Mineralogical and elemental composition of fly ash from pilot scale fluidised bed combustion of lignite, bituminous coal, wood chips and their blends

The chemical and mineralogical composition of fly ash samples collected from different parts of a laboratory and a pilot scale CFB facility has been investigated. The fabric filter and the second cyclone of the two facilities were chosen as sampling points. The fuels used were Greek lignite (from the Florina basin), Polish coal and wood chips. Characterization of the fly ash samples was conducted by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), particle size distribution (PSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). According to the chemical analyses the produced fly ashes are rich in CaO. Moreover, SiO₂ is the dominant oxide in fly ash with Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ found in considerable quantities. Results obtained by XRD showed that the major mineral phase of fly ash is quartz, while other mineral phases that are occurred are maghemite, hematite, periclase, rutile, gehlenite and anhydrite. The ICP-OES analysis showed rather low levels of trace elements, especially for As and Cr, in many of the ashes included in this study compared to coal ash from fluidised bed combustion in general.     

Investigation of the effect of agglomeration time, pH and various salts on the cleaning of Zonguldak bituminous coal by oil agglomeration

In this study, the effects of bridging liquid concentration, agglomeration time, pH and various salts on the combustible recovery and ash contents of the agglomerated products have been investigated. Kerosene was used as bridging liquid. The optimum values of kerosene concentration, pH and agglomeration time have been determined as 20 wt%, 7.5 and 15 min, respectively. Metallic salts, such as FeSO₄, NaCl, FeCl₃, Al₂(SO₄)₃ were used in the experiments in which the effects of salts were investigated. While the combustible recovery slightly increased depending on the increase in the concentration of NaCl, very small decreases have been recorded in the recoveries depending on the increase in the concentration of the FeCl₃. A considerable reduction occurs in the agglomeration recovery with the increasing concentration of FeSO₄, while the combustible recovery slightly decreases at low concentration of Al₂(SO₄)₃.     

Properties and structure of hard coals from a borehole Niedobczyce IG-1 in the Rybnik Coal District, Upper Silesian Coal Basin, their petrographic and group constituents 3. Changes in the chemical structure of primary tars with increase in coalification degree of the parent coals

The primary tars obtained by the Fischer-Schraeder method from coals described in earlier papers [1] were studied using infrared (i.r.) and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy methods. With the object of achieving a broader evaluation of the properties and structure of these primary tars with increase in coalification of the parent coals—from 78 to 86% C^daf, in the range from gasflame (according to Polish classification) 611-VII (according to international classification and statistical groups) to orthocoking 435-VB coals—they were distilled to the temperature of 543 K under normal pressure. Products obtained were also analysed by the i.r. and ¹H nmr spectroscopy methods, while the distillates/fraction boiling up to 543 K/were additionally analysed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (g.c.-m.s.) and ¹³C nmr methods. A comparative X-ray analysis of the coals and the semi-cokes obtained from them was also conducted.     

辽河盆地东部凸起上古生界烃源岩特征

辽河盆地东部凸起上古生界煤系地层分布广泛。本文根据烃源岩地球化学分析取得的相关数据,分析了辽河盆地东部凸起上古生界煤系地层的分布特征、地球化学特征和热演化特征。从暗色泥岩和煤层的厚度及分布特征、有机质丰度（TOC）、氯仿沥青＂A＂含量、生烃潜量s1＋s2、总烃含量、有机质类型和成熟度等对石炭系、二叠系烃源岩进行了综合评价。研究结果表明,上古生界煤系地层源岩厚度大,有机质丰度达到好生油岩级别,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ-Ⅲ型,烃源岩大多处于成熟阶段,其生烃潜力较大,是本区古生界重要的烃源岩层。     

Dependence of coal liquefaction behaviour on coal characteristics. 7. Structural differences between coals of different rank and the asphaltenes derived from them

Aslphaltenes are difficult to characterize by any procedure that involves chromatography. In an attempt to obtain useful information on unfractionated asphaltenes and their structural relations to their parent coals, asphaltenes from a set of eight coals of hvA rank and different coalification history have been studied by ¹ H n.m.r. In addition, structural features in the coals and their asphaltenes were compared by g.c.-m.s. analysis of the products of oxidation by pertrif luoroacetic acid. Protons α to a benzene ring are the most abundant in the asphaltenes, and their relative concentration changes little with the rank of the parent coal. Protons in the β-position are abundant, however, and may be associated with aliphatic junctions linking two or more aromatic ring systems. Whereas malonic and ethane-trioic acids are the major aliphatic di-and tri-acids from oxidation of the coals, succinic and propane-or butane-tricarboxylic acids are the corresponding products that dominate the distributions from the asphaltenes. These and other differences help to define the structural changes caused by liquefaction. In addition, the results indicate the nature of structural changes with increasing rank, which are manifest in the oxidation products from the asphaltenes as well as from the coals.     

滨里海盆地阿斯特拉罕-阿克纠宾斯克隆起带盐下层系勘探潜力分析——以比克扎尔隆起区泥盆系为例

滨里海盆地阿斯特拉罕-阿克纠宾斯克大型隆起带是一个极其富有的油气聚集带,已发现的大型和特大型油气田,如阿斯特拉罕、田吉兹、扎纳若尔、肯基亚克等油田均处于该隆起带上。比克扎尔隆起与卡腊通-田吉兹隆起一样,作为大型隆起背景下的次一级隆起,具有相似的构造演化、沉积和地层特征。已发现油田的主要产层为盐下的石炭系,分布于盆地的边缘带;随着地质-地震研究程度的不断加深、新的勘探技术不断应用,滨里海盆地的油气勘探将会由边缘带向盆地中心转移。根据区域研究资料,结合地质、地震、钻井资料,笔者对滨里海盆地盐下层系中的泥盆系的构造演化、沉积环境、成藏条件及地层特征进行分析。研究认为滨里海盆地比克扎尔隆起区盐下层系中泥盆系有巨大的勘探潜力。     

滨里海盆地阿斯特拉罕-阿克纠宾斯克隆起带盐下层系勘探潜力分析——以比克扎尔隆起区泥盆系为例

滨里海盆地阿斯特拉罕-阿克纠宾斯克大型隆起带是一个极其富有的油气聚集带,已发现的大型和特大型油气田,如阿斯特拉罕、田吉兹、扎纳若尔、肯基亚克等油田均处于该隆起带上[1]。比克扎尔隆起与卡腊通-田吉兹隆起一样,作为大型隆起背景下的次一级隆起,具有相似的构造演化、沉积和地层特征。已发现油田的主要产层为盐下的石炭系,分布于盆地的边缘带;随着地质-地震研究程度的不断加深、新的勘探技术不断应用,滨里海盆地的油气勘探将会由边缘带向盆地中心转移。根据区域研究资料,结合地质、地震、钻井资料,笔者对滨里海盆地盐下层系中的泥盆系的构造演化、沉积环境、成藏条件及地层特征进行分析。研究认为滨里海盆地比克扎尔隆起区盐下层系中泥盆系有巨大的勘探潜力。     

Extraction of phenolic compounds from sour cherry pomace with supercritical carbon dioxide: Impact of process parameters on the composition and antioxidant properties of extracts

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) is rich in biologically active phenolic compounds. These compounds are concentrated in fruit skin and most of them remain in the leftovers during the production of juice. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was used to separate phenolic compounds from sour cherry pomace. The effects of temperature, pressure and the addition of ethanol on anthocyanin and the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of the extracts were investigated. The best results were acquired for 35°C, 10 MPa and 80% ethanol addition. A strong correlation was found between the phenolic content and other features of the extracts.