基于新混沌与矩阵卷积运算的彩色图像加密算法

针对彩色图像加密过程中出现的强相关性和高冗余问题,提出基于云模型的Fibonacci混沌系统与矩阵卷积运算的彩色图像加密算法。首先对彩色图像的R、G、B分量拼接图像像素点坐标变换置乱;然后将混沌序列值作为卷积核的输入值与像素值进行矩阵卷积运算,实现像素值置换;再与云模型Fibonacci混沌序列及前相邻像素值进行正反双向2次异或操作生成加密图像。实验分析表明,加密后的图像直方图更加平滑,像素分布均匀,图像相邻像素相关性低,加密图像RGB分量平均水平、垂直和对角相关系数分别为-0.0010,0.0016和0.0031,能够抵抗差分攻击、明文攻击、噪声攻击和剪切攻击等攻击实验,提出的新加密算法具有加密安全性高、抗干扰性高、鲁棒性强等特点。     

分段2维主成分分析的超光谱图像波段选择

目的 超光谱图像具有极高的谱间分辨率,巨大的数据量给分类识别等后续处理带来很大压力。为了有效降低图像数据维数,提出基于分段2DPCA的超光谱图像波段选择算法。方法 首先根据谱间相关性对原始图像进行波段分组,然后根据主成分反映每个光谱波段的信息比重分别对每组图像进行波段选择,从而实现超光谱图像的谱间降维。结果 该算法有效降低了超光谱图像的光谱维数,选择的波段明显反映出不同地物像元矢量的区别。结论 实验结果表明,该波段选择算法相对传统算法速度更快,并且较好地保留了原始图像的局部重要信息,对后续处理有积极意义。     

基于改进像素相关性模型的图像分割算法

图像分割是计算机视觉中的研究热点和难点.基于局部信息的模糊聚类算法(FLICM)在一定程度上提升了模糊聚类算法的鲁棒性,但噪声强度较大时无法获得较好的图像分割效果.针对传统的模糊聚类算法分割精度不佳等问题,提出了改进像素相关性模型的图像分割算法.首先通过分析像素的局部统计特征,设计了一种新型的像素相关性模型,在此基础上...     

混合PCA/ICA与JPEG2000结合的高光谱图像压缩

主成分分析(PCA)常常结合JPEG2000压缩标准用来对高光谱图像进行压缩。然而,由PCA得到的主成分仅利用了二阶统计信息。对于高光谱图像应用来说,只采用二阶统计信息是远远不够的,如异常像素的处理常常需要用到更高阶的统计信息。研究了一种混合PCA/ICA与JPEG2000相结合的高光谱图像压缩算法。首先,对原始高光谱图像进行PCA变换,提取出前m个主成分对应的特征向量矩阵WPCA;然后,对其余的特征向量进行ICA变换,得到n个特征向量矩阵WICA;最后,将得到的混合投影矩阵、原始高光谱图像及其均值向量共同嵌入JPEG2000比特流,从而完成对高光谱图像的压缩。在不同码率的情况下,通过空间相关系数(ρ)、信噪比(SNR)、光谱角填图(SAM)等技术指标对混合PCA/ICA+JPEG2000算法的压缩性能进行评估。实验结果表明,混合PCA/ICA+JPEG2000算法不但能有效去除高光谱图像的谱间相关性,而且能够有效提高光谱保真度,保护异常像素信息。     

Generic interactive pixel‐level image editing

Several image editing methods have been proposed in the past decades, achieving brilliant results. The most sophisticated of them, however, require additional information per‐pixel. For instance, dehazing requires a specific transmittance value per pixel, or depth of field blurring requires depth or disparity values per pixel. This additional per‐pixel value is obtained either through elaborated heuristics or through additional control over the capture hardware, which is very often tailored for the specific editing application. In contrast, however, we propose a generic editing paradigm that can become the base of several different applications. This paradigm generates both the needed per‐pixel values and the resulting edit at interactive rates, with minimal user input that can be iteratively refined. Our key insight for getting per‐pixel values at such speed is to cluster them into superpixels, but, instead of a constant value per superpixel (which yields accuracy problems), we have a mathematical expression for pixel values at each superpixel: in our case, an order two multinomial per superpixel. This leads to a linear least‐squares system, effectively enabling specific per‐pixel values at fast speeds. We illustrate this approach in three applications: depth of field blurring (from depth values), dehazing (from transmittance values) and tone mapping (from brightness and contrast local values), and our approach proves both favorably interactive and accurate in all three. Our technique is also evaluated with a common dataset and compared favorably.     

基于二维码图书版权保护的数字水印算法

版权保护一直是图书出版领域的难题之一.根据二维码和主成分分析（PCA）算法的特点,提出一种基于二维码图书版权保护的新的数字水印算法,算法首先对二维码载体图像进行主成分分析（PCA）,提取出既含有高频分量又含有低频分量的主成分系数,采用Arnold算法将版权信息水印加密干扰后嵌入到提取出的主成分系数中.实验结果显示,新算法在几何攻击、噪声、图像亮度和对比度的增减等攻击都有很好的鲁棒性.     

对称分数B样条小波的PCA图像融合

有良好逼近能力的对称分数B样条小波,在刻画图像纹理方面优于传统小波,为图像融合提供了有利条件。将其与PCA（Principal Component Analysis）变换相结合之后对高分辨率全色图像和低分辨率多光谱图像进行融合,提出了一种新的图像融合算法。对两幅源图像应用PCA变换,得到的两个第一主分量分别进行对称分数B样条小波变换,再对产生的两组高、低频小波系数采取不同的规则进行融合,生成两组新的高、低频系数,对其进行小波反变换得到新的第一主分量,与多光谱图像的其他主分量进行PCA反变换,得到最终的融合图像。实验结果表明,该方法使融合图像既提高了分辨率又保留了丰富的光谱信息。     

Phase correlation pixel‐to‐pixel image co‐registration based on optical flow and median shift propagation

With singular value decomposition (SVD) and robust 2‐dimensional fitting phase correlation algorithms, it is possible to achieve pixel‐to‐pixel image co‐registration at sub‐pixel accuracy via local feature matching. However, the method often fails in featureless and low correlation areas making it not robust for co‐registration of images with considerable spectral differences and large featureless ground objects. A median shift propagation (MSP) technique is proposed to eliminate the problem, in a phase correlation and Normalized Cross‐Correlation (NCC) combined approach. The experiment results using images from different sensor platforms and spectral bands indicate that the new method is very robust to featureless and low correlation areas and can achieve very accurate pixel‐to‐pixel image co‐registration with good tolerance of spectral and spatial differences between images. The method will significantly improve change detection in various remote sensing applications.     

An efficient uniform cost algorithm applied to distance transforms

The uniform-cost algorithm is a special case of the A*-algorithm for finding the shortest paths in graphs. In the uniform-cost algorithm, nodes are expanded in order of increasing cost. An efficient version of this algorithm is developed for integer cost values. Nodes are sorted by storing them at predefined places (bucket sort), keeping the overhead low. The algorithm is applied to general distance transformation. A constrained distance transform is an operation which calculates at each pixel of an image the distance to the nearest pixel of a reference set, distance being defined as minimum path length. The uniform-cost algorithm, in the constrained case, proves to be the best solution for distance transformation. It is fast, the processing time is independent of the complexity of the image, and memory requirements are moderate     

基于分形的遥感蚀变异常提取在毛坪铅锌矿中的应用

在地球科学领域中,自相似性非常普遍,围岩蚀变作为一种地学特征并以遥感异常反映在影像上,其像元亮度-面积模式符合一定的分形理论。利用分形理论的求和法进行遥感蚀变异常的提取和分级可以弥补门限法和灰度直方图目视方法确定突变点的不足,再次利用分形的盒维数方法可得到研究区遥感蚀变异常的分形特征。以云南昭通毛坪铅锌矿ETM+遥感影像数据为信息源,采用主成分分析法(PCA)计算出反映矿区遥感蚀变异常的主分量,再对异常主分量进行像元灰度值和像元个数的统计并采用分形方法对蚀变异常信息进行分析和蚀变异常级别的划分,最后利用分形的盒维数法得到毛坪铅锌矿遥感蚀变异常信息的分形特征并与传统门限化方法进行了对比研究。研究表明区内遥感蚀变异常信息具有统计上的分形特征,分形方法确定异常限要比传统的门限化方法选取蚀变阈值更为准确;分维值与异常级别存在一定的正相关关系;分维高值区与蚀变信息密集区相一致。
     

Low complexity adaptive algorithms for Principal and Minor Component Analysis

This article introduces new low cost algorithms for the adaptive estimation and tracking of principal and minor components. The proposed algorithms are based on the well-known OPAST method which is adapted and extended in order to achieve the desired MCA or PCA (Minor or Principal Component Analysis). For the PCA case, we propose efficient solutions using Givens rotations to estimate the principal components out of the weight matrix given by OPAST method. These solutions are then extended to the MCA case by using a transformed data covariance matrix in such a way the desired minor components are obtained from the PCA of the new (transformed) matrix. Finally, as a byproduct of our PCA algorithm, we propose a fast adaptive algorithm for data whitening that is shown to overcome the recently proposed RLS-based whitening method.     

周期线性干扰信号的阶频谱图像信息隐藏仿真

为了解决现有图像信息隐藏方法未考虑图像插值而导致的图像信息隐藏效果差,以及图像信息传输的安全性低的问题,提出周期线性干扰信号的阶频谱图像信息隐藏方法。选用改进的双线性插值方法对周期线性干扰信号的阶频谱图像信息进行预处理,包括图像传输的加密与解密、概率密度函数的计算,并对秘密信息的嵌入点进行重新插值,从而为秘密信息创造更大的冗余空间,增大信息的隐藏容量。通过改变相邻像素插值的思想,计算图像水平、垂直、斜方向的嵌入式插值,实现周期线性干扰信号的阶频谱图像信息隐藏。仿真结果表明,所提方法具有较好的隐藏效果,是一种切实有效的图像信息隐藏方法。     

Compact and efficient RGB to RGBW data conversion method and its application in OLED microdisplays

In many electronic information displays, a colour pixel comprises three spatially distinct sub‐pixels containing red, green and blue (RGB) colour filters. The option of adding a fourth white (W) sub‐pixel that allows light to pass through unfiltered can significantly improve the optical efficiency of the pixel that, in turn, increases the power efficiency of the display. Such a display is called an RGBW display, and the required transformation of data format from incoming RGB to pixel RGBW is termed as “RGB to RGBW conversion.” This paper reports a method of RGB to RGBW conversion that is highly compact and efficient in terms of system resources while retaining image quality. It processes incoming data through a new colour space conversion algorithm in order to reduce the average power consumption with no noticeable visual artefacts. We explain the method and demonstrate its cost‐effective and power‐effective implementation for the specific case of an organic light emitting diode microdisplay.     

A Steganography Based on Optimal Multi-Threshold Block Labeling

Hiding secret data in digital images is one of the major research fields in information security. Recently, reversible data hiding in encrypted images has attracted extensive attention due to the emergence of cloud services. This paper proposes a novel reversible data hiding method in encrypted images based on an optimal multi-threshold block labeling technique (OMTBL-RDHEI). In our scheme, the content owner encrypts the cover image with block permutation, pixel permutation, and stream cipher, which preserve the in-block correlation of pixel values. After uploading to the cloud service, the data hider applies the prediction error rearrangement (PER), the optimal threshold selection (OTS), and the multi-threshold labeling (MTL) methods to obtain a compressed version of the encrypted image and embed secret data into the vacated room. The receiver can extract the secret, restore the cover image, or do both according to his/her granted authority. The proposed MTL labels blocks of the encrypted image with a list of threshold values which is optimized with OTS based on the features of the current image. Experimental results show that labeling image blocks with the optimized threshold list can efficiently enlarge the amount of vacated room and thus improve the embedding capacity of an encrypted cover image. Security level of the proposed scheme is analyzed and the embedding capacity is compared with state-of-the-art schemes. Both are concluded with satisfactory performance.     

结合纯像元提取和ICA的高光谱降维方法*

摘要：为了实现高光谱降维并保留重要的光谱特征,通过独立分量分析（Independent Component Analysis, ICA）混合模型和高光谱线性模型的对比分析,提出了结合纯像元提取和ICA的高光谱数据降维方法。该方法通过估计虚拟维数(Virtual Dimensionality, VD)确定特征个数,采用自动目标生成过程（Automatic Target Generation Process, ATGP）从原始数据中提取纯像元向量,作为ICA算法的初始化向量,以负熵为目标函数产生独立分量,并通过高阶统计量筛选实现高光谱数据的降维。分类实验结果表明,该方法不仅解决了传统ICA的随机排序问题,而且与经典降维算法主分量分析（Principal Components Analysis, PCA）相比,分类精度提高了6.83%,在大大降低高光谱数据量的情况下很好的保留了高光谱数据的特征,有利于数据的后续分析和应用。     

A patch‐based image classification by integrating hyperspectral data with GIS

Hyperspectral remote sensing data provide detailed spectral information and are widely used for pixel‐based image classification. However, without considering spatial correlation among neighbouring pixels, a generated thematic map may have a ‘salt‐and‐pepper’ appearance. With the development of the Geographic Information System (GIS), the spatial relationship between a pixel and its neighbours can be recorded readily and used together with remote sensing data. The objective of this study was to integrate hyperspectral data with the GIS for effective thematic mapping. To date, GIS data have been used mainly in field surveys or training field selection for remote sensing data interpretation. Here we propose a patch‐classification based on integration of the GIS with remote sensing data. The classification results obtained by using this method can be easily saved in a vector format as used for GIS files. Computational cost is decreased compared with a pixel‐by‐pixel classification. The issue of how to identify pure or mixed patches is addressed and a three‐level simple and effective checking method is developed. A case study is presented with a hyperspectral data set recorded by the Pushbroom Hyperspectral Imager (PHI) and related GIS data.     

An area‐ratio gray‐scale method to achieve image uniformity in TFT‐LEPDs

Abstract— An area‐ratio gray‐scale method (ARG) has been developed for low‐temperature‐polysilicon thin‐film‐transistor‐driven light‐emitting‐polymer displays (LTPS TFT‐LEPDs). A pixel consists of plural sub‐pixels, which are controlled to be in either an on‐state or off‐state. The gray scale is acquired by selecting the number of the on‐state sub‐pixels, that is, the ratio of the light‐emitting area. One advantage of the ARG is to improve image uniformity. In the on‐state, since TFT resistance is negligible, the current is determined by the LEP diode resistance. Therefore, the TFT characteristic deviation has no effect on the current. Moreover, the dimensions of each sub‐pixel are the same, and the shapes of the sub‐pixel are circular in order to improve their uniformity. As a result, the image becomes uniform. Another advantage of the ARG is to achieve digital operation, which makes interfacing easy. A digital‐analog converter (DAC) automatically exists in the sub‐pixel and the naked eye.     

基于线性预测和位操作的信息隐藏算法

鉴于信息的安全性问题,信息隐藏技术也已成为信息安全领域的研究热点。利用图像中当前像素点邻近的相关像素的像素值,对该点的值进行线性预测。再根据预测的准确度,确定相应的阈值,并结合位操作,提出了一种新的简单易于实现的信息隐藏算法。并在Lena图像上进行了实验,得到了隐藏率为0.160bits/Byte,信噪比为42.276dB的结果。经初步测试,证明了在保证较高隐藏率的前提下,能够较好地提高信噪比。     

A Randomized Approach for Patch-based Texture Synthesis using Wavelets

We present a wavelet‐based approach for selecting patches in patch‐based texture synthesis. We randomly select the first block that satisfies a minimum error criterion, computed from the wavelet coefficients (using 1D or 2D wavelets) for the overlapping region. We show that our wavelet‐based approach improves texture synthesis for samples where previous work fails, mainly textures with prominent aligned features. Also, it generates similar quality textures when compared against texture synthesis using feature maps with the advantage that our proposed method uses implicit edge information (since it is embedded in the wavelet coefficients) whereas feature maps rely explicitly on edge features. In previous work, the best patches are selected among all possible using a L2 norm on the RGB or grayscale pixel values of boundary zones. The L2 metric provides the raw pixel‐to‐pixel difference, disregarding relevant image structures — such as edges — that are relevant in the human visual system and therefore on synthesis of new textures.     

二维超混沌系统的研究及在图像加密中的应用

构建了一个基于二维超混沌方程的非线性混沌映射,采用直方图、吸引子图的分析方法,研究了二维超混沌方程的特性;然后在该混沌方程的基础上,提出了一种新型的图像加密算法,其具体方法是先将彩色图像分离成红、绿、蓝三个分量,然后分别采用排序,异或,先排序后异或的方法进行加密。仿真结果表明,该加密算法对明文和密文都非常敏感,对初始密钥十分敏感,初值敏感性能达到10-10;密文图像的信息熵为7.908 563 896 646 1,非常接近理想值8;红、绿、蓝三个分量加密图像和明文图像之间的水平相关性系数差值分别是0.961 465 408 259 75、0.951 712 655 336 949、0.962 750 222 811 646。文章采用的加密方法完全改变了明文图像的像素值,使密文能够抵御攻击,仿真实验结果表明该加密算法具有良好的加密效果和安全性。