渭河定量遥感水质反演中的大气校正作用研究

以渭河陕西段为研究对象,在获取了渭河陕西段实地监测数据和相应时间段的SPOT-5遥感影像数据基础上采用黑暗像元法(DOS)、大气辐射传输模型法等7种大气校正方法对SPOT-5遥感影像进行大气校正。结合校正后的遥感数据,使用多元线性回归、支持向量机(SVM)、及BP神经网络3种方法对渭河进行定量遥感水质反演。实验结果表明,通过遥感影像对渭河进行定量水质反演是可行的,大气校正在一定程度上提高了定量遥感水质的精度。对于SPOT-5遥感影像的大气校正,采取对遥感数据辐射定标后消除各波段最暗像元的方法可以达到较好的效果。     

基于PSO优选参数的SVR水质参数遥感反演模型

为进一步提高多光谱图像水质反演的精度,提出了一种基于PSO优选参数的SVR水质参数遥感反演模型.该模型利用高分辨率多光谱遥感SPOT-5数据和水质实地监测数据,采用交叉验证CV(cross validation)估计模型推广误差并使用PSO优选SVR模型参数,实现了模型参数的自动全局优选,在训练好的SVR模型基础之上对水质进行反演.以渭河陕西段为例进行实证研究,实验结果表明,本文提出的水质反演模型较常规的线性回归模型有更高的反演精度,为内陆河流环境遥感监测提供了一种新方法.     

渭河水质遥感反演的人工神经网络模型研究

以渭河陕西段水域为研究对象,在获取了实地监测数据和SPOT5遥感影像的基础上,对遥感数据进行预处理,建立了BP神经网络水质反演模型和RBF神经网络水质反演模型。并对水质参数CODcr、NH3-N、DO、CODmn进行反演。研究结果表明,利用神经网络模型反演水质参数是可行的,由于是非线性模型,其反演结果明显好于线性回归模型的结果。     

Quantitative monitoring of inland water using remote sensing of the upper reaches of the Huangpu River,China

In this paper, a quantitative framework using common and readily available remote sensing data, including ground hyperspectral data, multispectral remote sensing images and a regular in situ water quality monitoring programme, is proposed to monitor inland water quality. The entire framework has three steps: (1) collecting and processing basic data, including remote sensing data and water quality data; (2) examining the relationships between water quality parameters and water reflectance from both remote sensing images and in situ measurement data. According to their relationships with ground hyperspectral reflectance, the water quality parameters are classified into three categories, and the corresponding monitoring models using remote sensing data are presented for these three categories; and (3) analysing the spatial distribution by using water quality concentration maps generated with the monitoring models. The upper reaches of the Huangpu River were chosen as our study area to test this framework. The results show that the concentration maps inverted by the proposed models are in accordance with the actual situation. Therefore, we can conclude that the proposed framework for quantifying water quality based on multisource remote sensing data and regular in situ measurement data is an effective and economic tool for the rapid detection of changes in inland water quality and subsequent management.     

Mapping soil moisture in the central Ebro river valley (northeast Spain) with Landsat and NOAA satellite imagery: a comparison with meteorological data

This paper analyses and maps the spatial distribution of soil moisture using remote sensing: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Landsat-Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images. The study was carried out in the central Ebro river valley (northeast Spain), and examines the spatial relationships between the distribution of soil moisture and several meteorological and geographical variables following a long, intense dry period (winter 2000). Soil moisture estimates were obtained using thermal, visible and near-infrared data and by applying the ‘triangle method’, which describes relationships between surface temperature (T_s ) and fractional vegetation cover (F_r ). Low differences were found between the soil moisture estimates obtained using AVHRR and ETM+ sensors. Soil moisture estimated using remote sensing is close to estimations obtained from climate indices. This fact, and the high similarity between estimations of both sensors, suggests the reasonable reliability of soil moisture remote sensing estimations. Moreover, in estimations from both sensors the spatial distribution of soil moisture was largely accounted for by meteorological variables, mainly precipitation in the dry period. The results indicate the high reliability of remote sensing for determining areas affected by water deficits and for quantifying drought intensity.     

基于CBERS-02B和SPOT-5全色波段的图像融合纹理信息评价研究

CBERS-02B是我国第一代传输型陆地资源遥感卫星,搭载的传感器可以获得2.36 m分辨率的全色波段数据。通过遥感影像融合技术,将CBERS-02B全色数据和SPOT-5全色数据与SPOT-5多光谱数据10 m分辨率的图像进行了多方法的融合处理,通过对融合后图像的空间纹理信息进行比较和评价,获得了纹理信息的特征参数值。通过目视评价和定量分析,认为用CBERS-02B全色数据融合的影像在空间纹理上比SOPT-5融合的影像有优势。因此,CBERS-02B的全色波段是一种较高质量的高分辨率数据,应用前景广阔。     

PSO优选参数的SVR水质评价方法

为进一步提高多光谱图像水质反演的评价精度,提出了一种基于PSO优选参数的SVR水质评价方法。该模型利用高分辨率多光谱遥感SPOT-5 数据和水质实地监测数据,用粒子群优化算法对支持向量回归的参数进行了优化。首先,分析和筛选渭河陕西段水质实地监测数据,得到符合条件且具有代表性的四类水质变量。接着,使用五种大气校正方法对遥感影像进行大气辐射校正。然后,对各水质变量与遥感数据波段进行相关性分析和水质反演。最后,运用该模型以渭河水质监测数据为例进行了水质评价。实验结果表明,该方法可以较好地实现水质综合评价,能从整体上准确、客观地反映河流水质情况,为内陆河流环境评价提供了一种新方法。     

基于地表参数真实性的GF-1和SPOT-7多光谱影像质量评价

目的 遥感影像中地表信息表达真实程度决定了影像信息提取和定量化应用水平,传统的从像素灰度和视觉特性角度的影像质量评价方法难以评价影像对地表信息表达能力,本文从地表反射率和NDVI（normalized difference vegetation index）两种地表参数真实性角度评价GF-1和SPOT-7多光谱影像质量。方法 提出了一种基于地表参数真实性的多光谱影像质量评价方法,完成GF-1和SPOT-7卫星对实验区同步成像,地面同步测量大气光学特性和典型地物样区光谱,获取同步观测数据并对多光谱影像进行辐射误差处理,计算地物样区在影像上的反射率和NDVI,通过与地面实测光谱数据比较分析了地表参数真实性,评价GF-1和SPOT-7多光谱影像质量。结果 人工靶标中GF-1影像在4个波段反射率误差均在5%内,精度优于SPOT-7;植被地物中SPOT-7影像在蓝绿红波段反射率误差在4%内,近红外波段误差在15%内,NDVI误差在16%内,反射率和NDVI精度均优于GF-1;硬地地物中GF-1影像在4个波段反射率误差在6%内,精度优于SPOT-7;评价结果表明SPOT-7多光谱影像对植被类地物光谱表达真实度更高,GF-1对硬地类地物光谱表达真实度更高。结论 提出的基于地表参数真实性的遥感影像质量评价方法,能够有效地从地物光谱信息表达精度的角度评价影像质量。     

Soil water and plant canopy effects on remotely measured surface temperatures

Abstract.

Thermal infrared remote sensing of diurnal crop canopy temperature variations represents a possible method for determining the availability of soil water to plants. This study was performed to assess the effects of soil water and crop canopy on apparent temperatures observed by means of remote sensors, and to determine the impact of these effects on remote soil water monitoring. Airborne thermal scanner and apparent reflectance data (one date) and ground PRT-5 data (three dates) were collected primarily over barley and other small grain canopies. Plant heights, cover, and available soil water for four layers in the top 20 cm were determined. Analysis of the data showed a close inverse linear relationship between the available water and the day minus night temperature difference δT, for thick barley canopies (plant cover above 90 per cent) only. The use of apparent reflectance values in the visible region did not improve available soil water regression equations substantially. These results suggest that the available water or plant stress could only be accurately determined for thick canopies, and that the reflectance data could probably be used to identify such canopies but would not improve regression estimates of soil water from remote sensing data.     

Comparison of IRS-IB LISS-IIA pixel array sizes for estimating suspended solids concentration in Hussain Sagar lake,Hyderabad, India—a statistical approach

The objective of the study is to select the best possible array size of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-IB) linear imaging self scanning (LISS-IIA) digital data for the estimation of the suspended solids concentration on a surface water body. For this purpose a lake namely Hussain Sagar in Hyderabad (India) has been considered. The lake water samples were collected on 21 February 1992 in concurrence with the date of IRS-IB overpass. These water samples have been analysed to determine the suspended solids concentration at predetermined sample locations. Different pixel array sizes of IRS-IB LISS-IIA digital data has been analysed for the selection of the size of the pixel array for the estimation of water quality variables. This selection has been conducted by using various statistical methods such as analysis of variance, paired t-test and linear regression techniques. Analysis of variance and paired t-test are basically used for the selection of minimum pixel array size and linear regression techniques have been used for the selection of the best favourable band and pixel array for the estimation of suspended solids concentration. The relations between digital data and measured values of suspended solids concentrations have been quantified using simple linear and multiple regression. The possible combinations of bands, i.e., model 1, model 2 are developed. From possible combinations model 1 has been chosen for the estimation of suspended solids concentration based on the highest coefficient of determination (R ²) lowest standard error of estimate and F-ratio (four times greater than critical F-ratio (F_cr). Based on the results of this study it is observed that the statistical approach has a strong potential for the application of remote sensing data for quantification of suspended solids concentration.     

Progress in the remote sensing of land surface temperature and ground emissivity using NOAA-AVHRR data

The extensive requirement of landsurface temperature (LST) for environmental studies and management activities of the Earth's resources has made the remote sensing of LST an important academic topic during the last two decades. Many studies have been devoted to establishing the methodology for the retrieval of LST from channels 4 and 5 of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. Various split-window algorithms have been reviewed and compared in the literature to understand their differences. Different algorithms differ in both their forms and the calculation of their coefficients. The most popular form of split-window algorithm is T _s=T ₄+A(T ₄-T ₅)+B , where T _s is land surface temperature, T ₄ and T ₅ are brightness temperatures of AVHRR channels 4 and 5, A and B are coefficients in relation to atmospheric effects, viewing angle and ground emissivity. For the actual determination of the coefficients, no matter the complexity of their calculation formulae in various algorithms, only two ways are practically applicable, due tothe unavailability of many required data on atmospheric conditions and ground emissivities in situ satellite pass. Ground data measurements can be used to calibrate the brightness temperature obtained by remote sensing into the actual LST through regression analysis on a sample representing the studied region. The other way is standard atmospheric profile simulationusing computer software such as LOWTRAN7. Ground emissivity has a considerable effect on the accuracy of retrieving LST from remote sensing data. Generally, it is rational to assume an emissivity of 0.96 for most ground surfaces. However, the difference of ground emissivity between channels 4 and 5 also has a significant impact on the accuracy of LST retrieval. By combining the data of AVHRR channels 3, 4 and 5, the difference can be directly calculated from remote sensing data. Therefore, much more study is required on how to accurately determine the coefficients of split-window algorithms in the application of remote sensing to examine LST change and distribution in the real world.     

Cover The 1992 Etna lava flow imaged by Landsat TM

Abstract

This paper describes an experiment where sea water quality parameters were determined using data from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite remote sensing system over a coastal sewage outfall area. The parameters determined included turbidity, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-i, phaeopigment and total pigment. The area investigated was a sewage outfall site off the North Head of Sydney Harbour, Australia. The method used multiple regression to relate site sampled parameters to digital Landsat-TM data, and the results verified using data not used in the regression. Multiple correlation coefficients in excess of R = 0. 9 resulted from the regression analysis, which used Landsat-TM variables in a Chebyshev Series form. However due to the limited number of ocean samples only the results for turbidity were considered significant. Nevertheless a satisfactory methodology is proposed.     

Applications of Landsat‐5 TM imagery in assessing and mapping water quality in Reelfoot Lake,Tennessee

Water quality in Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, was investigated in the field over 15 years ago. However, the spatial variations of water quality were not studied. The remote sensing technique has been proved a powerful tool in mapping spatial distributions of some water quality parameters such as chlorophyll‐a concentration. Additionally, different regression methods and various independent variables have been used to establish relationships between water quality parameters and spectral reflectance. The results from this study indicate that Landsat TM2 and TM3, as a set of independent variables in multivariate regression analysis, are good predictors of water quality in Reelfoot Lake. TM2 is positively correlated to water quality, and TM3 is negatively correlated to water quality. Poor water quality, or a high algae load, results in a high reflectance measured by TM2 and a low reflectance measured by TM3. Maps of spatial distribution of Secchi disk depth, turbidity, chlorophyll‐a, and total suspended solids present apparent spatial variations of water quality in the lake.     

Hyperspectral analysis of mangrove foliar chemistry using PLSR and support vector regression

Hyperspectral remote sensing enables the large-scale mapping of canopy biochemical properties. This study explored the possibility of retrieving the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium from mangroves in the Berau Delta, Indonesia. The objectives of the study were to (1) assess the accuracy of foliar chemistry retrieval, (2) compare the performance of models based on support vector regression (SVR), i.e. ?-SVR, ν-SVR, and least squares SVR (LS-SVR), to models based on partial least squares regression (PLSR), and (3) investigate which spectral transformations are best suited. The results indicated that nitrogen could be successfully modelled at the landscape level (R² = 0.67, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.17, normalized RMSE (nRMSE) = 15%), whereas estimations of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na were less encouraging. The developed nitrogen model was applied over the study area to generate a map of foliar N variation, which can be used for studying ecosystem processes in mangroves. While PLSR attained good results directly using all untransformed bands, the highest accuracy for nitrogen modelling was achieved using a combination of LS-SVR and continuum-removed derivative reflectance. All SVR techniques suffered from multicollinearity when using the full spectrum, and the number of independent variables had to be reduced by singling out the most informative wavelength bands. This was achieved by interpreting and visualizing the structure of the PLSR and SVR models.     

Estimating fragmentation effects on simulated forest net primary productivity derived from satellite imagery

Conversion of native forests to agriculture and urban land leads to fragmentation of forested landscapes with significant consequences for habitat conservation and forest productivity. When quantifying land-cover patterns from airborne or spaceborne sensors, the interconnectedness of fragmented landscapes may vary depending on the spatial resolution of the sensor and the extent at which the landscape is being observed. This scale dependence can significantly affect calculation of remote sensing vegetation indices, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its subsequent use to predict biophysical parameters such as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by forest canopies (fPAR). This means that simulated above-ground net primary productivity (NPP_A) using canopy radiation interception models such as 3-PG (Physiological Principles for Predicting Growth), coupled with remote sensing observations, can yield different results in fragmented landscapes depending on the spatial resolution of the remotely sensed data.We compared the amount of forest fragmentation in 1?km SPOT-4 VEGETATION pixels using a simultaneously acquired 20?m SPOT-4 multispectral (XS) image. We then predicted NPP_A for New Zealand native forest ecosystems using the 3-PG model with satellite-derived estimates of the fPAR obtained from the SPOT-4 VEGETATION sensor, using NDVI values with and without correction for fragmentation. We examined three methods to correct for sub-pixel fragmentation effects on NPP_A. These included: (1) a simple conversion between the broad 1?km scale NDVI values and the XS NDVI values; (2) utilization of contextural information from XS NDVI pixels to derive a single coefficient to adjust the 1?km NDVI values; and (3) calculation of the degree of fragmentation within each VEGETATION 1?km pixel and reduce NDVI by an empirically derived amount based on the proportional areal coverage of forest in each pixel. Our results indicate that predicted NPP_A derived from uncorrected 1?km VEGETATION pixels was significantly higher than estimates using adjusted NDVI values; all three methods reduced the predicted NPP_A. In areas of the landscape with a large degree of forest fragmentation (such as forest boundaries) predictions of NPP_A indicate that the fragmentation effect has implications for spatially extensive estimates of carbon uptake by forests.     

Evaluating variations of physiology-based hyperspectral features along a soil water gradient in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation

Remote sensing is viewed as a cost-effective alternative to intensive field surveys in assessing site factors that affect growth of Eucalyptus grandis over broad areas. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of hyperspectral remote sensing to discriminate between site qualities in E. grandis plantation in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The relationships between physiology-based hyperspectral indicators and site quality, as defined by total available water (TAW), were assessed for E. grandis plantations through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Canopy reflectance spectra for 68 trees (25 good, 25 medium and 18 poor sites) were collected on clear-sky days using an Analytical Spectral Device (ASD) spectroradiometer (350–2500 nm) from a raised platform. Foliar macronutrient concentrations for N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg and Na and their corresponding spectral features were also evaluated. The spectral signals for leaf water – normalized difference water index (NDWI), water band index (WBI) and moisture stress index (MSI) – exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05) between sites. The magnitudes of these indices showed distinct gradients from the poor to the good sites. Similar results were observed for chlorophyll indices. These results show that differences in site quality based on TAW could be detected via imaging spectroscopy of canopy water or chlorophyll content. Among the macronutrients, only K and Ca exhibited significant differences between sites. However, a Tukey post-hoc test showed differences between the good and medium or medium and poor sites, a trend not consistent with the TAW gradient. The study also revealed the capability of continuum-removed spectral features to provide information on the physiological state of vegetation. The normalized band depth index (NBDI), derived from continuum-removed spectra in the region of the red-edge, showed the highest potential to differentiate between sites in this study. The study thus demonstrated the capability of hyperspectral remote sensing of vegetation canopies in identifying the site factors that affect growth of E. grandis in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.     

Estimating fractional cover of non-photosynthetic vegetation in a typical grassland area of northern China based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image data

ABSTRACT

Rapid accurate estimation of the fractional cover of non-photosynthetic vegetation (f_NPV) is essential for monitoring desertification, managing grassland resources, assessing soil erosion and grassland fire risk, and preserving the grassland ecological environment. However, there have been very few studies using multispectral remote sensing images (e.g. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images in this study) to estimate f_NPV in typical grassland areas in northern China. In this study, using field spectra obtained from ground measurements in May and October 2017 and corresponding f_NPV data, we calculated eight non-photosynthetic vegetation indices (NPVIs) from the simulated MODIS bands. We then determined the NPVIs that were suitable for the estimation of f_NPV. Based on the determined NPVIs, we established a remote sensing estimation model for f_NPV in typical grassland areas using MODIS image data. The spatial distribution of f_NPV in the studied area was also investigated. The results indicated that the determined NPVIs, including the dead fuel index (DFI), shortwave-infrared ratio (SWIR₃₂), normalized difference tillage index (NDTI), modified soil-adjusted crop residue index (MSACRI), and soil tillage index (STI), used bands 6 and 7 in the shortwave-infrared region of the MODIS data; the DFI had the best performance, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.68 and root mean square error of leave-one-out cross-validation (RMSECV) of 0.1390. The models based on MODIS image data for the estimation of f_NPV using NPVIs had relatively good regression relations, and we determined that the DFI linear regression model was the best remote sensing model for monitoring f_NPV in typical grassland areas, with an estimation accuracy exceeding 73.00%. Additionally, our results indicated that the distribution of non-photosynthetic vegetation exhibited substantial spatial heterogeneity and that f_NPV gradually decreased from the north-eastern to south-western portions of the study area.     

Comparison of multiple models for remote sensing of carbon exchange using MODIS data in conifer-dominated forests

Boreal forests in the northern hemisphere provide important sinks for storing carbon dioxide (CO₂). However, the size and distribution of these sinks remain uncertain. In particular, many remote-sensing models show a strong bias in the simulation of carbon fluxes for evergreen needleleaf forest. The objective of this study is to improve these predictive models for accurately quantifying temporal changes in the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of conifer-dominated forest solely based on satellite remote sensing, including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra daytime land-surface temperature (LST), night-time LST′, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), land–surface water index (LSWI), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR), and leaf area index (LAI). Considering that the component fluxes, gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (R_e), are strongly influenced by vegetation phenology, seasonality information was extracted from time-series MODIS EVI data based on non-linear least-squares fits of asymmetric Gaussian model functions with a software package for analysing the time-series of satellite sensor data (TIMESAT). The results indicated that models directly incorporating phenological information failed to improve their performance for temperate deciduous forest. Instead, three methods to retrieve the component fluxes – GPP and R_e – including direct estimates, models incorporating the phenological information, and models developed based on the threshold value (LST 273 K), were explored respectively. All methods improved NEE estimates markedly and models developed based on the threshold value performed best, and provided a future framework for accurate remote sensing of NEE in evergreen forest.     

基于遥感与GIS 技术的福建省生态环境质量评价

利用ETM 遥感数据提取反映生态环境的植被、土壤亮度、湿度、热度指数, 结合气象和其它地学辅助信息, 经过对因子进行相关性分析从每类因子中选取与遥感本底值相关系数最大的指数作为评价指标。以遥感本底值为因变量和所筛选的评价指标为自变量建立多元线性回归方程。利用该模型对福建省2001 年生态环境质量进行评价, 结果表明福建省生态环境质量总体较好, 在空间分布上内陆山区优于沿海地区, 西部和北部山区生态环境质量较好, 城市、裸露山地、遭砍伐的林地及海岸带地区次之。同时, 借鉴中国环境监测总站环境质量优劣度评价方法对福建省生态环境质量进行评价, 将两种方法的评价结果进行比较, 结果显示, 两种方法评价结果大体吻合。     

基于FA-SVR的丙酮精制产品质量软测量模型

针对某丙酮精制过程,提出采用FA与SVR相结合的方法建立丙酮产品质量的软测量模型。采用因子分析(FA)方法提取辅助变量的特征信息,并消除各变量之间的相关性,然后利用支持向量回归(SVR)建立丙酮产品质量指标的软测量模型。在实际生产过程数据上进行了仿真实验,并与传统的稳健回归分析及神经网络等方法进行了比较,结果表明本方法具有良好的预测效果。