或渗透压力及析出物沉淀情况综合分析,可以作为判别防渗帷幕防渗性能的依据。该研究结果可以为其他相似水库判断防渗帷幕性能提供参考。     

陈村水电站坝基水质及析出物成因分析

陈村大坝坝基水质碱性化和析出物的排出,是坝基地下水对岩层、混凝土、帷幕体作用的结果,水质强碱性化是帷幕体防渗性能良好的标志.析出物排出量少,主要成分为Fe、Mn,它主要来自岩层,由于岩层中Fe、Mn含量少,故对坝基岩层性状影响甚小.     

平班坝址水环境对水工建筑物的影响分析

针对平班库区水和坝基廊道渗漏水以及坝基析出物的水质特征、水质演变的情况进行分析.从而了解大坝周围环境水对混凝土的影响及坝内防渗帷幕的微观状况,找出了不利于大坝长期安全运行的因素,为可能采取的工程补强措施提供了科学依据.     

混凝土坝坝基析出物的形成作用与实例分析

论文在现场调查研究的基础上，分析论证了坝基析出物主要来源于坝基基岩及防渗帷幕，矿物在环境地下水作用下溶解与侵蚀、在水动力条件下迁移、在氧化还原条件下转化、以及胶体发生凝聚而析出。提出了减少坝基析出物的有效途径是提高帷幕的防渗性能，减少排水漏量，得出了析出物数量不多，对陈村大坝安全影响不大的结论。     

混凝土坝坝基析出物的形成作用与实例分析

论文在现场调查研究的基础上，分析论证了坝基析出物主要来源于坝基基岩及防渗帷幕，矿物在环境地下不作用下溶解与侵蚀、在水动力条件下迁移、在氧化还原条件下转化、以及胶体发生凝聚而析出，提出了减少坝基析出物的有效途径是提高帷幕的防渗性能，减少排水漏量，得出了析出物数量水多，对陈村大坝安全影响不大的结论。     

水库大坝防渗帷幕渗流模拟试验研究

为了研究水库大坝坝基和廊道析出物的来源以及水库蓄水后相应水化学环境下坝基渗流场帷幕水泥结石中钙质的溶出与腐蚀特征、流失规律，分析不同介质灌浆后形成的水泥结石组分与结构特征，模拟了防渗帷幕体在不同工况下的渗流试验、强度试验和微观试验。结果表明：坝基等析出物来源于帷幕体而非基岩；不同模拟介质灌浆后形成的水泥结石成分大体相同；对灌浆效果较好的帷幕体系，在水库蓄水后相应水化学环境下，坝基渗流场中帷幕水泥结石在充填裂隙中会有一个持续自闭合的过程，使防渗帷幕的防渗效果逐渐得以强化。     

坝基析出物分析与评判

坝基析出物是否与坝基软弱夹层、断层、红层的性状恶化有关,是否危及到坝基防渗帷幕的耐久性,以及坝基是否已产生机械管涌,这些都是直接关系到坝基稳定的重大安全问题,需要通过对析出物分析后加以评价和判断。多座大坝的实践表明,对比分析、量化分析和粒度分析是析出物分析的有效方法。为了准确评判析出物对坝基的危害性,必须紧密结合坝基工程地质、水文地质条件和地下工程特点以及渗流监测资料,进行综合评价和判断。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。