城市道路线形设计中的问题研究

道路线形是由直线与曲线连接而成的空间立体线形形状,也就是道路中心线的空间描绘。线形设计不好,轻者乘客会感到不舒服,严重则影响车辆行驶的安全性,甚至造成交通事故。究其原因,道路设计规范只对某些技术指标,如:平曲线半径、竖曲线半径、纵坡坡度、坡长等分别做了规定,而对这些指标之间的组合以及特殊性考虑甚少,如果设计人员不从行驶车辆的安全性上考虑,那么,设计出的道路就不会是一条好的道路。因为线形好的道路,应该首先保证车辆安全、迅速、舒适的行驶。本文对城市道路线形设计中的几个问题作了分析,供大家参考。     

山区公路景观对运行车速的影响及模型修正

目的研究山区不同公路景观对运行车速的影响。方法采用驾驶模拟试验,以24种不同空间景观为研究对象,提取运行速度参数,运用统计学原理,分析不同空间景观下驾驶员的运行速度差异并对运行速度模型进行了修正。结果直线路段的运行车速随着空间围合程度的增大逐渐降低,弯道路段运行车速不受空间围合程度的影响,且运行车速随景观类型的不同呈现一定的规律性。结论通过研究山区公路景观对运行车速的影响和修正运行车速预测模型,可以为山区公路景观设计和道路限速提供一定的参考依据,有利于降低道路安全事故的发生。     

干线公路安全保障工程实施技术研究

随着公路交通事业的飞速发展,道路交通安全形势日益严峻。针对公路安全保障土程实施中存在的问题,在交通事故调研及原因分析的基础上,从避险车道使用中存在的问题入手,研究了避险车道的位置选择、角度、长度、坡度等参数的设计方法:针对交通标志的设置方而存在的问题,提出了以运行速度为基础的交通标志设置方法,对几类交通标志的设计方法提出合理建议;同时,针对干线公路上的长下坡、隧道洞口、村庄密集路段车辆行驶速度过快易发生事故的问题,提出了采用视错觉标线来降低车速的方法以期能改进公路安全保障土程设施设计与应用现状,为车辆行驶和沿线群众提供更好的安全保障。     

基于多车精细建模的曲线地段重载列车-轨道系统动力性能研究

建立考虑多车效应的重载列车-轨道系统精细化动力分析模型,对车辆、钩缓装置中各种细部构件及部件间接触摩擦等作用机制进行精细模拟,基于Hertz理论及FASTSIM算法进行轮轨接触计算。利用自主研发设备通过现场参数试验进行轨道建模。深入研究重载铁路曲线地段列车-轨道系统动力性能及曲线参数影响规律。结果表明,缓和曲线地段轮轨相互作用规律复杂,列车不同位置车轮受力呈现迥异变化趋势及幅度,前后缓和曲线轮轨相互作用亦完全不同,主要由超高顺坡及车辆构造所致;缓和曲线长度过短可导致超高顺坡过大不利列车运行,缓和曲线长度对动力性能影响曲线往往存在拐点,建议以拐点值限定最小缓和曲线长度;增长缓和曲线可有效减弱轮轨相互作用,并主要通过减缓列车首车及导向轮对磨耗降低整体磨耗;随缓和曲线长度不断增加,对动力性能改善效果越不明显。我国重载铁路小半径曲线超高设置通常偏大,建议适当降低超高值、设置10%~20%欠超高,利于改善轮轨受力、减缓磨耗。增大曲线半径利于减弱轮轨相互作用及磨耗,但半径越大改善作用越小。     

关于城市轨道交通节能线路设计的研究

城市轨道交通当中耗能最为主要的2个部分是牵引能耗和动力能耗,车的外型、车辆启动和制动方式、车辆最高速度以及线路条件都是会对牵引能耗产生影响的因素。在调查数据和对牵引计算进行模拟之后,得出站间距、敷设方式、平曲线半径、节能坡的坡度与坡长、节能坡与站台端部的距离、节能坡组合方式等会对列车牵引能耗产生影响的因素,该文总结得出节能线路设计的一般原则,同时分析了节能的效果。     

移动荷载作用下离散支承曲线轨道梁振动特性研究#br#

将钢轨视为Euler 曲梁,将钢轨扣件视为弹簧-阻尼器单元,利用振型叠加法和龙格-库塔数值方法计算得到移动荷载作用下整体式曲线轨道的响应特征。研究表明,在现有列车速度下,竖向挠度随着列车速度的增加而增加,增加幅度与曲线半径有关。扭转位移随列车速度增加降至零后基本不变,径向挠度则先降为零后快速增大,存在一个理想车速。当曲线半径小于轨道最小半径要求时,增加曲线半径可以减少曲梁挠度的大小,当满足最小半径后,继续增大曲线半径反而会增大扭转位移和径向挠度。超高角改变对曲梁的竖向挠度影响不大,但对径向挠度或扭转位移有重要影响,增加曲线半径可以减少径向挠度为零时对应的超高角值。在列车速度一定时,合理匹配曲线半径和超高角可以达到减少曲线轨道振动响应的目的。     

中低速磁浮最小曲线半径及缓和曲线长度研究

为研究中低速磁浮最小曲线半径及缓和曲线长度,该文基于磁浮交通线路参数的计算方法、相关要素,以及线路自身的特点,推导出适用于中低速磁浮的曲线半径、缓和曲线长度计算公式,在参考相关标准的基础上,对中低速磁浮列车以20～160 km/h速度运行时的最小平、竖曲线半径及缓和曲线长度进行了理论分析,进一步给出其建议值,并建立了考虑主动反馈控制特性的车辆模型,通过动力学仿真对取值的可靠性进行了验证。研究结果表明：最小平曲线半径取值受指向外侧的最大侧向加速度控制,最小竖曲线半径取值受凹曲线上最大法向加速度控制,当列车运行速度一定时,横坡角越大,最小平曲线半径取值越小,而纵坡对最小竖曲线半径取值几乎无影响;当横坡角为2°,列车在正常条件下运行时,最小缓和曲线长度主要受最大侧向冲击控制,在困难条件下运行时,最小缓和曲线长度主要受最大法向冲击控制,当横坡角为4°、6°,列车在正常/困难条件下运行时,最小缓和曲线长度主要受最大法向冲击控制;按横坡角最大值6°考虑,列车以160 km/h在正常条件下运行时,建议最小平曲线半径及缓和曲线长度分别取970 m、120 m。该文研究成果可为中低速磁浮交通的选线设计提...     

基于矩形流道流场分析及气动实验的轴流风机结构参数优化设计

本文通过提取导流罩的轴向长度及叶顶间隙两个设计参数,构建了矩形流道内轴流风机的流场结构及仿真模型,进行了数值模拟和实验分析。结合仿真模型分析了矩形风道下轴流风机内部和出口流场特性的变化规律,构建了风机设计参数与气动性能之间的映射关系模型。通过风机气动性能实验可得:风机出口静压、体积流量和效率与间隙因子成反比,而与长度因子成正比,对比模拟值和实验值验证了模型的正确性。基于量化映射关系模型得到风机设计参数间隙因子和长度因子的最优值分别为0.8%和12.5%,为风机设计和冰箱风道优化提供量化参考。     

考虑车速时空动态性的城市配送车辆路径问题

基于对城市路网中配送车辆车速时空动态性的分析,对配送时段和配送网络中的路段分别进行切割,建立城市配送网络的车速矩阵以实现动态计算车辆在配送线路上的行驶时间。基于车辆在配送网络节点间行驶时间的计算,建立了带时间窗的城市配送车辆路径优化模型。为更贴近实际,模型的目标函数在实际运作成本的基础上纳入了配送车辆的碳排放成本。设计了先用改进节约法构造初始解,再用变邻域搜索算法进行改进的求解算法框架。最后,通过实例分析表明了在车辆路径模型中纳入对车速时空性的考量能更好地刻画城市物流配送,给出更合理的配送车辆调度方案,实现提高配送效率、降低配送总成本和减少配送车辆碳排放的目的。     

双轮辙激励下多轴重型车辆动载特性仿真分析

为研究双轮辙激励下多轴重型车辆动载特性,采用有理函数功率谱密度的谐波叠加法模拟双轮辙激励的空间域随机路面,建立刚柔耦合的车辆整车虚拟样机,集成创建一个双轮辙激励的空间域路面车辆行驶动力学模型,仿真计算了车辆各轴两侧轮胎的法向作用力和车轮法向动载系数。结果表明,与单轮辙激励相比,双轮辙激励下得到的车辆各轴两侧车轮法向作用力的大小和变化规律均不相同,而且轮胎法向作用力最大值出现的位置也不同;不同车速下,车辆各轴两侧车轮的法向动载系数大小和变化规律完全不同,车辆前中轴的法向动载系数最小,中后、后轴的法向动载系数最大。研究结果可为精确计算多轴车辆轮胎动载荷,预测路面动态响应提供参考依据。     

高速客车蛇行运动Hopf分叉的研究

建立了高速客车非线性系统数学模型,模型中考虑了轨道的整体弹性和阻尼。基于常微分方程的一次近似理论和Hopf分叉理论,研究了高速客车在直线和大半径曲线轨道上蛇行运动的Hopf分叉情况。借助于DEPAR延续算法解决了圆曲线上车辆系统平衡位置难以确定的难题,分析了轨道整体刚度和阻尼、圆曲线半径和外轨超高及转向架悬挂参数等因素对高速客车Hopf分叉速度的影响。研究表明,高速客车在大半径曲线上也有可能出现Hopf分叉现象,并且曲线半径越大、外轨超高越大,车辆的Hopf分叉速度越高,但最大值不会超过车辆系统在直线上运行时的Hopf分叉速度。车辆系统在弹性轨道条件下的Hopf分叉速度高于刚性轨道条件下车辆系统对应的Hopf分叉速度。不论是刚性轨道还是弹性轨道,转向架悬挂参数对车辆系统Hopf分叉速度的影响趋势是一致的。     

Determinants of motor vehicle deaths in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis.

This paper uses 1987 state-level data and least-squares regression to estimate a model of motor vehicle deaths in the United States. The model includes several factors accounted for in previous cross-sectional studies of these fatalities. The estimates suggest that income, the ratio of urban to rural driving, expenditures on highway police and safety, motor vehicle inspection laws, and adult seat belt use laws with secondary enforcement provisions are inversely related to motor vehicle death rates. They also indicate that volume of driving, speed, speed variance, driving density, alcohol consumption, temperature, and a dummy variable for western states are directly related to the rates.     

Safety reliability evaluation when vehicles turn right from urban major roads onto minor ones based on driver's visual perception

Turning right has a significant impact on urban road traffic safety. Driving into the curve inappropriately or with improper turning speed often leads to a series of potential accidents and hidden dangers. For a long time, the design speed at intersections has been used to determine the physical radius of curbs and channelization, and drivers are expected to drive in accordance with the design speed. However, a large number of real vehicle tests show that for the road without an exclusive right-turn lane, there is not a good correlation between the physical radius of curbs and the turning right speeds. In this paper, shape parameters of the driver's visual lane model are put forward and they have relatively high correlations with right-turn speeds. Hence, an evaluation method about safety reliability of turning right from urban major roads onto minor ones based on driver's visual perception is proposed. For existing roads, the evaluation object could be real driving videos; for those under construction roads, the evaluation object could be visual scenes obtained from a driving simulation device. Findings in this research will make a contribution to the optimization of right-turn design at intersections and lead to the development of auxiliary driving technology.     

The effect of chevron alignment signs on driver performance on horizontal curves with different roadway geometries

To develop a practicable and clear guideline for implementing Chevrons on China’s highways, it is necessary to understand the effect of Chevrons on driving performance in different roadway geometries.Using a driving simulator, this study tests the effect of China’s Chevrons on vehicle speed and lane position on two-lane rural highway horizontal curves with different roadway geometries.The results showed a significant effect of Chevrons on speed reduction, and this function was not significantly affected by curve radius but was statistically affected by curve direction. The speed reduction caused by Chevrons was also significant at the approach of curve, middle of curve and point of tangent. The 85th percentile speed was also markedly lower when Chevrons were present. We also found a significant effect of Chevrons in encouraging participants to drive the vehicle with a more proper lane position at the first half of curves; and this function was slightly affected by curve radius. Meanwhile, the effect of Chevrons on keeping drivers staying in a more stable lane position was also statistically significant at the second half of curves. In sharp curves, the function of Chevrons to make drivers keep a stable lane position was lost. Besides, the impact of curve direction on the function of Chevrons on lane position was always present, and drivers would drive slightly away from Chevrons.Regardless of the curve radius, China’s Chevrons at horizontal curves provide an advance warning, speed control and lane position guide for traffic on the nearside of Chevrons. Besides, combing with the function of Chevrons on preventing excessive speed and the benefit to make drivers keep a more proper lane position, China’s Chevrons appear to be of great benefit to reduce crashes (e.g., run-off-road) in curves.     

射流速度对气幕发射方式下航行体运动过程的影响研究

气幕发射方式是一种新型的航行体水下垂直发射方式。采用数值模拟的方法,研究了不同射流速度情况下航行体水下垂直发射过程中气幕形态、航行体表面压力及阻力特性等的变化规律,得到了在出筒过程中,不同气体射流速度情况下,航行体均可顺利通过气幕的最小半径处,气体射流马赫数越大,航行体总阻力系数越大;在出水过程中,航行体总阻力系数单调降低,与气体射流马赫数无关等结论。     

公路混凝土桥涵设计规范设计表达式可靠指标的误差及改进

我国现行公路桥梁结构设计规范采用分项系数法。用几个分项系数建立的设计表达式在不同材料、受力状态、荷载比等条件下的最小可靠指标与目标值间有不同误差。该文用一次可靠度方法(FORM)计算了现行规范的各类构件各种设计表达式的最小可靠指标,发现对不同材料、受力状态、荷载比的误差达2.98,此误差还受材料等级、配筋率、偏心距的影响。因此它们不能用来评定即有桥梁结构,也不能做出具有均衡安全度的加固设计。该文全面考虑上述6项因素的影响,细化回归了各分项系数,使可靠指标误差在±0.1范围内。使用新的分项系数,这些设计表达式可以用于评定和加固旧桥。     

不同地基下的隧道弃渣填料高路堤稳定性数值分析

为了研究不同地基下的高路堤边坡稳定性影响因素，采用极限平衡法，针对不同填方高度、坡比及原地基坡度进行了分析，平坦地基上边坡安全系数与坡比成反比例关系，与路堤高度成正比例关系，硬质斜坡地基上随着地基坡度的变大安全系数逐渐减小。     

Modeling the influence of Chevron alignment sign on young male driver performance: A driving simulator study

In China, the Chevron alignment sign on highways is a vertical rectangle with a white arrow and border on a blue background, which differs from its counterpart in other countries. Moreover, little research has been devoted to the effectiveness of China’s Chevron signs; there is still no practical method to quantitatively describe the impact of Chevron signs on driver performance in roadway curves. In this paper, a driving simulator experiment collected data on the driving performance of 30 young male drivers as they navigated on 29 different horizontal curves under different conditions (presence of Chevron signs, curve radius and curve direction). To address the heterogeneity issue in the data, three models were estimated and tested: a pooled data linear regression model, a fixed effects model, and a random effects model. According to the Hausman Test and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the random effects model offers the best fit. The current study explores the relationship between driver performance (i.e., vehicle speed and lane position) and horizontal curves with respect to the horizontal curvature, presence of Chevron signs, and curve direction. This study lays a foundation for developing procedures and guidelines that would allow more uniform and efficient deployment of Chevron signs on China’s highways.     

考虑车轮滚动轨迹的桥头跳车动力荷载计算方法及影响因素分析

为分析车辆桥头跳车时的动力荷载,提出了更符合实际形状的圆盘车轮模型,以考虑车轮经过桥头错台时的滚动轨迹,结合基于有限元的车辆整体模型和相应的动力学方法,实现了车辆上、下桥头错台时的竖向、顺桥向动力荷载的定量分析。算例表明,考虑车轮滚动轨迹后,动力荷载计算值比以往平缓得多;跳车动力荷载的大小与车辆的行驶速度、车轮的悬挂方式、桥头错台的高度等因素有关,其表现为:1) 车辆的最大动力荷载与桥头错台高度成正比;2) 对于独立悬挂的车轮,车速越大,最大动力荷载越大;对于非独立悬挂的车轮,最大动力荷载随着车速的增大呈现波动的形态;3) 上桥时的最大荷载位于错台上,下桥时前、中轮的最大荷载离桥头错台较远,后轮则较近;4) 桥头错台跳车造成的轮载冲击系数可能超过我国桥梁规范设计值,需要引起重视。     

Reliability analysis and reliability-based design optimization of roadway horizontal curves using a first-order reliability method

This article presents reliability analysis and reliability-based optimization of roadway minimum radius design based on vehicle dynamics, mainly focusing on exit ramps and interchanges. The performance functions are formulated as failure modes of vehicle rollover and sideslip. To accurately describe the failure modes, analytical models for rollover and sideslip are derived considering nonlinear characteristics of vehicle behaviour using the commercial software TruckSim. The probability of an accident is evaluated using the first-order reliability method and numerical studies are conducted using a single-unit truck model. To propose a practical application for the study, the reliability analysis for the minimum radius recommended by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials is conducted. The results show that, even if there are deviations from assumed design conditions of the current design guideline, the proposed design method can guarantee given target margins of safety against rollover and sideslip. Based on the reliability analysis, reliability-based design optimization is carried out and the results indicate new recommendations for minimum radii satisfying given target reliability levels.