Integrated remote sensing and GIS for groundwater exploration and identification of artificial recharge sites

IRS-LISS-II data along with other data sets have been utilized to extract information on the hydrogeomorphic features of a hard rock terrain in the Sironj area of Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The study exhibits reservoir induced artificial groundwater recharge downstream of surface water reservoirs. IRS-LISS-II data have been supported by information derived from DEM, drainage and groundwater data analysed in a GIS framework. The present study attempts to select suitable sites for groundwater recharge in a hard rock area through recharge basins or reservoirs, using an integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS. Criteria for GIS analysis have been defined on the basis of groundwater conditions in the area and appropriate weightage has been assigned to each information layer according to its relative contribution towards the desired output. The integrated study helps in designing a suitable groundwater management plan for a hard rock terrain.     

Groundwater potential modelling in a soft rock area using a GIS

A Geographical Information System (GIS) integration tool is proposed to demarcate the groundwater potential zone in a soft rock area using seven hydrogeologic themes: lithology, geomorphology, soil, net recharge, drainage density, slope and surface water bodies. Except for net recharge and slope, the other five themes are derived from remote sensing data. IRS-1B LISS-II data was used for a 631 km² area in Midnapur District, West Bengal, India. While slope was calculated using topographic sheets, net recharge was obtained from annual water table fluctuation data. Each feature of all the thematic maps was evaluated according to its relative importance in the prediction of groundwater potential. The evolved GIS-based model of the study area was found to be in strong agreement with available borehole and pumping test data.     

Water balance study and conjunctive water use planning in an irrigation canal command area: A remote sensing perspective

Water budgeting of the D-36 and D-36 A distributaries confined between Pedda Vagu, Korutla Vagu and Kakatiya main canal of the Sri RamSagar Project (SRSP) Command area was conducted using remote sensing derived crop areas, land cover information, irrigation tank inventory and source-wise distribution of irrigated areas, together with conventional meteorological, canal flows and well inventory data. A semi-empirical water balance model was developed and validated using remote sensing derived objective information of the command area and the validated model used for predicting the groundwater table under normal rainfall conditions. Recharge and water balance in the study area indicated that the net recharge to the aquifer is negative to the tune of 2.54 Mm³ resulting in a fall of the groundwater table by 0.79 m during 1992-93. However, normalized groundwater recharge and water balance estimates indicate an impending waterlogging problem with an annual groundwater table rise of 0.35 m. In view of existing water management practices, a conjunctive water use plan of rotational operation of aquifers and canals is suggested.     

An approach to demarcate ground water potential zones through remote sensing and a geographical information system

In order to demarcate the ground water potential zones of Marudaiyar basin different thematic maps such as, lithology, landforms, lineaments and surface water bodies at a 1: 50000 scale were prepared, using remotely-sensed data as well as drainage density and slope classes from Survey of India topographical sheets. In addition, a soil map at 1:50000 scale covering the study area was generated from a 1:250000 scale soil map prepared by the Soil Survey and Landuse Organization by regrouping the soil types based on their hydrological characteristics. All the thematic layers were integrated and analysed using a model developed with logical conditions in the geographical information system (GIS). The ground water potential zones map generated through this model was verified with the yield data to ascertain the validity of the model developed. The verification showed that the ground water potential zones demarcated through the model are in agreement with the bore well yield data collected in the field. Since the present approach was built with logical conditions and reasoning, this approach can be successfully used elsewhere with appropriate modifications. Thus, the above study has clearly demonstrated the capabilities of remote sensing technique and GIS in demarcation of the different ground water potential zones, particularly in such a diverse geological set up.     

Multi‐criteria decision evaluation in groundwater zones identification in Moyale‐Teltele subbasin,South Ethiopia

The conventional approaches such as ground‐based surveys and exploratory drilling for groundwater investigation are time‐consuming and uneconomical. Systematic organisation of data of characteristics of any terrain, evaluation of inter‐thematic, interclass dependencies and variability, and also analysing cumulative effect on the development of groundwater regime is the best approach which the current decade requires. This is proved by generation of the thematic information on the above factors through remote sensing technique, and integration in geographic information system (GIS) for evaluation using multi‐criteria decision‐making techniques. This paper presents the results of the attempt made to identify the groundwater potential zones in the Moyale‐Teltele Sub basin of the Genale Dawa River Basin in South Ethiopia using the integrated approaches of remote sensing and geographic information systems. Six geologic, physiographic, and hydrologic factors were applied namely: lithology, structure, geomorphology, slope, land cover, and drainage. Weighted Overlay Analysis using multicriteria decision technique is implemented to produce the groundwater potential map of the area. This result is further verified by groundwater yield data of boreholes and springs collected in the field and from previous reports. The validation revealed that the result is in good conformity with the actual yield of the wells and springs.     

A super resolution approach for spectral unmixing of remote sensing images

It is well known that coarse spatial resolution is an important factor for the occurrence of mixed pixels in remote sensing images, and conventional approaches for spectral unmixing adopt various techniques on spectral dimension only in a fixed spatial resolution. In this article, a super resolution (SR) approach for spectral unmixing is proposed, based on the assumption that increasing the spatial resolution helps to retrieve the composition of a pixel. Firstly, a remote sensing image is downscaled into an SR image using example-based kernel ridge regression (EBKRR). Secondly, the SR image is classified using supervised hard classification, and then the class map is decomposed into thematic class layers. Thirdly, the thematic class layers are upscaled into the original spatial resolution with an averaging operation, and the abundance maps are finally derived. In two simulated data-based experiments and one ground data-based experiment, this approach was compared with linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) and artificial neural network (ANN)-based spectral unmixing methods. The accuracy assessment indicated that the SR approach outperformed LSMA and ANN under measurements of mean absolute error and absolute bias in the three experiments.     

针对华北地区地下水河湖生态补水成效的卫星遥感动态监测

为评估华北地区地下水超采治理河湖生态补水成效,基于现有国产卫星遥感影像覆盖能力,收集 2020 年华北地区 22 条(个)河湖流域卫星遥感动态监测影像数据,以相关水利基础数据为依据,构建一套完整的针对华北地区地下水河湖生态补水成效的水体遥感监测方案,将影像进行正射、融合、裁剪等预处理后,运用水体指数和深度学习 2 种方法对预处理后的遥感影像进行解译分析,提取河湖流域水面面积和有水河段长度,并结合河湖生态补水量进行验证,分析年内变化规律。监测结果表明：2020 年 7—12 月期间华北地区补水河湖水面面积和有水河段长度减少趋势减缓,并出现增加趋势。通过生态补水有利于缓解超采区水面面积减少趋势,验证通过统筹多种水源、调节时空布局,开展河湖回补地下水的方案是确有成效的。     

Mapping applications for low-cost remote sensing and geographic information systems

Abstract

Increasing attention is being given to the practicability of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Easily adaptable low-cost systems in these two rapidly advancing technologies have particular relevance for developing nations. Data from advanced satellite sensor sytems such as the SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) and the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) have proven to be useful in topographic as well as thematic mapping, particularly for map revision. Based on the specific application, mapping systems have ranged from simple visual image interpretation lo automated digital image analysis systems with sophisticated classification schemes. Examples of topographic and thematic mapping using low-cost systems will be presented.

GIS have extended the capability of low-cost digital systems that simply provided storage and map production capabilities, to systems providing spatial data analysis including the linkage of spatial data and spatially related attributes. Data capture is an essential but laborious and expensive component of the overall mapping system. Satellite remote sensing is an obvious source of data for mapping and map revision because of its repetitive wide-area coverage and low cost. The need for integration of remote sensing and GIS is thus inevitable and is rapidly emerging because of the complementary role played by these technologies in resource management. The importance and utility of this integrated approach to mapping will be documented using Canadian examples.     

基于Android的GIS县域遥感监测系统

为满足县域遥感监测对智能化、信息化的需求,以河北省廊坊市为研究区,采用C/S架构,建立基于Android的GIS县域遥感监测系统。系统主要包括注册登录、地图服务、专题信息查询和统计分析等四大功能模块。注册登录模块采用SQLite数据库开发,用户权限依行政区划等级配置;地图服务模块使用ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Android工具包实现,具有地图展示、图层添加、实时定位、地图截图、坐标转换、空间量测等功能;专题信息查询模块通过ArcGIS Server发布的服务获取数据并添加OperationLayers业务图层实现,能够查询和显示专题信息的空间分布状况;统计分析模块使用MPAndroidChart开源图表库实现,具备县域遥感资源监测信息查询、统计分析、可视化图表构建和动态显示功能。系统可为农业、林业和环保等相关部门提供技术和辅助决策支持。     

Groundwater assessment through an integrated approach using remote sensing,GIS and resistivity techniques: a case study from a hard rock terrain

Satellite data have been widely used in conjunction with Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques in groundwater resource management. Satellite data are useful for extracting various thematic maps required for groundwater assessment. In this study, Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) 1D LISS III and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced TM (ETM+) digital data, and digital elevation models (DEMs) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) along with other collateral data were analysed to create various thematic maps (geomorphology, landuse, lithology, lineament, soil, drainage density, river gradient and slope maps) required for groundwater modelling in a hard rock terrain of Bargarh district, Orissa, India. These thematic maps were assigned suitable weights and different rankings to the individual classes within each thematic map using Saaty's Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). A raster‐based empirical GIS model was developed for integrating the thematic maps to locate suitable groundwater prospective zones. The integrated thematic maps were in turn used to compute the Groundwater Potential Index (GWPI). GWPI values calculated in the study area were found to vary from 0.175 to 0.940. These GWPI values have been classified into various classes: very poor (<0.4), poor (0.4–0.5), moderate (0.5–0.6), good (0.6–0.7), very good (0.7–0.8) and excellent (>0.8). A final map showing very poor to excellent groundwater prospective zones was prepared. The results thus obtained were subsequently cross‐checked with resistivity survey and pumping test data. Very poor GWPI zones show low yields of 0.5 lps from weathered granite of resistivity 20–100 Ω m and thickness 0.5–6 m, while excellent GWPI zones show high yields of 5–7 lps from highly fractured granite of resistivity 100–300 Ω m and thickness 14–31 m. The results obtained from integration of the various thematic maps on the GIS platform produced a good match with the resistivity and pumping test data.     

GIS based surface hydrological modelling in identification of groundwater recharge zones

Digital elevation model (DEM) is a storehouse of a variety of hydrological information along with terrain characteristics. In recent years, automatic extraction of drainage network from DEM with the help of Geographical Information System (GIS) has become possible and is now being practised the world over for hydrological studies. In the present study, a comparative analysis of the drainage network derived from DEM and drainage extracted from surveyed topographical maps has been carried out. A comparative analysis based on nearest neighbour analysis on an intersection theme of two drainage networks showed that there is clustering (randomness<1) existing at places which show potential groundwater recharge zones. The suitable groundwater recharge zones identified in the drainage comparative analysis also show good correlation with the suitable recharge maps derived from remote sensing and GIS based procedure. In this study, two different watersheds (a) Dwarkeshwar in Bankura district, West Bengal, India, and (b) Kethan in Vidisha districts of Madhya Pradesh, India have been taken to analyse for identification of suitable groundwater recharge zones. The drainage comparative analysis approach developed and tested successfully in the present study is quick and reliable for the identification of suitable groundwater recharge zones particularly in a hard rock terrain.     

Ground water potential in a semi-arid region of Andhra Pradesh - a geographical information system approach

Continuous and adequate supplies of potable water from ground reservoirs are important for sustained agriculture, industry and domestic use throughout huge semi-arid regions of India. The present paper describes an approach to investigating groundwater potential over extensive geographical areas and illustrates its potential with reference to watershed planning in the large Varaha River Basin (VRB), Andhra Pradesh, India. The method involves the creation of a systematic database of information from satellite data for reconnaissance survey before going for field exploration. Colour composite images from Landsat Thematic Mapper and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite were used to interpret various thematic maps of the Varaha river basin. SPOT 1 MLA data of band 3 on a 1:250 000 scale was used for improving the accuracy of interpretation of topographic units due to its higher resolution and stereo coverage. Slope and other coverages were derived from topographic maps. The thematic and topographic information was digitized and ERDAS Imagine GIS software was used to analyse this information. Groundwater potential zones were delineated through subjective weights assigned to interpreted thematic and derived topographic units according to their likely infiltration capacities. Seven categories of groundwater potential ranging from very good to poor were derived automatically. Field measurements were then made within a selection of these categories to check the groundwater potential at selected sites. The validity and effectiveness of using remote sensing and GIS techniques for improving the targeting of field observations for groundwater for a huge river basin is shown by comparing the inferred groundwater potential with the field measurements.     

遥感水分收支对区域水资源估算潜能

为获得遥感水分收支对区域水资源估算潜力，利用遥感降水与蒸散发数据，通过研究中国十大水资源一级区及省区尺度上遥感水分收支平衡(降水与实际蒸散发差值)与水利统计水资源量间的关系，发现遥感降水蒸散差折合水资源量与基于统计数据的水资源量间具有较强正相关性，但总体偏低且存在区域差异，其中海河区低估最为显著，其次为淮河区、西南诸河区，西北诸河区则存在较大高估。对于地下水需求较大的区域，如海河区，地下水开采量没有被考虑作为遥感水资源量来源是造成遥感水资源量低估的主要原因。遥感降水低估、蒸散发高估也导致遥感水分收支平衡折合水资源量低于基于统计数据的水资源量。水资源时间变化趋势显示，中国水资源量总体呈增加趋势，但作为粮食主产区及人口密集区的华北地区，水资源形势严峻，呈显著减少趋势，将对经济发展及人们生活产生重大影响。     

A patch‐based image classification by integrating hyperspectral data with GIS

Hyperspectral remote sensing data provide detailed spectral information and are widely used for pixel‐based image classification. However, without considering spatial correlation among neighbouring pixels, a generated thematic map may have a ‘salt‐and‐pepper’ appearance. With the development of the Geographic Information System (GIS), the spatial relationship between a pixel and its neighbours can be recorded readily and used together with remote sensing data. The objective of this study was to integrate hyperspectral data with the GIS for effective thematic mapping. To date, GIS data have been used mainly in field surveys or training field selection for remote sensing data interpretation. Here we propose a patch‐classification based on integration of the GIS with remote sensing data. The classification results obtained by using this method can be easily saved in a vector format as used for GIS files. Computational cost is decreased compared with a pixel‐by‐pixel classification. The issue of how to identify pure or mixed patches is addressed and a three‐level simple and effective checking method is developed. A case study is presented with a hyperspectral data set recorded by the Pushbroom Hyperspectral Imager (PHI) and related GIS data.     

An algorithm for the identification of benthic algae in the Venice lagoon from Thematic Mapper data

Abstract

An algorithm for the identification of benthic algae in the Venice lagoon using Thematic Mapper data has been developed from a study combining water optics modelling with remote sensing routines tailored to the local situation. The sensitivity and validity range of the algorithm have been assessed by an error analysis considering both the atmospheric correction uncertainty and the masking cfTect of water turbidity. The procedure has been tested on a TM scene of 7 June 1989 yielding a thematic map which classifies algae according to depth.     

RESDEM,a tool for integrating temporal remote sensing data for use in hydrogeologic investigations

The dramatic increase in space-borne sensors over the past two decades is presenting unique opportunities for new and enhanced applications in various scientific disciplines. Using these data sets, hydrogeologists can now address and understand the partitioning of water systems on regional and global scales, yet such applications present mounting challenges in data retrieval, assimilation, and analysis for scientists attempting to process relevant large temporal remote sensing data sets (e.g., TRMM, SSM/I, AVHRR, MODIS, QuikSCAT, and AMSR-E). We describe solutions to these problems through the development of an interactive data language (IDL)-based computer program, the remote sensing data extraction model (RESDEM) for integrated processing and analysis of a suite of remote sensing data sets. RESDEM imports, calibrates, and georeferences scenes, and subsets global data sets for the purpose of extracting and verifying precipitation over areas and time periods of interest. Verification of precipitation events is accomplished by integrating other long-term satellite based data sets. The modules in RESDEM process data for cloud detection and others for detecting changes in soil moisture, vegetative water capacity and vegetation intensity following targeted precipitation events. Using the arid Sinai Peninsula (SP; area: 61,000 km²) and the Eastern Desert (ED; area: 220,000 km²) of Egypt as test sites, we demonstrate how RESDEM outputs (verified precipitation events) are now enabling regional scale applications of continuous (1998–2006) rainfall-runoff and groundwater recharge computations.     

Retrieval of marine water constituents from AVIRIS data in the Hudson/Raritan Estuary

This paper reports on the validation of bio‐optical models in estuarine and nearshore (case 2) waters of New Jersey–New York to retrieve accurate water leaving radiance spectra and chlorophyll concentration from the NASA Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data complemented with in situ measurements. The study area—Hudson/Raritan Estuary—is a complex estuarine system where tidal and wind‐driven currents are modified by freshwater discharges from the Hudson, Raritan, Hackensack, and Passaic rivers. Over the last century the estuarine water quality has degraded, in part due to eutrophication, which has disrupted the pre‐existing natural balance, resulting in phytoplankton blooms of both increased frequency and intensity, increasing oxygen demand and leading to episodes of hypoxia. During 1999–2001 data acquisitions by NASA AVIRIS field measurements were obtained to establish hydrological optical properties of the Hudson/Raritan Estuary: (1) concurrent above‐ and below‐surface spectral irradiance; (2) sampling for laboratory determination of inherent optical properties; and (3) concentrations of optically‐important water quality parameters. We used a bio‐optical model based on Gordon et al. to predict the sub‐surface irradiance reflectance from optically important water constituents. Modelling of reflectance is a prerequisite for processing remote sensing data to desired thematic maps for input into the geographical information system (GIS) for use as a management tool in water quality assessment. A Radiative Transfer Code—MODTRAN‐4—was applied to remove the effects of the atmosphere so as to infer the water leaving radiance from the AVIRS data. The results of this procedure were not satisfactory, therefore an alternative approach was tested to directly correct the AVIRIS image using modelled spectra based on measured optical characteristics. The atmospherically corrected AVIRIS ratio image was used to calculate a thematic map of water quality parameters (i.e. chlorophyll‐a) concentration, which subsequently were integrated into a GIS for management of water quality purposes.     

利用遥感数据研究红层丘陵区地下水赋存规律

利用遥感数据对地物进行识别是获取地物信息的一种重要手段。在重庆荣昌县红层丘陵严重缺水区地下水勘查新技术应用课题研究中,选取Landsat ETM数据和彩红外影像为数据源,以影响丘陵区地下水赋存的主要因素为研究对象,建立解译标志,分析研究遥感影像特征,计算机自动划分微地貌类型,采用监督分类与非监督分类方法对红层丘陵区地表水体、土壤湿度信息进行识别。在此基础上结合常规水文地质调查方法,对地下水补、径、排条件进行分析,划分出适宜于分散家户打井的区域。     

Use of GRACE time-variable data and GLDAS-LSM for estimating groundwater storage variability at small basin scales: a case study of the Nzoia River Basin

This study integrates time-variable Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravimetric measurements and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) land surface models (LSM) in order to understand the inter-annual variations and groundwater storage changes (GWSC) in the Nzoia River Basin in Kenya, using the water balance equation and parameters. From averaged GRACE and GWSC data, the results showed that over the 10-year period, the basin experienced a groundwater depth gain of 6.38 mm year^?1, which is equivalent to aquifer recharge of 298 million cubic metres (mcm) year^?1. The deseasonalized groundwater variation analysis gave a net gain in groundwater storage of 6.21 mm year^?1 that is equal to a groundwater recharge gain of 290 mcm year^?1. The observed results are comparable to the groundwater safe yield of 330 mcm year^?1 as estimated by the Water Resource Management Authority in Kenya. Through cross-plotting and analysis with averaged satellite altimetry data and in situ measurements from rainfall and streamflow discharge, the total water storage change (TWSC) and GWSC in the basin were consistent and closely correlated in variation trends. The inter-annual standard deviation of groundwater change was determined as ±0.24 mm year^?1, which is equivalent to 85% degree of confidence in the obtained results. The results in this study show that GRACE gravity-variable solutions and GLDAS-LSM provide reliable data sets suitable for the study of small to large basin groundwater storage variations, especially in areas with scarce and sparsely available in situ data.     

陆地卫星遥感信息在区域地下水资源量计算中的应用

利用陆地卫星遥感信息对地下水资源量计算问题作了两方面的研究。首先，以辽宁省朝阳市为例，研究了在常规资料比较齐全的地区运用遥感技术结合常规方法计算区域地下水资源量的系统方法(简称RSNM概念性研究模型)。其次，以西藏年楚河流域为例，探讨了常规资料短缺地区运用遥感方法估算区域地下水资源量的可能性及其系统研究方法(简称DRSNM概念性研究模型)。RSNM模型和DRSNM模型可推广应用于其它地区的地下水定量研究。