两种禽骨肉味香精挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

采用固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用法分析测定了两种禽骨肉味香精的挥发性成分,并对其进行了比较分析。分析测定结果表明:鸭、鹅骨肉味香精挥发性成分种类分别有56种和51种,这些成分主要是酮、醛、酯、酸、醇、含氮或硫的杂环类化合物,鸭骨中的主要挥发性成分分别为乙酸、丁基羟基甲苯、十六醛、4-甲基-5-乙醇基噻唑和邻苯二甲酸二异甲酯;鹅骨中的主要挥发性成分分别为2-硫醇噻吩、2-甲基-5-甲醛噻吩、辛酸、1,1,2,2-四甲基-1,2-二苯基-乙烷、2-羟基戊酸甲酯、二苯甲酮、2,4,6-三丙基均三氧环己烷和十五酸。      

SPME-GC-MS与SPME-GC-O协同鉴定菇娘果关键香气成分

运用顶空固相微萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用、气相色谱-嗅闻（gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O）技术,结合气味活性值（odor active value,OAV）对菇娘果挥发性成分和香气活性成分进行鉴定,综合评价单个挥发性组分对整体香气贡献程度,确定关键香气成分。结果表明,菇娘果中有43 种挥发性组分,其中有10 种主要香气活性物质（OAV＞1）,主要包括4 种醛酮类化合物（正己醛、甲硫基丙醛、反-2-顺-6-壬二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-酮）,其香气分别描述为青草味、薯片味、黄瓜味、蘑菇味;5 种酯类化合物（甲基-2-甲基丙酸酯、丁酸甲酯、2-甲基丁酸甲酯、丁酸甲基乙基酯、癸酸甲酯）,其香气分别描述为花香、果香、苹果香、刺激果香、葡萄酒香;1 种呋喃类化合物（2-戊基呋喃）,其香气描述为焦糖味。GC-O法中,4 名嗅闻人员主要鉴定出“苹果味”2-甲基丁酸甲酯、“薯片味”甲硫基丙醛和“青草味”己醛。通过香气定性和感官定量描述性分析发现,2-甲基丁酸甲酯、甲硫基丙醛和己醛是菇娘果的主要香气成分。     

（E）-2-辛烯醛对美拉德模型体系挥发性产物的影响

为研究脂肪醛（E）-2-辛烯醛对L-半胱氨酸与D-木糖组成的美拉德反应体系的影响,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析不同模型体系热反应产物中的挥发性成分,并结合主成分分析法对其进行分析。结果表明：在反应体系中加入（E）-2-辛烯醛时,检测到的挥发性产物差异较大,发现2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇、2-糠硫醇、2-噻吩甲醇、3-甲基噻吩、糠醛、2,5-二甲基呋喃、4,5-二甲基噻唑、2-甲基-5-甲硫基呋喃、2,5-噻吩二甲醛等物质受到的影响较大。其中2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇、2-糠硫醇、2-甲基-5-甲硫基呋喃、3-甲基噻吩和2,5-噻吩二甲醛等化合物含量显著下降。此外,由于（E）-2-辛烯醛的存在,检测出2 种新的噻吩类物质（2-丁基噻吩和2-乙基-5-己基噻吩）以及一些新生成的醇类、酮类和酯类物质。     

4种市售不同香型肉味香精挥发性风味成分的比较

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法对市售的鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉和羊肉香精的挥发性风味成分进行了分析,并对其中的主要成分及含量进行了比较,探讨了4种不同香型的肉味香精挥发性风味的差异.研究结果表明,在4种肉味香精中共鉴定出80种挥发性成分,主要为醇、醛、酮、酯、酸、吡嗪类化合物,并且不同香型的肉味香精中所含风味成分的种类和含量有较大的差异.研究结果对了解不同香型肉味香精的香气成分,合成不同的肉味风味料提供了参考.     

白猪肉与黑猪肉热反应香精中香气物质分析鉴定

以黑猪肉和白猪肉酶解物及氧化脂肪为原料,经热反应制备肉味香精。溶剂辅助蒸发结合气相色谱-质谱联机分析挥发性风味物质,基于保留指数、质谱共鉴定出123种挥发性化合物,包括含硫化合物、含氮杂环、含氧杂环、醛类、酮类、醇类、酸类、酯类、烃类等。相比之下,白猪肉香精中烷基呋喃、脂肪族醛和酸的相对含量较高,黑猪肉香精中含硫化合物、含氮杂环、酯类化合物的相对含量较高,而醇类、酮类化合物的相对含量二者相差不大。采用气相色谱-嗅闻分析,基于质谱、保留指数、气味特征、标准品共鉴定出31种气味活性化合物,28种为2种肉味香精所共有,尤其二甲基三硫、糠硫醇、3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪、3-甲硫基丙醛、2-乙基噻吩、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮等在两香精中均具有较高稀释因子。但黑猪肉香精中具有高稀释因子的化合物种类多于白猪肉香精,且采用雷达图对强势气味活性化合物比较显示其肉香、脂香化合物的轮廓线大于白猪肉香精,这可能是造成黑猪肉香精香气较浓的原因。     

固相微萃取-气质联用法分析辣椒骨挥发性成分

为研究辣椒骨挥发性成分,运用固相微萃取-气质联用法(SPME-GC/MS)分析桂西苗族和汉族农家自制辣椒骨香气组分。采用GC-MS分析6个辣椒骨样品,共检测出197种挥发性成分,分别为酯、醇、烯炔、醛酮、酸、苯环、烷烃、呋喃、含氮化合物,其中酯、醇、烯烃三类化合物相对含量达85%以上,是主要挥发性成分。共有成分14种,分别为:癸酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯、反油酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、芳樟醇、苯乙醇、己酸、3,7-二甲基-1,3,6-辛三烯和1-柠檬烯。不同辣椒骨挥发性成分种类和相对含量有较大差异。     

自制鳊鱼肉味香精特征香气成分的分析

以鳊鱼为原料,经酶解和美拉德反应制备热反应型肉味香精。该香精无鱼腥味,具有独特的肉香味和酱香味。采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),并结合气相色谱的保留指数(RI)对自制鳊鱼肉味香精的香气成分进行了萃取和分离鉴定。此外,利用相对气味活度值(ROAV)确定了肉味香精的特征香气成分,并分析了特征香气成分的气味特征及其生成途径。结果表明:自制肉味香精的特征香气成分包括二甲基三硫醚、壬醛、反,反-2,4-壬二烯醛、反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛、反-2-壬烯醛、反-2-癸烯醛、二甲基二硫醚、辛醛、3-甲基丁醛、己醛、2,5-二甲基吡嗪、正己酸乙酯、庚醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-戊基呋喃、反-2-辛烯醛和庚醛共17种香气成分。     

河蟹酶解液Maillard反应挥发性风味成分HS-SPME-GC-MS分析

以河蟹为研究对象,对其进行酶解制备Maillard蟹肉香精,采用顶空-固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对蟹肉香精挥发性风味成分进行萃取和鉴定。结果显示:从蟹肉香精中共检测出24种挥发性香气成分,包括醇类、醛类、酚类、硫醚类、杂环类(包括吡嗪、呋喃、噻唑、噻吩、吡咯)、其他等,含量最高的分别为吡嗪类、醛类。运用OAV进行分析,得出对蟹肉香精风味有突出贡献的为二甲基三硫醚、β-紫罗兰酮、3-甲硫基丙醛、苯乙醛、2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪、5-甲基-2-噻吩甲醛等。     

SPME-GC-MS结合GC-O分析糖醋排骨风味香精挥发性风味成分

采用固相微萃取法提取糖醋排骨风味香精中挥发性成分,并结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术和气相色谱-嗅闻技术对萃取成分进行鉴定。结果显示,糖醋排骨风味香精共鉴定出挥发性成分55种,其中烃类11种(16.45%)、醚类3种(13.41%)、醇类10种(12.38%)、其他化合物5种(12.03%)、酮类4种(5.45%)、酯类3种(3.82%)、醛类8种(3.54%)、酸类6种(3.46%)、酚类5种(1.74%)。经气相色谱-嗅闻确定糖醋排骨风味香精中的12种关键性风味成分为β-蒎烯、乙酸、糠醛、2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪、苯甲醛、芳樟醇、3-甲基丁酸、反-2-癸烯醛、反-2,4-癸二烯醛、4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)呋喃酮、大茴香醛、丁香酚。     

双酶法猪脂氧化改善天然猪肉香精风味的应用

研究双酶法氧化猪脂在天然猪肉香精中的应用。首先以过氧化值为评价指标,单因素试验和正交试验确定的最佳酶解工艺条件为脂肪酶300μL、脂肪氧合酶400μL、pH8.88。感官评价表明,与使用空气氧化猪脂和未使用氧化猪脂制备的猪肉香精相比,酶法氧化猪脂制备的猪肉香精香味饱满,猪肉特征突出且脂香浓郁。用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法分析比较3种猪脂制备的猪肉香精的挥发性组成,结果表明,3种猪肉香精主体风味成分一致,以2-乙酰呋喃、5-甲基-2-噻吩甲醛、3-甲基噻吩、2-戊基呋喃、2-硫代糠酯等风味成分为主,并且酶氧化猪脂香精含较高比例的2-甲基-呋喃、5-甲基-2-噻吩甲醛。     

不同解冻温度对滩羊肉熟制后风味的影响

将实验组新鲜滩羊羊腿肉先进行-60℃静止空气冻结,分别采取25、10、5℃静止空气解冻处理,对照组进行冷藏（3℃,24 h）处理,然后将样品熟制。利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法（SPME-GC-MS）测其挥发性风味物质,并使用主成分分析法对挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明,通过主成分分析可以从8类挥发性风味物提取2个主成分,其累积贡献率为97.362%,即将8种挥发性风味物质归为三大类:酸类、酯类、杂环类、醇类;醛类、醚类、酮类;烃类。且经过冻结、解冻处理的滩羊肉熟制后不会增加新的挥发性风味物质类型,随着解冻温度的降低,滩羊肉熟制后的风味物质种类逐渐增多,其中增加的挥发性风味物质:烃类5种、酯类3种、酸类1种、酮类2种。      

不同品种浓香亚麻籽油的呈香特征解析

目的 选取全国不同产区的28个主栽品种为对象制备浓香亚麻籽油,并对其风味特征进行分类。方法 运用评估适合项目法(rate-all-that-apply method, RATA)建立亚麻籽油感官描述词并进行感官评价,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析浓香亚麻籽油挥发性风味物质,使用正交偏最小二乘法(orthogonal projections to latent structures, OPLS)将关键挥发性风味物质与感官评价结果进行关联。结果 浓香亚麻籽油主要呈现出焦糊味、油脂味、烤香味、海鲜味和香油味,从28种浓香亚麻籽油中共检测出86种挥发性物质,其中48种物质具有香气贡献,关键挥发性风味物质有29种[气味活性值(odor activity value,OAV)>1],不同的香气属性与不同的关键挥发性风味物质具有一定的关联性。结论 基于风味导向可以将28种浓香亚麻籽油大致分为3类,第1类(晋...     

Aging characteristics of different beer types

Eight commercial beers (3 lager beers, 2 dark ales and 3 high-alcoholic ales) were aged for one year under normal storage conditions, and the changes with time of flavour profile and the concentration of 15 volatile compounds were monitored. The compounds were chosen as markers to evaluate the importance of different reactions in the aging process of each beer type. The development of typical aging flavours during beer storage could be linked to the Maillard reaction, the formation of linear aldehydes, ester formation, ester degradation, acetal formation, etherification and the degradation of hop bitter compounds. A difference in the nature of aging flavours between lager and specialty beers was found and seemed to be mainly the result of an increased Maillard reaction in specialty beers. Based on the results, some practical strategies are proposed to improve the flavour stability, depending on the beer type.     

Characterization of flavour and volatile compounds of fermented squid using electronic nose and HPMS in combination with GC-MS

The present study investigated the flavour characteristics and key volatile components of fermented squid (Dosidicus gigas) as well as their formation mechanism by three different starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and natural squid. The sensory assessment, volatile compounds, as well as the amino acids of the mixed fermented squid were detected using pickled brine as samples of fermented squid. A total 88 types of volatile compounds were found in four samples by 0–72 h of fermentation. After fermentation by LAB, the volatile compounds of squid showed that the fermented squid with different started cultures differed mainly in terms of numbers of alcohols, ketones, and esters. Furthermore, the amounts of volatile compounds among three starter cultures were also obviously different. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis indicated that the mixed fermentation process contained relatively higher (+)-limonene (11.71%) (lemon scent) and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (5.72%) (creamy taste). These compounds were not detected in the control group. The main flavour compounds of nonanal and 2, 4-decadienal were gradually reduced. Meanwhile, 2, 3-butanedione, 2-heptanone, 2-pentylfuran, and nonanoic acid are the key flavour components. The total principal component is 94.01%, which were clarified by electronic nose in combination with principal components analysis. After mixed fermentation by LAB, the total amino acid (TAA) content reached 85.36 g/100 g, which was almost twice the amount of the control, especially in aspartate, glutamate, and threonine. Our results indicated that LAB has obvious effects on deodorization and flavour promotion during the fermentation of squid. This study provided an important basis for the further development and utilization of squid.     

羽毛绒种类鉴定及气味检测方法研究

羽绒种类的纯正与否以及有无异味是影响羽绒品质好坏的两个重要因素。为了准确、快速地鉴定羽绒种类,本研究利用近红外光谱技术建立了一种无损快速鉴别羽绒种类的模型。同时,结合GC-MS技术鉴定分析了不同羽绒浸出物中特征气味成分。结果表明,近红外光谱显示4种羽绒种类（鹅毛、鸭毛、鹅绒、鸭绒）的反射率在4000～12000cm-1的变化趋势比较相近,分别在光波段8700～8100cm-1,7500～6000cm-1,5600～6000cm-1等处有明显的波峰,且特征波段的出峰位置大体相同,提示4种羽绒种类的主要成分大致相同。经二阶导数结合矢量归一化法建立的模型,三维得分图显示可区分4种羽绒种类,其准确性、专属性均良好,提示近红外光谱法是一种快速、高效并可用于羽绒种类鉴别的方法。另外,GC-MS检测结果显示羧酸类化合物和内酯类化合物为羽绒浸出物中的主要成分,这为进一步分析和鉴定羽绒中气味成分及选择相应检测传感器提供了理论依据。     

Analysis of flavour compounds in beer with extruded sorghum as an adjunct using headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Sorghum is a widely used adjunct that is used in the production of beer and increasingly affects beer flavour as the amount added increases. The aim of this work was to establish a simple, solvent‐free technique, without derivatization, to analyse flavours and typical volatile compounds present in extruded and unextruded sorghum beer, and to compare the flavour differences of the two types of beer. Headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to determine the flavours in the two beers and eight typical volatile compounds were quantified using GC. Forty‐five flavour compounds were identified and quantified in extruded white sorghum beer, while 31 flavour compounds were identified in unextruded white sorghum beer. Extruded or unextruded white sorghum can be used to produce ale beer, but the primary flavour content in the extruded white sorghum beer was higher than in the unextruded white sorghum beer. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Changes in flavour compound profiles of precooked pork after reheating (warmed-over flavour) using gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry with chromatographic feature extraction

The unclear components and complex evaluation indicators affect the effectiveness of inhibition methods for warmed-over flavour (WOF). To evaluate the main components of WOF, the changes in flavour compound profiles of precooked pork after reheating were investigated quantitatively by using gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry with chromatographic feature extraction. A total of 49 volatile compounds were identified, including 22 aroma-active compounds that were primarily derived from lipid oxidation. Fifteen key volatile compounds were obtained that represented principal components of the changes in flavour compound profiles, of which 1-octen-3-ol, (Z)-2-octenal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal made the greatest contribution to the principal components and achieved odour activity value (OAVs) >1.0 after reheating. The results showed that the three compounds are the dominant volatile compounds and potential evaluation indicators of WOF. This study provides a further understanding of the components of WOF in precooked pork and an effective analysis method of gas chromatography.     

不同品种鹅肉理化特性及其风味物质的比较分析

选取广东主产区五个品种鹅（狮头鹅、马岗鹅、乌鬃鹅、白鹅和阳江鹅）,分别对其蛋白质、脂肪、水分、蒸煮损失率、质构等理化特性进行测定,并采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（SPME-GC-MS）法对挥发性风味物质进行测定分析。结果表明,5种鹅肉的各理化特性指标间均存在显著差异（P<0.05）,74%的数据绝对值大于0.30,适宜采用主成分分析进行综合评价,通过理化特性的主成分分析提取了2个主成分表征原变量的88.48%的信息,综合排名由高到低为马岗鹅、狮头鹅、阳江鹅、白鹅、乌鬃鹅。5种蒸煮鹅肉共检出61种挥发性物质,其中醛类13种,醇类11种,烷烯烃类27种,酮类5种,芳香烃2种,酯类1种,其他类化合物2种,共有的挥发性风味物质11种。狮头鹅和乌鬃鹅的风味物质最为丰富,含量百分比分别为80.6%和73.77%;尤其己醛、壬醛、庚醛这三种风味物质分别达到46.67%和45.52%,醛类对广东品种鹅肉风味具有较大贡献。通过对不同品种鹅肉综合得分评价分析,为不同品种鹅肉深加工提供理论依据。     

Influence of Pasteurising Intensity on Beer Flavour Stability

While it is preferred that flavour improves during the beer maturation process, formation of undesirable flavours inevitably occurs during beer storage. Beer ageing problems occur during beer storage and can damage the beer style, especially for lager beer of a more delicate style. In this research, the impact of pasteurising intensity on beer ageing and flavour stability was studied. Through process adjustments, three types of bottled beer were obtained from one fermenter and classified by their PU values as 2 PU, 8 PU and 14 PU. The dynamic changes of related indices (taken every month) characterizing the ageing and flavour of the beer under different pasteurising intensities were investigated during a 6‐month room temperature storage period. The key factors of colour, the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) index, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, bitterness and total polyphenol composition, the concentration of beer volatile compounds (BVCs), and 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (5‐HMF) were examined. Statistically, the 14 PU sample showed the highest degree of damage, with the greatest flavour change compared to the other samples.     

Variations in volatile compounds and flavour in Idiazabal cheese manufactured from ewe's milk in farmhouse and factory

Stage of lactation, use of bulk milk or milk from individual flocks, and cheese‐making in farmhouse or industrial factory are important factors affecting the production and quality of Idiazabal cheese. The volatile composition of cheese samples made from raw ewe's milk in farmhouses or industrial plants at two different times of the year and aged for 90 and 180 days was analysed by dynamic headspace coupled to GC‐MS. Short‐chain fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, methyl ketones and ethyl esters were the most abundant compounds in the aroma of Idiazabal cheese samples. Differences in the volatile composition were found between farmhouse and industrial cheeses made at different times of the year and ripened for 90 or 180 days. Likewise, the sensory profiles of the farmhouse and industrial cheeses were significantly different, regardless of the time of the year and ripening time. The results for the principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the sensory attributes of the cheese samples showed two PCs defined as ‘farmhouse flavour factor’ and ‘industrial flavour factor’. Farmhouse cheeses showed high scores for buttery, milky and toasty odours, and buttery and nutty flavours, whereas industrial cheeses showed high scores for sharp, rennet and brine odours, and rennet and rancid flavours. The percentages of methyl ketones such as 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 2‐butanone, 2‐pentanone and 2‐heptanone, and acids such as n‐propanoic, 2‐methylpropanoic and 3‐methylbutanoic acids were higher in farmhouse cheeses than in industrial cheeses. On the other hand, the percentages of esters such as ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate, and alcohols such as 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, and acids like n‐hexanoic acid were higher in industrial cheeses than in farmhouse cheeses. Relationships between sensory attributes and volatile compounds were studied on the basis of the differences found in sensory profile and volatile composition between farmhouse and industrial cheeses. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry