咸鸭蛋蛋清对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

通过检测鱼糜凝胶的质构和感官特性,探讨了咸鸭蛋蛋清对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响。结果表明,在鱼糜制品中添加咸鸭蛋蛋清一方面能有效改善产品的色泽,另一方面却会稍微降低鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度和保水性,但对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质无明显劣化影响。咸鸭蛋蛋白质量占混合物总蛋白质量比达到2/15时,鱼糜凝胶特性仍可满意,同时产品的风味无明显变化。      

工艺条件对蛋清鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为了提高鲢鱼糜品质及其附加值,采用质构分析法研究蛋清粉添加量、漂洗方式、加热方式及冻藏条件对蛋清鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,蛋清粉添加量7.0%为宜;漂洗方式为先清水漂洗2次,再用1.0%NaCl漂洗1次,不宜用含有Ca~(2+)的漂洗液;二段式加热(水浴40℃加热60min—蒸汽85℃加热30 min)制备蛋清鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶较理想;蛋清鲢鱼鱼糜冻藏7d内凝胶劣化明显。通过最佳工艺条件,蛋清鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性显著改善。     

聚葡萄糖对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶特性及蛋白结构的影响

以罗非鱼鱼糜为原料，添加聚葡萄糖，热诱导形成凝胶，通过测定凝胶强度、持水性、白度、水分分布、微观结构、蛋白质二级结构等指标，研究聚葡萄糖对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响。结果表明，随着聚葡萄糖添加量的增加，鱼糜凝胶强度、持水性增加，并在添加量4%时达到最大值；白度变化不明显；水分分布状态测定结果表明，聚葡萄糖的加入可以缩短鱼糜凝胶弛豫时间T2，改变不同种类水的分布状态，增强与水的结合；与对照组相比，添加聚葡萄糖的鱼糜凝胶网络结构更加致密，鱼糜凝胶中肌原纤维蛋白的α-螺旋结构减少，β-折叠结构增加。综合各项指标得出，添加适量的聚葡萄糖可以改善罗非鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性。该研究结果可为改善淡水鱼糜制品的品质提供理论依据。     

外源添加物对海杂鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为改善海杂鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性,通过单因素试验探究谷氨酰胺转氨酶（transglutaminase,TGase）、蛋清蛋白粉、复合磷酸盐添加量对海杂鱼鱼糜凝胶强度和持水性的影响,并采用响应面法对重组配方进行优化,确定外源添加物最佳添加量。最后采用质构仪、流变仪、核磁共振仪以及扫描电镜对优化组的鱼糜凝胶性能进行验证。结果表明,TGase添加量为0.4%,蛋清蛋白粉添加量为7.0%,复合磷酸盐添加量为0.30%时,鱼糜凝胶强度最大。与不含添加物的对照组相比,最佳添加量条件下鱼糜的质构特性、流变学特性、水分分布以及微观结构均显著提升（P<0.05）。本研究为海杂鱼鱼糜品质特性的改良提供参考依据和技术指导。     

亲水胶体对蛋清热凝胶特性影响的研究进展

蛋清受热后具有良好的胶凝性。工业化食品生产中,比如鱼糜制品、面制品的加工中会加入蛋清或经干燥加工而成的蛋清粉改善产品的口感,从而对蛋清凝胶特性提出了更高的要求。亲水胶体作为多糖和蛋白质聚合物,已经被广泛应用于大豆分离蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白的改性研究,其良好的增稠性对蛋白质的凝胶特性有着促进作用。不同种类的亲水胶体对蛋清凝胶特性有着差异性影响。该文阐述了蛋清的凝胶机理,梳理了影响蛋清凝胶特性的关键因素,探讨了不同亲水胶体对蛋清凝胶特性的作用机理,为提高蛋清凝胶特性提供理论参考,并提出未来的研究方向。     

磷酸盐和钙盐对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

试验探讨2种钙盐(氯化钙和乳酸钙)和3种磷酸盐(三聚磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐和六偏磷酸盐)对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶特性、持水率、白度以及折叠强度的影响。研究结果表明,不同添加量的氯化钙和乳酸钙都可以改善罗非鱼鱼糜的白度、持水率和鱼糜的折叠强度,添加0.3%的氯化钙对罗非鱼鱼糜可以显著提高罗非鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度,但不同添加量的乳酸钙对罗非鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度没有显著影响。不同添加量的3种磷酸盐均可提高罗非鱼鱼糜的白度、持水率以及鱼糜的折叠强度,这与钙盐的影响结果相同;当焦磷酸盐添加量低于0.2%,六偏磷酸盐添加量低于0.3%时,鱼糜的凝胶强度都得到显著性的提高(p0.05),而添加三聚磷酸盐则会降低罗非鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度。     

不同辅料对鱼糜制品品质的影响研究

鱼糜制品的凝胶强度是评价鱼糜制品质量的重要指标。在鱼糜制品生产过程中产生的凝胶劣化现象是制约水产品深加工的瓶颈难题之一。因此,如何提高鱼糜凝胶强度、增强鱼糜制品的弹性,从而改善鱼糜制品的品质成为大家关注的焦点。研究了淀粉、蛋清、大豆蛋白等辅料对鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响,并确定了它们在鱼糜制品中的最适添加量为淀粉为17%,蛋清为7%,大豆蛋白为2%。     

罗非鱼与海水鱼制备混合鱼糜的凝胶特性研究

通过研究罗非鱼、五种海水鱼(海鲈鱼、黄花鱼、金鲳鱼、红三鱼、马鲛鱼)、鸢乌贼鱼糜的凝胶特性,筛选凝胶特性强的鱼糜与罗非鱼鱼糜复配,以提高罗非鱼混合鱼糜的凝胶特性。通过比较五种海水鱼和鸢乌贼鱼糜的凝胶特性(凝胶强度,白度,盐溶性蛋白含量,巯基含量),得到海鲈鱼的凝胶特性较好,凝胶强度为4569.27 g·mm,盐溶性蛋白含量为48.17 mg/mL。将海鲈鱼与罗非鱼混合,当海鲈鱼添加量为25%时,混合鱼糜的凝胶强度、盐溶性蛋白含量、白度分别为2585.10 g·mm、29.73 mg/mL、72.62%,比单一的罗非鱼鱼糜分别提高了27.3%、63.8%、5.2%,而巯基含量无显著影响。因此,添加25%海鲈鱼能够较大程度地提高罗非鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性,为罗非鱼混合鱼糜制品的开发奠定了基础。     

蛋清粉对鱼糜油炸特性的影响及其机制

目的:改善油炸鲢鱼鱼丸的食用品质。方法:添加蛋清粉与鲢鱼鱼糜进行复配,通过测定孔隙率、硬度和吸水性等指标表征鱼糜的油炸特性,测定鱼糜的动态流变学性质、泡沫稳定性,并采用SDS-PAGE探究其影响机制。结果:随着蛋清粉添加量的升高,油炸鱼丸孔隙率和吸水率先升高后降低,硬度先降低后升高,其中添加10.0%蛋清粉的效果最佳。此外,鱼糜中还出现了分子量100 kDa以上的新条带,且油炸鱼丸的孔隙率与鱼糜的凝胶性、泡沫稳定性呈正比。结论:蛋清粉的添加提高了鱼糜的凝胶性和泡沫稳定性,改善了其食用品质。     

油脂对鱼糜凝胶品质的影响研究进展

油脂在食品领域是一种重要的品质改良剂,其对鱼糜凝胶的影响主要体现在理化性质、微观结构和风味等方面。旨在为生产口感和风味俱佳的鱼糜凝胶提供理论依据,从油脂与蛋白质分子相互作用的层面阐述了油脂对鱼糜凝胶品质的影响机制,综述了油脂的种类和添加量等因素对鱼糜凝胶质构特性、流变特性、持水性、蒸煮损失和水分分布等理化性质和微观结构的影响,总结了油脂对鱼糜凝胶风味的影响。适量添加油脂可以使鱼糜凝胶具有良好的结构、风味和营养价值。     

κ-卡拉胶和魔芋胶及其复配对咸蛋清鱼糜混合凝胶品质的改良

研究了κ-卡拉胶和魔芋胶及其复配在添加了咸蛋清的罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶中的应用,通过质构测定和感官评价,结果发现:κ-卡拉胶和魔芋胶及其复配均能够显著提高鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度和持水力(p<0.05),随着添加量的增大,鱼糜凝胶断面也逐渐变得粗糙从而影响其质构。当κ-卡拉胶与魔芋胶的质量比为2:1,添加量为0.1%时,咸蛋清鱼糜凝胶品质较好,整体接受性强。     

Impact of salted duck egg albumen powder on proteolysis and gelling properties of sardine surimi

The influences of salted duck egg albumen powder (SDEAP) as salt replacer at various levels (0.5–2.5%) on autolysis and gelling properties of sardine surimi were investigated. SDEAP had high salt (33.67%) and protein contents (64.52%) with trypsin inhibitory activity of 5,975 kunits/g solid. SDEAP was white in color with L*‐value of 96.72. It had low moisture content (3.98%) and water activity (0.38). Autolysis of sardine surimi was drastically inhibited when SDEAP was incorporated with increasing levels as indicated by the more retained myosin heavy chain and the reduced trichloroacetic acid‐soluble peptide content. Breaking force and deformation of surimi gel increased, while expressible moisture content decreased as the levels of SDEAP added were increased (p < .05). Gumminess, hardness, chewiness, springiness, and cohesiveness of surimi gels also increased as SDEAP levels increased (p < .05). Lightness and whiteness were higher in all surimi gels incorporated with SDEAP than the control (p < .05). For microstructure, surimi gels incorporated with SDEAP at all levels used had finer gel network with smaller voids and more connectivity than the control gel. Thus, SDEAP could be used as a salt replacer for sardine surimi gel preparation and it could improve the properties of resulting gel.     

EFFECTS OF CHITOSAN ON GELLING PROPERTIES OF LOW QUALITY SURIMI

In order to produce a strong and elastic gel from low quality walleye pollock surimi, use of chitosan was examined. The strength of gels was nearly doubled by the addition of 1.5% chitosan when salted surimi pastes were set below 25C. In contrast, chitin did not cause any changes in the physical texture of gels. When salted surimi pastes containing 1.5% chitosan were set at 20C, a large decrease in the proportion of myosin heavy chain was observed with a concomitant increase in components with molecular weights heavier than myosin heavy chain. Since the addition of EGTA, an inhibitor of transglutaminase, to surimi reduced gel strength and minimized myosin heavy chain polymerization, it is suggested that the enhancing effect ofchitosan on the gel formation of walleye pollock surimi could be due to the activity of the endogenous transglutaminase known to be present in this surimi.     

不同种类淀粉对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

为了改善淡水鱼鱼糜制品的品质,以冷冻罗非鱼鱼糜为原料,分别添加4%木薯原淀粉、3种木薯变性淀粉（磷酸酯淀粉、羟丙基淀粉和乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯）及复配木薯变性淀粉（乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯与羟丙基淀粉质量比为3∶2）,考察淀粉添加对鱼糜凝胶质构、流变学特性、持水性及水分分布和微观结构等的影响,探讨不同种类淀粉对鱼糜凝胶品质的改善。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加5种淀粉均会显著降低罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度（P<0.05）,但其凝胶强度、硬度和咀嚼性显著增大,凝胶持水性显著提高（P<0.05）,蒸煮损失率显著下降（P<0.05）,结合水含量显著增加（P<0.05）,凝胶微观结构更加均匀致密,且添加了复配木薯变性淀粉的凝胶质构特性最好,持水性最高。低场核磁共振成像和光学显微镜观察结果显示,不同种类的淀粉均能有效锁住鱼糜凝胶基质中的水分;升温过程中淀粉吸水膨胀,在鱼糜凝胶网络结构中起浓缩和填充作用;添加了复配木薯变性淀粉的鱼糜凝胶结构最致密均匀。因此,添加复配木薯变性淀粉可以有效改善罗非鱼鱼糜制品的品质,为淡水鱼鱼糜制品的开发提供了理论支撑。     

不同蛋白添加剂对秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为了改善秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性,本文研究了添加不同种类的蛋白添加剂（卵清蛋白,猪血浆蛋白,乳清蛋白,大豆蛋白）对秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶破断力,凹陷距离,凝胶强度,色泽的影响,并通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析其肌原纤维蛋白的降解情况。结果发现:添加卵清蛋白可显著增强鱿鱼鱼糜的破断强度和凝胶强度（p<0.05）,添加乳清蛋白和大豆蛋白对秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜破断强度和凝胶强度的提高没有明显的促进作用,而添加猪血浆蛋白粉则对秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜的破断强度和凝胶强度有一定的降低作用。添加各种蛋白粉的鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶凹陷度变化不大。而添加几种蛋白粉均会使鱼糜凝胶的白度降低,其中添加猪血浆蛋白粉对鱼糜白度的影响最大。通过SDS-PAGE分析,秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜在添加蛋白后肌球蛋白的变化不明显。这表明蛋白添加剂的蛋白酶抑制剂作用效果不大。      

几种添加物对草鱼鱼糜制品凝胶品质改良的影响

利用响应面法(response surface methodology,RSM)对草鱼鱼糜凝胶品质进行改良研究。以鱼糜凝胶强度和白度为响应值作响应面,在单因素实验基础上,选取木薯变性淀粉、魔芋精粉和蛋清蛋白粉作为响应因子,进行Box-Benhnken设计和响应面分析实验,通过建立的多元二次线性回归方程得到优化组合。优化后确定各因素的最适添加量为:木薯变性淀粉19%,魔芋精粉0.60%,蛋清蛋白粉4.50%。在此优化条件下,鱼糜凝胶强度达到了2 330.68(g.cm)(所用探头直径为11.3 mm),与理论预测值2 352.57(g.cm)接近,白度达到了73.49,接近于理论预测值73.72。     

咸鸭蛋清的综合利用研究进展

咸蛋清富含蛋白质,可作为香干加工的原料,但其形成凝胶的能力较弱,如不经改良、直接加热成型制作香干,产品硬度低、品质较差。本文在研究咸蛋清凝胶性能的基础上,通过配方和工艺优化,改善了产品的凝胶质构和品质,建立了免卤制、直接加热成型的咸蛋清香干加工工艺,同时对优化条件下所加工产品的质构特性、感官品质、含水量、持水率及微观结构等进行了全面的表征。结果表明,加热成型温度和时间对香干的外观形态、硬度、弹性和内聚力影响显著,80 ℃下加热2.5 h效果较好;添加新鲜全蛋液和蛋清粉能显著提升咸蛋清香干的凝胶性能和质构;适量的黄豆粉、咸蛋黄和卤汁能显著改善香干的风味和口感;通过混料设计试验优化后的香干配方如下：咸蛋清61.49%、新鲜全蛋液30.75%、蛋清粉5.00%、黄豆粉2.00%、咸蛋黄0.76%、卤汁添加量2.0%。优化条件下加工的香干感官评分高达96.80,持水率达到了90.84%,硬度、弹性和内聚力分别为2711.30 g、0.85和0.68,质地较为致密、细腻,色泽光亮。综上所述,本文通过配方优化显著改善了咸蛋清的凝胶性能,据此所建立的咸蛋清香干加工工艺可行,所加工的产品品质优良。     

Effect of protein additives, sodium ascorbate, and microbial transglutaminase on the texture and colour of red tilapia surimi gel

Beef plasma protein (BPP) and egg white, at levels of 10, 20 and 30 g kg⁻¹, and sodium ascorbate (SA) and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), at levels of 1, 2 and 3 g kg⁻¹, were individually added into red tilapia surimi. This gel was set at 40 °C for 90 min followed by heating at 90 °C for 30 min. Gel qualities were analysed and compared with those of non-supplemented red tilapia control gel. Compared with the control, each additive significantly affected gel strength due to an increase in breaking force. Although BPP could improve texture characteristics, higher addition levels of BPP significantly affected gel whiteness. The addition of SA and MTGase were found to increase surimi gel strength and improve whiteness. Amongst all treatments, the addition of 2 g kg⁻¹ MTGase was found to provide the best gel qualities.     

Functional Protein Additives in Surimi Gels

Medium-grade Alaska pollock surimi was used to investigate the effects of functional protein additives on texture and colors. Torsion failure and differential scanning calorimetry tests were applied to measure gel strength, gel deformability, and calorimetric properties. CIE Lab color values were also measured. Shear stress values of gels and peak temperature of DSC thermograms were all increased. Shear strain, a good indicator of protein-protein interaction, was increased only by addition of egg white and beef plasma protein. Yellowness (b*) values were affected by all additives except frozen egg white. Whiteness index (L*-3b*) was a more effective indicator to differentiate additives.