单调荷载下Q345钢焊缝金属的延性断裂性能研究

为了研究Q345钢焊缝金属的延性断裂性能,对9个试件进行了单调荷载下试验研究,试件设计考虑了不同应力三轴度和洛德角分布范围。分别采用Swift、Voce及Swift-Voce混合强化模型,拟合得到了能预测到断裂时的完整应力-应变曲线,其中Swift-Voce混合强化模型模拟各试件荷载-位移曲线精度最好。采用VGM,改进SWDM和Lou模型3种断裂模型,通过编写UVARM子程序,校准了各模型的材料参数,并对各试件进行了有限元断裂模拟预测,比较分析了各个模型的预测精度。结果表明,VGM模型对接近于平面应变状态的矩形缺口和槽板试件的预测结果误差较大,而改进SWDM和Lou模型通过引入洛德角参数来描述偏应力状态,对不同应力状态的试件断裂预测结果精度更高,模型的适用性更好。     

基于微观机理的梁柱节点焊接细节断裂分析

为预测钢结构焊接节点在地震作用下的延性断裂,开展了微观机理断裂模型的标定和验证工作。空穴扩张模型VGM和应力修正临界应变模型SMCS,将延性断裂的微观机理(空穴形核、扩张和聚合)与宏观的应力-应变场结合了起来。利用已有的缺口圆棒拉伸试验,辅以有限元分析,标定了Q345钢材母材、焊缝和热影响区3种材料的VGM和SMCS模型参数。进行了7个梁柱节点局部焊接试件的拉伸试验,测得了试件的断裂伸长量。建立了试件的精细实体有限元模型,分别采用断裂力学J积分方法和VGM、SMCS模型预测试件的断裂伸长量,并与试验结果进行比较。结果表明,VGM和SMCS模型预测焊接节点延性启裂的准确性较好,而J积分方法过于保守。该文为钢结构焊接节点的延性断裂预测提供了一种仅依赖于材料属性的普适性方法。     

基于微观机制的钢结构节点延性断裂预测与裂后路径分析

基于微观机制的钢材断裂判据可用于预测大尺度屈服和无宏观构造缺陷情况下的延性裂纹开展。该文对10个钢管柱-梁翼缘直接焊接节点试件在单调荷载作用下的试验进行了高精度有限元分析,采用经过国产Q345钢材校准的微观断裂判据应力修正临界应变模型(SMCS)和空穴扩张模型(VGM)对各试件进行了断裂预测,与试验结果相比具有较高的精度,验证了微观断裂判据用于预测节点在单调荷载作用下延性断裂的适用性。采用自编的ABAQUS软件VUMAT子程序,分别以SMCS和VGM模型为断裂判据,将失效的单元逐个删除,对2个在不同位置发生断裂的钢管柱-梁翼缘直接焊接节点试件进行了裂后路径跟踪分析,预测结果与试验吻合较好。该微观断裂判据及其模拟技术对于今后进行钢结构在极端荷载作用下的倒塌分析具有参考价值。     

基于微观机制的复杂应力状态下钢材韧性断裂行为研究

韧性断裂是钢材最常见的破坏形式,研究钢材韧性断裂机理并准确预测钢材韧性断裂行为具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。基于微观机制的断裂预测方法对研究钢材韧性断裂行为有较好的适用性。该文基于体胞模型空穴演化机理改进了现有的韧性断裂模型,校核了Q345钢材断裂模型参数。此外,在韧性断裂模型中引入损伤因子,以考虑应力状态在加载过程中的变化,使断裂模型能准确描述每一加载时刻的累积损伤值。文末采用Fortran语言将断裂模型编写USDFLD子程序,并将其植入有限元程序ABAQUS,对一组十字型刚节点试件单轴拉伸试验进行数值模拟。结果表明,该断裂模型在拉-剪复合应力状态下具有良好的预测精度,且能够准确捕捉钢材断裂起始位置及裂缝扩展路径。该文改进的韧性断裂模型也可用于其它韧性金属材料断裂预测分析。     

随机复杂应力场塑性应变能的疲劳寿命分析

本文通过分析疲劳破坏的本质,并借鉴目前应变能理论的最新成果,提出了一种随机复杂应力场下基于塑性应变能的疲劳寿命分析模型,以此来预测材料的多轴低周疲劳寿命.模型中的相关材料参数通过MATLAB拟合单轴及纯剪切疲劳试验数据得到,使用有限元软件ANSYS模拟试件的多轴加载情况,并从其后处理程序中提取模型中需要的数据.通过对光滑试件SM45C,304和缺口件GH4169,16MnR的计算验证,其结果表明该模型对多轴随机应变加载低周疲劳寿命具有很好的预测效果.     

5182-O铝合金塑性成形性能表征

目的 结合复杂加载状态试验、塑性和损伤断裂本构模型及有限元应用,实现AA5182-O铝合金在复杂加载状态下塑性变形和损伤断裂行为的精确表征。方法 通过拉伸、剪切等试验,研究5182-O在剪切、单向拉伸、平面应变拉伸等复杂应力状态下的力学性能,应用pDrucker方程来表征其复杂加载状态下的塑性变形和损伤断裂特性。采用逆向工程方法实现pDrucker屈服方程和pDrucker断裂准则的精确标定。将标定后的塑性本构模型和损伤断裂准则应用到ABAQUS/Explicit中,预测不同试件的塑性变形和损伤断裂情况。结果 通过有限元模拟与试验结果的对比,发现有限元仿真准确预测了5182-O在复杂加载状态下的力-位移曲线和损伤断裂情况。结论 有限元模拟与试验结果的对比表明,pDrucker方程可以实现5182-O铝合金在复杂加载状态下塑性成形性能的精确表征。标定的pDrucker方程可应用于5182-O冲压成形过程的有限元分析、模具设计和工艺优化中。     

锈损冷弯薄壁钢板的断裂机制与断裂模型

为研究锈蚀对冷弯薄壁钢板断裂机制的影响,本工作选取在工业环境中服役多年的C形钢檩条,从其平板部位和弯角部位截取标准试件进行单调拉伸试验,并通过有限元数值分析研究了锈坑深度、深径比和截面损失率对其应力三轴度和等效塑性应变的影响.拉伸试验结果表明:随锈蚀程度增大,试件的塑性硬化阶段和颈缩阶段逐渐缩短,屈服阶段逐渐消失;试件的屈服强度、极限强度和断裂应变逐渐减小.有限元分析结果表明:应力三轴度随锈坑深度和深径比增加逐渐增大,随截面损失率的增加变化不显著;等效塑性应变随锈坑深度和截面损失率增加明显增大,随锈坑深径比增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势.本工作还建立了应力三轴度和等效塑性应变相对值与锈坑深度、深径比和截面损失率的拟合公式,根据拟合结果,对空穴增长模型(VGM模型)和应力修正临界应变模型(SMCS模型)进行修正,从而推导出点蚀损伤和全面腐蚀损伤下冷弯薄壁钢板的断裂模型.     

圆钢管自应力钢渣增强混凝土柱的受力机制及承载力计算

为研究圆钢管自应力钢渣增强混凝土(钢渣/混凝土@圆钢管)柱的受力机制，设计了8根钢渣/混凝土@圆钢管柱进行轴心受压加载试验，其中短柱试件6个，中长柱试件2个。试验考虑钢渣/混凝土膨胀率、径厚比和长径比共3个变化参数。观察试件的受力破坏全过程，获取应力-应变曲线、峰值应力等重要参数，分析各变化参数对钢渣/混凝土@圆钢管轴压柱受力性能的影响。结果表明:钢渣/混凝土@圆钢管轴压短柱的破坏形态表现为中部鼓曲状剪压破坏，而钢渣/混凝土@圆钢管轴压中长柱则呈弯曲屈曲破坏；各试件受力破坏全过程曲线均经历峰值点、下降段、缓慢上升段等历程，与普通钢渣/混凝土相比，各试件的峰值应变和峰值应力明显提高，且钢渣/混凝土@圆钢管轴压短柱试件较钢渣/混凝土@圆钢管轴压中长柱试件提高更为显著。根据极限平衡条件和全过程分析，提出钢渣/混凝土@圆钢管柱承载力计算公式。在试验研究基础上，建立钢渣/混凝土@圆钢管柱的应力-应变关系模型，理论计算结果与试验实测数据吻合较好。研究成果可为钢渣/混凝土@圆钢管柱的进一步研究和工程应用提供参考。      

汽车用先进高强钢本构模型与韧性断裂模型研究进展

轻量化是当前汽车行业全产业链共同面对的课题,提高先进高强钢使用比例是实现汽车轻量化的有效手段。对先进高强钢本构模型与韧性断裂模型的充分研究有助于提高先进高强钢开裂分析和预测的准确性,从而推动先进高强钢工程的应用进程。目前,在先进高强钢的研究过程中,学者们通常通过多种应变强化模型的线性组合,或结合微观结构与宏观力学行为进行多尺度分析来建立本构模型;通过多种应力状态下的准静态拉伸实验以及使用仿真与实验混合的方法来标定韧性断裂模型的参数。以第三代先进高强钢中的淬火配分（QP）钢为重点讨论对象,介绍了制备工艺与材料特性及其相关研究进展,并介绍了QP钢本构模型的研究现状、新近发展的非耦合韧性断裂模型以及考虑了应力三轴度和罗德角参数影响的韧性断裂模型在先进高强钢上的应用现状,最后指出了先进高强钢本构模型和韧性断裂模型未来的研究方向。     

聚碳酸酯挤压形变力学行为有限元模拟

采用有限元方法研究了聚碳酸酯在中应变率下挤压形变的力学行为。基于DSGZ本构模型,开展聚碳酸酯圆柱单轴压缩形变有限元模拟,对比模拟与实验结果,计算模型预测准确度,分析材料压缩形变后的多物理场分布,验证模型对压缩力学响应预测的有效性。模拟聚碳酸酯平板在侧向受限挤压模式下的固态形变,获得了制件的力学演变规律。结果显示,单轴压缩模拟与实验应力-应变曲线吻合度高,DSGZ模型可较为准确地预测压缩弹-塑性形变过程中的应力-应变关系。在圆柱单轴压缩形变与平板挤压形变模拟中,材料整体变形均匀,应力响应温度变化比响应应变率变化更敏感。模拟结果有效地反映了聚碳酸酯挤压形变力学特性,可成为聚碳酸酯挤压形变工程实现的重要依据,为材料强化及其在飞机座舱透明件中的应用提供有力支持。     

Optimized butterfly specimen for the fracture testing of sheet materials under combined normal and shear loading

The present paper is concerned with multi-axial ductile fracture experiments on sheet metals. Different stress-states are achieved within a flat specimen by applying different combinations of normal and transverse loads to the specimen boundaries. The specimen geometry is optimized such that fracture initiates remote from the free specimen boundaries. Fracture experiments are carried out on TRIP780 steel for four different loading conditions, varying from pure shear to transverse plane strain tension. Hybrid experimental–numerical analyses are performed to determine the stress and strain fields within the specimen gage section. The results show that strain localization cannot be avoided prior to the onset of fracture. Through-thickness necking prevails under tension-dominated loading while the deformation localizes along a band crossing the entire gage section under shear-dominated loading. Both experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed fracture testing method is very sensitive to imperfections in the specimen machining. The loading paths to fracture are determined in terms of stress triaxiality, Lode angle parameter and equivalent plastic strain. The experimental data indicates that the relationship between the stress triaxiality and the equivalent plastic strain at the onset of ductile fracture is not unique.     

Fracture of austenitic steel subject to a wide range of stress triaxiality ratios and crack deformation modes

The stress triaxiality ratio (hydrostatic pressure divided by von Mises equivalent stress) strongly affects the fracture behaviour of materials. Various fracture criteria take this effect into consideration in their effort to predict failure. The dependency of the fracture locus on the stress triaxiality ratio has to be investigated in order to evaluate these criteria and improve the understanding of ductile fracture.This was done by comparing the experimental results of austenitic steel specimens with a strong variation in their stress triaxiality ratios. The specimens had cracks with varying depths and crack tip deformation modes; tension, in-plane shear, and out-of-plane shear. The crack growth in fracture mechanics specimens was compared with the failure of standard testing specimens for tension, upsetting and torsion. By associating the experimental results with finite element simulations it was possible to compare the critical plastic equivalent strain and stress triaxiality ratio values at fracture. In the investigated triaxiality regime an exponential dependency of the fracture locus on the stress triaxiality ratio was found.     

Dependence of ductile crack formation in tensile tests on stress triaxiality, stress and strain ratios

An experimental and numerical study on ductile crack formation in tensile tests was conducted. Five different specimens including flat specimens, smooth round bars, notched bars (two types) and flat-grooved plates were investigated. Von Mises equivalent strain to crack formation, stress triaxiality, and stress and strain ratios at critical locations, were obtained. Accuracy of the Bridgman formulas for stresses in necked round bars, and McClintock's model for flat-grooved plates, were studied. A relationship between the stress triaxiality and equivalent strain to crack formation was determined in a high stress triaxiality range for Al 2024-T351. More importantly, it was found that equivalent strain and stress triaxiality are the two most important factors governing crack formation, while stress and strain ratios cause secondary effects. It appears possible to make a good prediction of crack formation with equivalent strain and stress triaxiality.     

ANALYSIS OF CAST STEEL FRACTURE MECHANISMS FOR DIFFERENT STATES OF STRESS

The process of fracture in a low-carbon cast steel was studied for different states of stress. As a result of heat treatment, two different microstructures have been obtained: ferritic-pearlitic and bainitic. The triaxial states of stress were realised by tensile tests on specimens with various notch configurations and on smooth specimens subjected to different hydrostatic pressures.
During tensile tests carried out under triaxial stress states, the following quantities at fracture were determined: the effective strain, effective stress, stress state components, mean stress and stress triaxiality factor. Fractography of the specimens was carried out to observe the fracture mechanisms and relate them to the state of stress. The fracture mechanism depended on the state of stress and microstructure. With a decreasing stress triaxiality factor, the failure mechanism changed from ductile to shear. The fracture mechanism changed across the diameter of the sample and also depended on the microstructure. The small, smooth samples fractured at a higher stress than the larger samples. Ductile fracture in the ferritic-pearlitic microstructure was controlled by cracking of the matrix–precipitate boundary. Samples with the bainitic microstructure fractured by shear, and fracture depended mainly on the effective stress, although void growth (which is controlled by stress triaxiality) reduced the critical effective stress at positive values of mean stress.     

Finite element simulation of fracture behaviour for aged duplex stainless steels

In this paper, the local approach model developed by Gurson–Tvergaard has been applied to simulate both the crack initiation and the crack growth of aged duplex stainless steel. The parameters of the Gurson–Tvergaard model have been obtained, from axisymmetric notched specimen testing, as a function of the ageing time at 400°C, the ferrite content of the steel and the stress triaxiality. After that, to simulate the fracture of CT specimens, finite element (FE) calculations have been effected in order to obtain the stress triaxiality value at each point on the process zone ahead of the crack tip of these specimens. The adequate damage parameters concerning triaxiality are determined from the ones obtained at the notched specimens, in order to be used in FE simulations of fracture behaviour. With them, the corresponding J−Δa curves have been simulated as representative of both the crack initiation and crack propagation stages, and compared with experimental results in order to validate the methodology proposed.     

Stress state dependent fracture behaviour of porous PM steels

Ductile fracture of metals is a result of void nucleation, growth and coalescence. Various criteria have been proposed to model the ductile fracture strain as a function of the stress triaxiality that greatly influence the fracture process. In the present investigation, the well-known Rice and Tracey approach (with a re-evaluation conducted by Huang) was used to model the ductile fracture behaviour of two porous steels, produced by Powder Metallurgy (PM): a ferritic–pearlitic Fe–0.4%C PM steel and a high-strength steel produced by using diffusion-alloyed Fe–4%Ni–1.5%Cu–0.5%Mo–0.5%C powder. Tensile, compressive and bending tests were carried on un-notched and notched specimens. The experimental curves were used as a reference for the Finite Element (FE) modeling of the tests aimed at evaluating the equivalent fracture strain at fracture and the correspondent stress triaxiality for each geometry. The results obtained for the Fe–0.4%C PM steel proved the suitability of the modified Rice and Tracey relationship to successfully obtain a simple fracture criterion. However, in the case of high-strength steel, a mixed ductile/brittle fracture behaviour was observed because of the microstructural heterogeneity of the alloy. Because of this, the Rice and Tracey model overestimates the experimental equivalent fracture strains and has to be accordingly corrected.     

混凝土/花岗岩界面Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型动态断裂试验研究

为研究混凝土/岩石界面在复合型应力条件下的动态断裂性能,考虑四种应变率(10-5~10-2 s-1)及三种模态(21.8°,41.7°和60.3°)工况,对混凝土/花岗岩复合试件进行了四点剪切试验,获得了荷载与裂缝张开位移及裂缝剪切位移的关系曲线;结合界面力学理论和结构动力分析得到了界面Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型动态应力强度因子,据此得到并分析了断裂韧度、应变能释放率的率相关性及模态比相关性。结果表明:在所研究的应变率和模态角范围内,同一时刻的裂缝张开位移均大于裂缝剪切位移;Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型断裂韧度均随应变率的提高而增加,Ⅰ型断裂韧度随模态角的增大而减小,Ⅱ型断裂韧度随模态角的增大而增加;应变能释放率随应变率和模态角的增加均呈现出增长趋势。     

On the numerical implementation of a shear modified GTN damage model and its application to small punch test

Gurson-type models have been widely used to predict failure during sheet metal forming process. However, a significant limitation of the original GTN model is that it is unable to capture fracture under relatively low stress triaxiality. This paper focused on the fracture prediction under this circumstance, which means shear-dominated stress state. Recently, a phenomenological modification to the Gurson model that incorporates damage accumulation under shearing has been proposed by Nahshon and Hutchinson. We further calibrated new parameters based on this model in 22MnB5 tensile process and developed the corresponding numerical implementation method. Lower stress triaxiality were realized by new-designed specimens. Subsequently, the related shear parameters were calibrated by means of reverse finite element method and the influences of new introduced parameters were also discussed. Finally, this shear modified model was utilized to model the small punch test (SPT) on 22MnB5 high strength steel. It is shown that the shear modification of GTN model is able to predict failure of sheet metal forming under wide range of stress state.     

一种韧性断裂模型的理论研究和实验验证

为研究高强钢板成形过程中的损伤破裂机理,更准确地预测高强钢的断裂失效行为,基于细观损伤力学的空穴理论,并在屈服函数就是塑性势函数的通用性假设基础上推导了各向同性的韧性断裂模型;同时引入Lode参数以反映不同应变状态下空穴形核、长大以及聚合的差异,提出了一种包含应力三轴度和Lode参数的新模型.在Hill正交各向异性屈服假设下,描述了平面应力状态下应力比值、r值与应力三轴度、等效塑性应变的关系.最后,针对DP590进行了参数确定和实验验证.结果表明:应力三轴度在高强钢韧性断裂中仍然起主导因素,在低应力三轴下,材料主要是剪切型破坏,空穴的长大及聚合方式主要受剪应力影响,高应力三轴下,空穴损伤主要受拉应力影响,断裂是韧窝形的;Lode参数决定了应力组成形式,也间接地反映了应变状态,它与应力三轴度共同决定了空穴损伤的发展.新的模型能较准确地预测DP590的成形极限.     

Dynamic vs. quasi-static shear failure of high strength metallic alloys: Experimental issues

Ductile fracture of metals by void nucleation, growth and coalescence under positive stress triaxiality is well admitted. This is not the case when metals are submitted to negative stress triaxiality. The present work aims at contributing to a better understanding of the competition between micro-mechanisms at the origin of failure of metals when submitted to shear-pressure loading at low and high strain rates. With this aim in view, experiments were carried out on Ti–6Al–4V shear-compression samples involving a stress triaxiality range comprised between −0.2 and −0.5. Results show that the material failure is the consequence of a void growth induced process. At high strain rate, due to the localization of the deformation within adiabatic shear bands, the failure of the material occurs earlier, leading to maximum shear strain smaller at high strain rate than at low strain rate. Impact tests were also carried out on Kalthoff and Winkler type double notched plates. They showed that the interaction between tension and shear waves leads to a complex Mode I–Mode II crack propagation.