极化SAR图像相干斑抑制的ICA方法与分析

极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)图像为雷达图像中的信息处理和获取提供了更为便捷的途径。提出了基于独立分量分析(independent component analysis,ICA)的极化SAR图像相干斑抑制方法。该方法将极化SAR图像斑点噪声的乘积模型,变换为应用ICA的信号加噪模型。并且将HV/VV的比值图像,也作为ICA的输入数据。分别使用几种不同的ICA算法,得到了分别对应于HH、HV和VV极化的3幅降噪图像,并对结果进行了比较分析。实验结果表明,应用ICA算法可以有效地降低极化SAR图像的相干斑噪声,提高图像质量。     

基于ICA和SNF的SAR机场目标提取

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像相干斑噪声强烈且分布形式及参数获取困难的问题,提出一种基于独立分量分析(ICA)和序列非线性滤波(SNF)实现多极化SAR影像相干斑噪声抑制和机场目标快速提取方法。利用ICA从多极化SAR影像中自动分离出图像数据与相干斑噪声,自动选择相干斑指数最小的分量为图像分量。通过SNF从分离出的图像分量中提取出机场目标。采用ENVISAT ASAR多极化影像进行实验,结果表明该方法能快速准确地提取多极化SAR影像中的机场目标。     

基于独立分量分析的极化SAR图像的相干斑抑制

研究基于独立分量分析( ICA)的极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像相干斑抑制方法。该方法将极化SAR图像斑点噪声的乘积模型,变换为应用ICA的信号独立加噪模型。并且将HV/VV的比值图像,也作为ICA的输入数据。利用ICA 的分离性,得到了分别对应于HH、HV和VV极化的三幅降噪图像。经本文方法处理后的图像,其相干斑噪声得到了有效的抑制,具有较高的等效视数,明显地改善了图像的质量。     

Automated delineation of coastline from polarimetric SAR imagery

In this paper we present a new diffusion-based method for the delineation of coastlines from space-borne polarimetric SAR imagery of coastal urban areas. Both polarimetric filtering and speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion (SRAD) are exploited to generate a base image where speckle is reduced and edges are enhanced. The primary edge information is then derived from the base image using the instantaneous coefficient of variation edge detector. Next, the resulting edge image is parsed by a watershed transform, which partitions the image into disjoint segments where the division lines between segments are collocated with detected edges. The over-segmentation problem associated with the watershed transform is solved by a region merging technique that combines neighbouring segments with similar radar brightness. As a result, undesired boundary segments are eliminated and true coastlines are correctly delineated. The proposed algorithm has been applied to a space-borne polarimetric SAR dataset, demonstrating a good visual match between the detected coastline and the manually contoured coastline. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with those of two polarimetric SAR classification algorithms and two edge-based shoreline detection methods that are tailored to single polarization SAR images. Experimental results are shown using polarimetric SAR data from Hong Kong.     

盲信号分离和序贯滤波的SAR影像水体提取

采用一种新的基于盲信号分离（BSS）和序列非线性滤波方法实现多极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）影像相干斑噪声抑制和水体目标快速提取。SAR影像具有强烈乘性相干斑噪声,影像数据为非高斯分布,但其具体分布形式及参数难以获得。利用基于独立分量分析的盲信号分离方法,不需要知道SAR影像的具体分布,通过对数量化将相干斑噪声转化为与图像数据相互独立的加性噪声,从多极化SAR影像中自动分离出图像数据与相干斑噪声,并自动选择相干斑指数最小的分量为图像分量。针对SAR影像水体目标的亮度及形状分布特征,进一步采用序列非线性滤波处理,从分离出的图像分量中提取出水体目标。利用ENVISAT ASAR多极化影像进行了实验,结果表明该方法可以快速准确地提取多极化SAR影像中的水体目标。     

基于极化合成的目标分类算法

极化合成是极化SAR图像处理的一种重要方法,它能在成像处理后,利用已获得的Sinclair矩阵重新生成任意极化方式下的雷达接收功率图像,并能通过选取收发天线极化状态相同或正交,分别得到描述目标散射特性的共极化特征图和交叉极化特征图。根据极化合成理论和极化特征图的概念,可以获取目标的最佳极化。将其作为分类器的输入特征量,提出了一种基于极化合成的目标分类算法,并对实测极化SAR数据进行了分类实验。结果表明,该算法对于从极化SAR数据中获取目标的最佳极化,进而对目标进行分类是可行和有效的。     

基于对象的合成孔径雷达影像极化分解方法

面向对象方法已成为全极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）影像处理的常用方法,但是极化分解仍以组成对象的像素为计算单元,针对以像素为单位的极化分解效率低的问题,提出一种面向对象的极化分解方法。通过散射相似性系数加权迭代,获得对象的极化表征矩阵并对其收敛性进行了分析,以对象极化表征矩阵的极化分解代替对象区域内所有像素的分解,提高极化特征获取效率。在此基础上,综合影像对象空间特征,并通过特征选择与支持向量机(SVM)分类进行分析和评价。通过AIRSAR Flevoland影像数据实验表明,面向对象的分解方法能够减少对象极化特征提取的时间,同时提高地物目标的分类精度。相对于监督Wishart方法,提出方法的总体精度和Kappa值分别提高了17%和20%。     

基于商空间粒度的极化SAR图像分类

当前极化合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的分类研究中,极化信息的不完全利用是影响极化SAR图像分类效果的重要原因之一。故将商空间粒度合成理论引入到极化SAR图像分类中,通过建立不同的支持向量机(SVM)分类器构建不同的商空间,从多个粒度层面实现对极化信息的综合利用。首先通过不同的极化分解方法得到不同的极化特征,分别对其建立不同的支持向量机分类器进行分类;再根据粒度合成理论对这些商空间进行融合,得到更细粒度上的改进的分类结果。最后,利用AIRSAR图像进行实验比较,算法改进后的结果在地物误分上有明显的抑制,各类别分类正确率都有所提高。     

A novel algorithm for land use and land cover classification using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR data

This study proposes a new four-component algorithm for land use and land cover (LULC) classification using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data. These four components are polarimetric decomposition, PolSAR interferometry, object-oriented image analysis, and decision tree algorithms. First, polarimetric decomposition can be used to support the classification of PolSAR data. It is aimed at extracting polarimetric parameters related to the physical scattering mechanisms of the observed objects. Second, PolSAR interferometry is used to extract polarimetric interferometric information to support LULC classification. Third, the main purposes of object-oriented image analysis are delineating image objects, as well as extracting various textural and spatial features from image objects to improve classification accuracy. Finally, a decision tree algorithm provides an efficient way to select features and implement classification. A comparison between the proposed method and the Wishart supervised classification which is based on the coherency matrix was made to test the performance of the proposed method. The overall accuracy of the proposed method was 86.64%, whereas that of the Wishart supervised classification was 69.66%. The kappa value of the proposed method was 0.84, much higher than that of the Wishart supervised classification, which exhibited a kappa value of 0.65. The results indicate that the proposed method exhibits much better performance than the Wishart supervised classification for LULC classification. Further investigation was carried out on the respective contribution of the four components to LULC classification using RADARSAT-2 PolSAR data, and it indicates that all the four components have important contribution to the classification. Polarimetric information has significant implications for identifying different vegetation types and distinguishing between vegetation and urban/built-up. The polarimetric interferometric information extracted from repeat-pass RADARSAT-2 images is important in reducing the confusion between urban/built-up and vegetation and that between barren/sparsely vegetated land and vegetation. Object-oriented image analysis is very helpful in reducing the effect of speckle in PolSAR images by implementing classification based on image objects, and the textural information extracted from image objects is helpful in distinguishing between water and lawn. The decision tree algorithm can achieve higher classification accuracy than the nearest neighbor classification implemented using Definiens Developer 7.0, and the accuracy of the decision tree algorithm is similar with that of the support vector classification which is implemented based on the features selected using genetic algorithms. Compared with the nearest neighbor and support vector classification, the decision tree algorithm is more efficient to select features and implement classification. Furthermore, the decision tree algorithm can provide clear classification rules that can be easily interpreted based on the physical meaning of the features used in the classification. This can provide physical insight for LULC classification using PolSAR data.     

Polarimetric SAR statistical analysis using alpha-stable distribution and its application in optimal despeckling

In this article, the statistical model of the polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) single-look complex image is analysed using alpha-stable distribution. It is better to use alpha-stable distribution than Gaussian distribution to represent the statistical characteristics of the polarimetric SAR image. A polarimetric SAR covariance matrix estimation method based on fractional lower-order statistics (FLOS) is proposed. Based on this model, an adaptive polarimetric SAR optimal despeckling method based on FLOS is developed. This algorithm adaptively estimates the characteristic exponents of each channel and uses these estimated alphas to calculate the parameters for the optimal despeckling adaptively. The experiments using polarimetric SAR data demonstrate that the proposed method not only reduces the blurs that occur in the area of impulsive reflectors in the result of the original optimal despeckling method, but also maintains the speckle reduction ability (equivalent number of looks).     

基于多层支持向量机的极化合成孔径雷达特征分析与分类

为了充分利用极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像不同极化特征对不同地物目标类型的刻画能力,提出一种基于多层支持向量机（SVM）的极化SAR特征分析与分类方法。该方法首先通过特征分析确定适合不同地物类型的最佳特征子集;然后采用分层分类树的方式,根据每一种地物类型的特征子集逐层进行SVM分类;最终得到整体分类结果。RadarSAT-2极化SAR图像分类实验结果表明所提方法水域、耕地、林地、城区4类地物分类精度为85%左右,总体分类精度达到86%。该算法充分利用了不同地物目标类型的特性,提高了分类精度,也降低了算法时间复杂度。     

全极化SAR极化特征谱应用研究

在分析特征值分解结果,全部散射机制组合和极化特征谱性质的基础上,提出基于3个特征谱参数的假彩色合成方法,可以更加有效直观地反映地物散射特征,再对散射熵、散射角、反熵和4个极化特征谱参数进行特征选择分析,给出最佳的多维特征向量选择方案,从而实现传统遥感图像分类器如同ISODATA算法对极化SAR图像的分类。实验选择了一景Radarsat\|2标准全极化SAR数据,包含典型的城市、植被和水体三大类地物,实验结果表明:极化特征谱假彩色合成充分反映了各地物散射特征,特征谱和散射角组成了最佳特征向量,非监督分类结果表明:该方法克服了城市与植被在H\|Alpha平面上分布界限模糊的问题,分类精度高于H\|Alpha平面非监督分类,与Wishart-H-Alpha-A分类方法相当。     

基于Krogager分解和SVM的极化SAR图像分类

目标分解包括基于Sinclair矩阵的相干目标分解和基于Mueller矩阵的部分相干目标分解,Krogager分解即属于相干目标分解,它可以将任一对称Sinclair矩阵分解为球散射体、二面角散射体和螺旋体3个分量,这是极化合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像特征提取的有效途径。把3个分量的分解系数作为极化散射特征,由其组成样本向量,运用基于统计学习理论的支持向量机(Support Vector Machines,SVM)设计多类分类器,提出了一种极化SAR图像分类算法,并对实测极化SAR数据进行分类实验。结果表明,将Krogager分解和SVM分类器结合起来,对极化SAR图像进行分类是可行和有效的,并且选择不同的参数得到的分类结果差别很大,验证了参数选择在SVM分类器中的重要作用。     

高阶条件随机场引导的多分支极化SAR图像分类

目的 针对极化合成孔径雷达（polarimetric synthetic aperture radar,PolSAR）小样本分类问题,基于充分挖掘有限样本的极化、空间特征考虑,提出一种由高阶条件随机场（conditional random field,CRF）引导的多分支分类网络模型。方法 利用Yamaguchi非相干目标分解方法,构建每个像素的极化特征向量。设计了由高阶CRF能量函数引导的多卷积分支特征提取网络,将像素点极化特征向量作为输入,分别提取像素点的像素特征、邻域特征和位置特征信息。将以上特征进行加和融合,并输入到softmax分类器中得到预分类结果。利用超像素方法对预分类结果图进行进一步修正和调优,平滑相邻像素之间的特异性和相似性。结果 采用1%的采样率对两组真实的极化SAR数据进行测试。同时,为了更好地模拟实际应用中训练样本位置分布不均匀的情况,考虑了空间不相交采样方法作为对比实验。综合两种采样策略的实验结果表明,相较于只利用像素级特征或简单利用空间特征的方法,本文方法总分类精度平均提升7%～10%,不同地物类别的分类精准度均在90%以上,运行速度相比于支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）提高了2.5倍以上。结论 通过构建高阶CRF引导的卷积神经网络,将像素特征信息、同质区域特征和地理位置信息进行融合,有效建立了像素级和对象级数据之间的尺度关联,进一步扩充了像素点之间的空间依赖性,提取到了更强大更准确的表征特征,显著提高了标记样本数量较少情况下的卷积网络模型的分类性能,进一步保证了地物目标散射机制表征的全面性和可靠性。     

深度置信网络在极化SAR图像分类中的应用

目的 深度置信网络能够从数据中自动学习、提取特征,在特征学习方面具有突出优势。极化SAR图像分类中存在海量特征利用率低、特征选取主观性强的问题。为了解决这一问题,提出一种基于深度置信网络的极化SAR图像分类方法。方法 首先进行海量分类特征提取,获得极化类、辐射类、空间类和子孔径类四类特征构成的特征集;然后在特征集基础上选取样本并构建特征矢量,用以输入到深度置信网络模型之中;最后利用深度置信网络的方法对海量分类特征进行逐层学习抽象,获得有效的分类特征进行分类。结果 采用AIRSAR数据进行实验,分类结果精度达到91.06%。通过与经典Wishart监督分类、逻辑回归分类方法对比,表现了深度置信网络方法在特征学习方面的突出优势,验证了方法的适用性。结论 针对极化SAR图像海量特征的选取与利用,提出了一种新的分类方法,为极化SAR图像分类提供了一种新思路,为深度置信网络获得更广泛地应用进行有益的探索和尝试。     

改进的基于非局部均值的极化SAR相干斑抑制

贝叶斯形式的非局部均值模型在极化SAR图像相干斑抑制中有良好的应用,在实现抑制相干斑的同时较好地保持了边缘细节和点目标.通过分析合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像多视数据的空间统计分布,结合贝叶斯形式的非局部均值模型,得出在该模型下多视与单视SAR图像中像素间相似性度量函数一致性的结论,并对该相似性度量函数进行了修正,使之满足对称性;最后针对算法全局使用一个固定滤波参数影响滤波效果的问题,提出一种根据像素间相似程度自适应选取滤波参数的方法.实验结果验证了本文算法的有效性.     

Polarimetric SAR image classification by using generalized optimization of polarimetric contrast enhancement

In this letter, a generalized optimization of polarimetric contrast enhancement (GOPCE) is employed for supervised polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image classification. The GOPCE is the extension of optimization of polarimetric contrast enhancement (OPCE), and it includes three optimal coefficients associated with the Cloude entropy and two special similarity parameters in addition to the optimal polarization states. Using the GOPCE, the authors propose an approach to supervised classification. For comparison, the authors also use the maximum likelihood (ML) classifier for classification, based on the complex Wishart distribution. The classification results of a NASA/JPL AIRSAR L‐band image over San Francisco demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Fuzzy classification of earth terrain covers using complex polarimetric SAR data

The conventional approach of terrain image classification that assigns a specific class for each pixel is inadequate, because the area covered by each pixel may embrace more than a single class. Fuzzy set theory which has been developed to deal with imprecise information can be incorporate in the analysis for a more appropriate solution to this problem. In the current state of imaging radar technology, polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is unique in providing complete polarization information of ground covers for more effective classification than a single polarization radar. In this paper, we use the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm for unsupervised segmentation of multi-look polarimetric SAR images. A statistical distance measure adopted in this algorithm is derived from the complex Wishart distribution of the complex covariance matrix. In classifying polarimetric SAR imagery, each terrain class is characterized by its own feature covariance matrix. The algorithm searches for cluster centres for each class and generates a fuzzy partition for the whole image. Membership grades obtained for each pixel provide detailed information about spatial terrain variations. Classification of the image is achieved by choosing a defuzzification criterion. When the back-scattering characteristics of two or more classes are not well distinguished from each other, a divisive hierarchical clustering procedure is adopted to locate their respective feature covariance matrices. NASA/JPL AIRSAR data is used to substantiate this fuzzy classification algorithm.     

改进极化白化滤波的边缘检测

针对SAR影像边缘检测受斑点噪声影响严重和极化信息利用不充分的问题,用滑动模板边缘两侧目标的协方差矩阵代替了极化白化滤波中杂波背景与窗口中心的协方差矩阵,提出一种基于改进极化白化滤波的边缘检测新方法,充分利用了极化通道间的相关性,在有效抑制斑点噪声的同时,提高了极化信息的利用率。模拟和真实极化影像的实验验证了新方法的有效性。     

基于Cameron分解和SVM的极化SAR图像分类

Cameron分解先将极化散射矩阵分解为互易分量和非互易分量,再将互易分量进一步分解为对称分量和非对称分量,这是极化合成孔径雷达图像特征提取的有效途径。由四个分量的范数组成样本向量,运用基于统计学习理论的支持向量机设计分类器,提出了一种极化SAR图像分类算法,并对实测极化SAR数据进行分类实验。结果表明,将Cameron分解与SVM结合起来应用于极化SAR图像分类的算法是可行和有效的,通过选择不同的参数对分类结果影响很大,验证了参数选择在SVM分类器中的重要作用。