交联海藻酸钠固定化柚(皮)苷酶

以海藻酸钠为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用交联-包埋-交联法对柚(皮)苷酶进行了固定化。在单因素实验基础上,通过正交实验得到海藻酸钠固定化柚(皮)苷酶的最优工艺条件:海藻酸钠质量浓度3.0%,给酶量为0.01mg/g载体,前交联戊二醛体积分数2.0%,前交联时间1.5h,后交联戊二醛体积分数0.025%,后交联时间2h,制备的固定化酶最高活力5.07U/g。同时,对固定化柚(皮)苷酶的稳定性进行了研究,结果表明:固定化酶的温度耐受性与存储稳定性较游离酶有较大幅度的提高;固定化酶重复使用7次(60℃,pH4.0)后,活力仍然保持在60%。     

聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钙固定化柚苷酶

利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-海藻酸钙为载体,通过戊二醛交联,制备水不溶性的固定化柚苷酶凝胶颗粒.结果显示:添加戊二醛和延时包埋法制备的固定化酶凝珠活力较高.固定化酶的优化工艺为:以9.0g/100mL PVA与1.0g/lOOmL海藻酸钠为载体,固化剂CaCl2的质量浓度为1.0g/100mL,酶液质量浓度2.0mg/mL...     

聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠固定化柚苷酶的制备及其性质

以聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钠为载体,固定化柚苷酶;以戊二醛为交联剂,考察固定化工艺条件对酶活的影响,研究固定化酶的部分酶学性质。用高效液相色谱法分析柚苷酶的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶和柚苷酶活力,结果表明:最佳载体组合为11%聚乙烯醇与0.5%海藻酸钠;当缓冲液p H 4、戊二醛含量1%、交联时间0.5 h、吸附时间3 h、加酶量141 U/m L、硼酸4%、Ca Cl21%时,固定化酶活力达到最大值。柚苷酶固定化后,α-L-鼠李糖苷酶和柚苷酶活力的最适温度提高5℃,最佳活性p H值提高1.0,p H稳定性基本不变,温度稳定性下降5℃。α-L-鼠李糖苷酶、柚苷酶的米氏常数(Km)固定化后都增大;α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的最大反应初速度(Vmax)经固定化后减小,柚苷酶的Vmax增大。将固定化柚苷酶重复使用7次后,它的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶和柚苷酶残余活力分别保持71%与80%。     

交联壳聚糖载体固定化柚苷酶工艺

以戊二醛为交联剂,壳聚糖为载体,采用交联-吸附偶联法固定柚苷酶,通过单因素和正交试验优化确定最佳固定化工艺。结果表明,柚苷酶的最佳固定化条件为：以质量浓度为3.5g/100mL的壳聚糖制备的凝胶微球为载体,凝结剂NaOH质量浓度1.0g/100mL、戊二醛体积分数7.0%、交联时间2.0h、pH 4.0、酶液质量浓度2.0mg/mL、25℃时吸附交联3.0h,得到固定化酶最高酶比活力为7.37U/g;与游离酶相比而言,固定化酶最适pH值与最适反应温度均无明显变化;固定化酶在不同温度(40、50、60℃)条件下重复使用7次,相对酶活力仍能保持在70%、60%和50%以上。     

黑曲霉胞外酶对柑橘果汁的脱苦作用

为阐明黑曲霉胞外酶对柑橘果汁的脱苦作用机理及脱苦相关酶活性的发酵动态规律,分别使用固态发酵和液态发酵制备的黑曲霉胞外酶液处理琯溪蜜柚果汁,通过感官检验法评价处理前、后果汁苦味的变化,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定处理果汁中柚皮苷和柠檬苦素含量的变化。试验结果表明,经过黑曲霉胞外酶液处理后,琯溪蜜柚果汁的苦味显著降低,柚皮苷和柠檬苦素含量同时显著减少。固态发酵过程中,发酵12 d的胞外酶液去除琯溪蜜柚果汁中柚皮苷和柠檬苦素的效果最好,去除率分别达92.5%和27.7%;液态发酵过程中,发酵10 d的胞外酶液去除琯溪蜜柚果汁中柚皮苷和柠檬苦素的效果最好,去除率分别为95.5%和30.8%。该研究表明黑曲霉胞外酶液可显著降低柑橘果汁中的柚皮苷和柠檬苦素含量,从而有效减轻果汁的苦味,可初步确定黑曲霉胞外酶液中含有柚苷酶和柠檬苦素脱苦酶。该结果为柑橘果汁的脱苦提供了新途径。     

海藻酸钠固定化β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的研究

本文研究了以海藻酸钠为载体,采用交联-包埋方式固定β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的固定化工艺。分别考察海藻酸钠浓度、戊二醛体积分数、氯化钙浓度、交联时间和固化时间对固定化酶相对酶活力的影响,并以正交试验确定β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶最佳的固定化条件:海藻酸钠质量浓度35g/L、给酶量1600U/g载体、戊二醛体积分数0.2%、氯化钙质量浓度20g/L、交联时间2h、固化时间2h。研究表明此时固定化酶的回收率较高,可达到71.66%,本文使用的固定化工艺简单易行,具有广阔的工业前景。     

以海藻酸钙为载体固定化谷氨酰胺转胺酶及其性质的研究

以海藻酸钙为载体、戊二醛为交联剂,对谷氨酰胺转胺酶进行固定化。研究了海藻酸钠浓度、戊二醛浓度、酶浓度、缓冲液pH值及交联温度对固定化酶的影响,并对固定化酶酶促反应的最适温度、pH值等进行了测定。结果表明:海藻酸钠浓度为5.0%、戊二醛浓度为1.0%、酶浓度为20%、缓冲液pH值为7.0、在35℃条件下固定化效果最好。固定化酶的pH值稳定性、热稳定性都比游离酶显著提高。     

黑曲霉DB056柚苷酶制剂对琯溪蜜柚果汁的脱苦效果

采用高效液相色谱法测定琯溪蜜柚果汁中柚皮苷及其降解产物的变化,研究黑曲霉DB056柚苷酶制剂脱苦琯溪蜜柚果汁的优化条件;并且在此优化条件下,使用该柚苷酶制剂对琯溪蜜柚鲜柚汁、浑浊浓缩柚汁和澄清浓缩柚汁进行脱苦。结果表明：黑曲霉DB056柚苷酶制剂催化琯溪蜜柚果汁中柚皮苷水解成普鲁宁和柚皮素;该柚苷酶制剂在40～55℃、果汁自然pH值条件下对琯溪蜜柚鲜柚汁进行脱苦,酶用量90U/mL、处理时间80min,柚皮苷脱除率达到89%;处理不同浓缩程度的浑浊浓缩柚汁,脱苦率约为80%左右。结果说明黑曲霉DB056柚苷酶制剂对琯溪蜜柚果汁具有良好的脱苦作用。     

柑橘类果汁脱苦技术研究进展

柚皮苷和类柠檬苦素是柑橘类果汁的主要苦味物质,其存在明显影响了柑橘类果汁的品质。介绍了脱除柑橘类果汁苦味的一些技术：代谢脱苦、吸附脱苦、酶法脱苦、屏蔽法脱苦、分离技术脱苦和基因脱苦等。     

海藻酸钠固定化果胶酶的研究

以海藻酸钠为载体,采用交联吸附法固定果胶酶。通过单因素实验和正交实验考察固定化主要因素对固定化酶活力的影响,优化固定条件。结果表明,在海藻酸钠浓度为2%、氯化钙为1%、戊二醛浓度为3%的条件下,采用酶浓度为0.2mg/mL、pH值3.0、温度为40℃、固定时间为45min。固定化果胶酶活力最高,酶活回收率达到84.4%。     

Naringinase Immobilization in Packaging Films for Reducing Naringin Concentration in Grapefruit Juice

Naringin, a bitter compound in citrus, may be converted to a nonbitter form by enzymic hydrolysis. Our objective was to determine the feasibility of immobilizing naringinase in a food contact approved packaging film. Naringinase from Penicillium sp. was immobilized in cellulose acetate films with up to 23% efficiency at 7°C. Kinetic studies showed that the free enzyme had an optimum pH=3.5 and the immobilized enzyme pH=4.0. Activation energy decreased upon immobilization (from 14.2 to 11.0 Kcal/mol), thus providing an increased catalytic efficiency for immobilized naringinase. The Michaelis constant for immobilized naringinase (K_m=2.1 mM) was lower than for free enzyme (K_mm=3.6 mM). Keeping films under dry storage for 1 mo at room temperature did not cause decreased enzyme activity. A film area/volume ratio (cm²/mL of 10° Brix grapefruit juice) of 7.2 hydrolyzed 60% of the naringin in 15 days at 7°C.     

Immobilization of naringinase from Aspergillus niger CECT 2088 in poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels for the debittering of juices

Naringinase, induced from Aspergillus niger CECT 2088 cultures, was immobilized into a polymeric matrix consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel, cryostructured in liquid nitrogen, to obtain biocatalytically active beads. The effects of matrix concentration, enzyme load and pH on immobilization efficiency were studied. Between 95% and 108% of the added naringinase was actively entrapped in PVA cryogel, depending on the conditions of immobilization used. The optimal conditions were: 8% (w/v) PVA at pH 7 and 1.6–3.7 U ml⁻¹ of enzyme load. The pH/activity profiles revealed no change in terms of shape or optimum pH (4.5) upon immobilization of naringinase. However, the optimum temperature was shifted from 60 °C to 70 °C and the activation energy of reaction, E_a, was decreased from 8.09 kJ mol⁻¹ to 6.36 kJ mol⁻¹ by immobilization. The entrapped naringinase could be reused through six cycles (runs of 24 h at 20 °C), retaining 36% efficacy for the hydrolysis of naringin in simulated juice.     

Immobilization of naringinase on asymmetric organic membranes: Application for debittering of grapefruit juice

An enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) is assembled for the immobilization of naringinase on a polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane, based on fouling-induced method. The effects of molecular weight cut-off, membrane configuration, applied pressure, enzyme concentration and pH are studied in terms of permeate rate, immobilization efficiency, and biocatalytic conversion. The 10 kDa membrane operating in reverse mode, 0.2 MPa, 0.3 gL⁻¹ of enzyme in acetate buffer at pH 5 and cross-linking with 0.25% glutaraldehyde showed the highest naringin conversion (73%). It was determined that the intermediate pore blocking model was the predominant fouling mechanism for the enzymatic immobilization. The EMR was applied for debittering of grapefruit juice, achieving a conversion of naringin below bitterness threshold and maintaining the antioxidant capacity of the juice. Furthermore, the biocatalytic activity of immobilized enzyme was retained at a high level at least during three consecutive reaction runs, with overnight storage at 4 °C after each run.Industrial relevanceThe potential of membrane technologies in the juice industries is widely recognized today. The development of EMR with naringinase activity is an attractive option for reducing bitterness that could replace current techniques, due to its high specificity and effectiveness, possibility of repeated and continuous use, and in order to retain the properties of juice as much as possible. The research therefore represents an advance in the application of biocatalytic membranes as technological alternative for juice debittering.     

柚皮苷酶对琯溪蜜柚果汁脱苦效果工艺优化

以琯溪蜜柚果汁为对象,研究在不同条件下柚皮苷酶对蜜柚果汁的脱苦效果。采用HPLC 测定柚皮苷含量,通过单因素试验分别考察加酶量、温度、酶解时间及pH 值对柚皮苷酶酶解反应的影响,在单因素试验基础上以柚皮苷脱除率为指标进行正交试验,确定最佳工艺条件：酶解温度60℃,酶活7.4U/mL 柚汁,酶解时间100min,pH3.6。在此条件下琯溪蜜柚果汁的柚皮苷脱除率达97% 以上。     

Limonin and Naringin Removal from Grapefruit Juice with Naringinase Entrapped in Cellulose Triacetate Fibers

Naringin and limonin are two bitter components of some citrus products such as grapefruit juice. Naringin could be removed by hydrolysis with immobilized naringinase and limonin might be removed by adsorption with cellulose monoacetate gel beads. Cellulose triacetate fibers show a similar limonin adsorption capacity as cellulose monoacetate gel beads. Thus when naringinase from Penicillium sp. was entrapped in such fibers, an enzyme column was made which could remove both bitter components simultaneously. When grapefruit juice was debittered with this enzyme column, sugar components, total organic acids and turbidity were not affected. The enzyme column could be regenerated by washing with warm water. In addition, operational stability of the enzyme column was satisfactory. Such enzyme column could be considered for industrial use.     

Treatment of Grapefruit Juice for Bitterness Removal by Amberlite IR 120 and Amberlite IR 400 and Alginate Entrapped Naringinase Enzyme

ABSTRACT: Treatment of grapefruit ( Citrus aurantium ) juice with Amberlite IR 400 resulted in 69.23% naringin removal after 5 min exposure with significant clarification and 89.41% tartness (acidity) reduction. Amberlite IR 120 removed only 9% naringin in 1 min with increased shelf life of the juice without any change in clarity, quality, and naringin content. Alginate entrapped naringinase treatment of the juice resulted in 83.84% naringin hydrolysis at 55°C and 220 rpm in 180 min with 1.98 enzyme units/mL of juice. The soluble enzyme hydrolyzed only 65.53% naringin under similar conditions. Kinetic constant values of the immobilized and soluble enzymes were found to be 9.75 mM and 20 mM, respectively.     

Bone-Bound Glucoamylase as a Biocatalyst in Bench-Scale Production of Glucose Syrups from Liquefied Cassava Starch

This research assesses the bench-scale application of a non-conventional support, bone particles, for glucoamylase (GA) immobilization and its subsequent use in cassava starch hydrolysis. Upon determining the appropriate conditions to immobilize GA onto chicken bone particles, such as pH, ionic strength, particle size, and enzyme load, bench-scale immobilization of commercial GA without further purification was performed. Under the selected conditions, 270 GA units per gram of support were adsorbed. Optimal temperature and thermal stability of immobilized GA were only slightly different from those of the free enzyme, while optimal pH became more acidic by about one unit. The feasibility of the use of this immobilized biocatalyst for high glucose syrup production from liquefied cassava starch, at bench scale in batch process using a stirred-tank reactor, was demonstrated. Repeated use of the GA-bone derivative showed that similar conversions to those achieved with soluble enzyme (dextrose equivalent = 98) were reached until the third batch and over 90% until the 25th batch.     

海藻酸钠-阿拉伯胶固定化糖化酶及其性质的研究

以海藻酸钠（SA）与阿拉伯胶（GA）为载体固定化糖化酶,以酶活回收率为评价指标,在单因素试验基础上,通过响应面法优化固定化条件,得到固定化糖化酶最佳工艺条件为SA-GA质量比2.7∶1,氯化钙质量浓度6.2 g/100 mL,固化时间0.8 h,此条件下固定化糖化酶酶活回收率为67.91%。通过对固定化酶酶学性质的研究得出：经固定化的糖化酶最适反应pH值与最适作用温度均与游离酶相同,pH值为4.6,温度45 ℃,热稳定性及操作稳定性均优于游离酶。     

Characterization and preparation of Aspergillus niger naringinase for debittering citrus juice

Naringinase from Aspergillus niger was prepared and characterized to evaluate its effectiveness in debittering citrus juice. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by sulfate fractionation and chromatographies on Q-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200, and S-100 HR columns, and estimated by gel filtration chromatography (GFC) to have a molecular weight (MW) of 131 kDa, of which its subunit was measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be around 65.5 kDa. The enzyme showed active and stable pH ranges both within 4.5 to 5.0. Its optimal temperature was in the range of 45 to 55 °C. Freeze drying provided an estimated enzymatic recovery of 95.9%, greater than spray drying with the recovery at 55.6%. The freeze-drying powder could retain its enzymatic activity stably at 4 °C for 6 mo. Also, the enzyme in 0.220 U/mL citrus juice could sufficiently remove the naringin for the bitterness. Oral acute toxicity study revealed the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the naringinase powder was >10 g/kg in mice. The contents of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), the aerobic plate count, and coliform number in the enzyme powder all met the criteria for food use. These characteristics suggest that the naringinase from A. niger is efficient and suitable for debittering the citrus juice, and the process consisting of fermentation, salt precipitation, ion exchange, ultrafiltration, and freeze drying is a promising means to prepare the naringinase for food industry, setting up a strong base to enzymatically debitter citrus juice. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study focused on characterization, preparation, and validation of naringinase from A. niger, which provided useful information on how to prepare, store, and use the naringinase. In addition, this naringinase met the safety standards for food use and showed strong ability to remove the bitter taste from citrus juice, which provided useful information for interested readers, and the food industry.