南欧江七级水电站混凝土面板受力计算分析研究

面板的挤压破坏会对堆石坝造成极大危害。为保证大坝的安全运行，必须对混凝土面板进行受力计算分析。论述了面板产生收缩裂缝的条件、面板变形的原理等，认为面板在自重和外力作用下的变形是导致面板发生挤压破坏的本质原因。使用有限元软件Comsol对堆石坝坝体进行三维建模分析，结果表明，两侧面板表面的应力集中主要发生在边墙挤压严重的部位。该结论与实际中混凝土面板受到挤压破坏时其极限抗压应变远大于面板中部挤压应变实测值的现象相符合。     

高面板堆石坝面板挤压破坏问题研究

近些年来,国内外的一些面板堆石坝工程相继出现了河床段面板挤压破坏现象,通过对面板挤压破坏机理的分析,表明造成面板挤压破坏的根本原因是堆石的变形,它与坝高、河谷形状、以及堆石的压实状况等因素有着较为密切的关系。严格控制坝体的总体变形,特别是控制蓄水运行后的坝体变形,是避免出现面板挤压破坏的最有效手段。     

马来西亚巴贡混凝土面板堆石坝面板抗挤压破坏措施探讨

随着混凝土面板堆石坝高度的逐渐增加,大坝堆石体的后期变形以及窄河谷内堆石体拱效应对大坝面板的变形和应力的影响愈发显著,致使河床中部的面板混凝土出现了不同程度的挤压破坏现象。分析面板混凝土挤压破坏的原因,并结合马来西亚巴贡混凝土面板堆石坝设计和施工状况,提出了一些预防措施,供大家探讨。     

混凝土面板堆石坝面板接缝止水技术的发展与展望

面板接缝止水是混凝土面板堆石坝发展进程中涉及的关键问题之一,对于混凝土面板堆石坝的安全至关重要。本文分析评述了国内外混凝土面板堆石坝面板接缝止水技术的发展,特别是近年来开发的表层止水机械一体化施工技术和涂覆型柔性盖板止水技术,可以有效解决传统止水技术存在的缺陷问题,显著提高了止水体系的安全性与可靠性。本文认为面板挤压破坏是高混凝土面板坝面板接缝止水必需应对的新问题,除采用软接缝措施减小面板压应变外,在潜在的挤压破坏区域设置加强防护涂层也是一种有效的办法,但根本措施还应从加强堆石体的变形协调以及坝体与面板之间变形同步协调控制、增强面板抗挤压破坏能力等方面着手。     

面板堆后坝面板开裂讥理与防止措施研究

针对面板堆石坝面板在施工过程及蓄水时的实际受力变形特点，对面板的开裂机理进行了深入探讨。通过分析发现，混凝土干缩和温度应力是造成面板早期细小裂缝产生的主要因素，而坝体变形所造成的对面板的剪切挤压力、面板的自重以及施工期反向水压力则是造成面板后期呈规律性开裂的主要因素。为改善面板的受力条件，提高面板的防渗能力，同时方便施工，从材料、结构和施工三个方面提出了防止措施的建议。     

三板溪面板堆石坝面板裂缝成因分析

采用钢筋应力计、无应力计、应变计、温度计、裂缝计等监测仪器对三板溪混凝土面板堆石坝进行监测,研究三板溪混凝土面板堆石坝在施工期和运行期的应力、变形分布规律,分析混凝土面板产生结构性裂缝的可能原因.监测资料分析结果表明:导致面板水平施工缝挤压破损的直接原因是面板水平缝缝面压应力过大和结构上的缺陷;从外部运行环境看,首次蓄水水位上升过快引起大坝变形速率过大,面板偏心受压,最终导致面板水平缝挤压破损.     

高混凝土面板堆石坝面板水平向挤压破坏研究

高混凝土面板堆石坝面板的水平向挤压破坏正逐渐引起人们的关注.介绍了当前高面板坝中的挤压破坏特别是非施工缝的水平向挤压破坏情况.通过一个简化的钢筋混凝土柱受压屈曲模型,对水平向挤压破坏的机理进行了初步分析.结果发现,当柱子长度达到十几米以后,其钢筋的临界失稳应变不再随柱长的增加进一步降低;提高混凝土对钢筋的侧向支撑刚度是提高钢筋临界失稳应变最有效的途径;钢筋直径对其临界失稳应变没有影响.根据以上结论,就未来应对挤压破坏的工程措施研究提出了建议.     

混凝土面板堆石坝施工期安全监测数据分析

混凝土面板堆石坝施工期大坝混凝土面板时常出现挤压破坏、面板裂缝、止水结构破坏等状况,损伤大坝坝体结构及防渗体系。文章根据尚溪河水库面板堆石坝防渗结构特征,结合施工期监测数据,对面板变形裂缝与影响因子间的关系进行分析。结果表明:混凝土面板的顶部变形、挠度、脱空、温度和钢筋应变等呈规律性变化,面板整体施工质量良好。混凝土水化热温升高引起的温度应力和干缩变形,是造成防渗面板裂缝的主要原因。     

混凝土面板堆石坝面板裂缝渗漏规律初探

目前在国内外对混凝土面板堆石坝面板及止水开裂后的渗流特性研究较少。本文分析了缝宽、垫层，铺盖等对渗漏的影响。     

面板堆石坝面板开裂机理与防止措施研究

针对面板堆石坝面板在施工过程及蓄水时的实际受力变形特点,对面板的开裂机理进行了深入探讨。通过分析发现,混凝土干缩和温度应力是造成面板早期细小裂缝产生的主要因素,而坝体变形所造成的对面板的剪切挤压力、面板的自重以及施工期反向水压力则是造成面板后期呈规律性开裂的主要因素。为改善面板的受力条件,提高面板的防渗能力,同时方便施工,从材料、结构和施工三个方面提出了防止措施的建议。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.