Defect identification on specular machined surfaces

In many industrial applications, it is important to identify defects on specular surfaces. On machined surfaces, defect identification may be further complicated by the presence of marks from a machining process. These marks may dramatically and unpredictably change the appearance of the surface, while not altering its ability to function. To differentiate between surface characteristics that constitute a defect and those that do not, we propose a system that directly illuminates specular machined surfaces with a programmable array of high-power light-emitting diodes that allows the angle of the incident light to be varied over a series of images. A reflection model is used to predict the reflected intensity as a function of incident lighting angle for each point on the imaged surface. A surface defect causes the observed reflected intensity as a function of incident lighting angle to differ from that predicted by the reflection model. Such differences between the observations and the reflection model are shown to identify surface defects such as porosities, dents and scratches in the presence of marks from the machining process.     

Sensitivity of bistatic scattering to soil moisture and surface roughness of bare soils

The sensitivity of bistatic scattering coefficient σ° to soil moisture content (SMC) and surface roughness was investigated by means of model simulations of the incoherent scattered fields performed with the advanced integral equation model (AIEM) and the second order small perturbation model (SPM). The study was performed by simulating scattering on the whole upper half space, for different values of incident angles. The achieved results, represented as maps of σ° as a function of azimuth and zenith angles, were evaluated by means of a quality index which takes into consideration the effect of roughness on SMC measurement. The sensitivity analysis has pointed out that for measuring SMC a bistatic observation, by itself or combined with the monostatic one, can make appreciable improvements with respect to classical monostatic radar. Appendix A contains the AIEM formulas corrected for several typographical errors present in the specific literature.     

基于Bi-Mimics模型的GNSS-R农作物生物量监测理论研究

GNSS-R(GNSS-Reflectometry)遥感从机理上讲属于双站雷达,在一阶辐射传输方程Mimics(Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering)模型的基础上,将其修改为双站散射模型Bi-Mimics(Bistatic\|Mimics);将模型中的树干层去掉,保留树冠层和地表间的散射机制,发展了适用于农作物的Bi-Mimics模型。利用该模型,模拟分析在GNSS-R工作的L波段农作物的散射特性;根据GNSS-R设置模拟分析了镜像散射系数与农作物生物量之间的关系;并根据双站雷达理论公式,模拟了农作物生物量与接收机信号之间的关系。结果表明GNSS-R从理论上用来研究和监测农作物的生物量存在可行性,但研究工作有待进一步深入。     

Incident energy dependence of the scattering dynamics of water molecules on silicon and graphite surfaces: the effect on tangential momentum accommodation

The scattering dynamics of water molecules on solid surfaces was investigated using the molecular beam technique. In contrast to the experiments previously reported in the literature, the range of incident energy was chosen to cover the typical kinetic energies of gas molecules in equilibrium at room temperature (35–130 meV). Even in such a narrow energy range, the angular distribution of scattered molecules is heavily affected by the incident energy, exhibiting both a nearly cosine distribution and a lobular distribution, which has a clear peak close to the specular direction. Interestingly, the tangential momentum accommodation coefficients (TMACs) estimated from the scattering experiments show opposite energy dependences on graphite (0001) and silicon (100) surfaces. As the incident energy increases, the TMAC decreases on the graphite surface, whereas it increases on the silicon surface. These trends can be attributed to the relatively large adsorption energy of water molecules on these surfaces and the atomic-scale surface corrugation, although a rigorous understanding requires further analysis by molecular dynamics simulations. Our findings suggest the need for an elaborate slip-flow model that takes account of the incident energy effect to accurately analyze water vapor flow in micro/nanostructures, which is ubiquitous in nature and engineering applications.     

Polarization of light scattered by clover

This study was undertaken in order to better understand the factors that govern the polarization of light scattered from vegetation and soils. This phenomenon is not well understood but is potentially of interest for remote sensing of the earth. The intensity and polarization of light scattered by clover in vivo and soil were measured at a number of different angles of incidence and reflectance. Both individual leaves and natural patches of vegetation were measured. The Umov effect, or inverse relation between polarization and reflectance noted by many earlier workers, was observed here and is shown to be a very general property of diffusely scattering surfaces. The light transmitted through the leaves was found to be negatively polarized. The polarization of light scattered from aggregations of leaves is affected by this negatively polarized, transmitted light. The light scattered from the upper leaf surfaces was found to be positively polarized in a manner which could be accounted for quantitatively by specular Fresuel reflection from small, randomly oriented facets on the surfaces of the leaves.     

基于生物组织表面特性的体绘制光照模型

传统的光照模型侧重于模拟光能在微面元上的分布,它将表面反射分为镜面反射和漫反射,并采用表面法向与入射光夹角的余弦来模拟漫反射。由于生物组织表面富含水份,因此具有确定性介质和随机介质的双重特性。从物组织表面的漫反射光,就是由于光线射入介质表面产在介质内部被散射,而后射出表面的光能。因此,淡了逼真地表面生物组织的表面特性,必须同时考虑生物介质的表面反射和介质内部体散射双重特性。文中根据生物组织的特点,     

双基地海底散射与角度配置关系仿真研究

海底散射是影响双基地声纳性能的重要因素之一，为了研究海底散射与双基声纳各角度（入射角、散射角和双基地角）配置的关系，该文基于Kirchhoff近似理论和扰动近似理论，建立了双基地海底散射模型，给出了散射强度与双基地声纳各角度之间的明确关系式。针对模型进行仿真实验，结果表明，双基地海底散射与角度配置关系复杂，固定其中一个角度，散射强度会随另外两个角度的变化而变，且有一定的规律性，通过合理角度配置可以减少海底散射对双基地声纳性能的影响。     

双基地海底散射模型仿真研究

研究声纳探测系统优化的问题。潜艇的隐身能力越来越强,要求声纳的探测技术不断提高。为提高声纳探测系统的性能,建立了双基地海底散射模型。模型既考虑了海水和海底之间的粗糙界面引起的界面散射,又考虑了海底不均匀沉积层引起的体积散射。确定了散射强度与双基地各角度之间的关系;讨论了海底的反向散射、平面内散射和三维散射模型,通过仿真,得出散射强度随散射角度变化的特点,为双基地海底混响的预报提供了科学依据。     

Initial results of land-reflected GPS bistatic radar measurements in SMEX02

To investigate scattering of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals from terrain and the potential for remotely sensing soil moisture with the L-band GPS bistatic radar concept, a prototype GPS bistatic radar participated in airborne measurements during the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02). A 12-channel GPS navigation receiver, modified to perform bistatic radar measurements, was mounted on the NCAR C-130 aircraft to make co-located measurements with other instruments. Narrow pulse returns and comparison of the reflected GPS signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements to digital imagery and cover maps indicated that the scattering was most likely quasi-specular, originating from a small footprint on the order of the first Fresnel zone (∼30 m). Temporal changes were observed in the measured signals and were expected to be proportional to varying soil moisture content. To investigate this effect, the bistatic signal measurements were interpolated to a spatial grid to produce daily maps of relative change of surface soil moisture over the study region. The maps of the study region showed a transition from dry surface soil moisture conditions to wet conditions following precipitation events occurring in the middle of the study period. Additionally, the maps showed the scattered power increased in areas with localized rainfall relative to areas without precipitation. Comparing the GPS-reflected SNR measurements with L-band brightness temperatures measured coincidently by the PALS radiometer showed good agreement in the trend measured by the two sensors. The scattered signal measurements were also compared with in situ soil moisture measurements and found to follow the general soil moisture trend as a function of time. These initial results from the first controlled experiment of GPS bistatic radar for soil moisture remote sensing indicate that the technique is sensitive to temporal and spatial variations in soil moisture.     

An Energy‐Conserving Hair Reflectance Model

We present a reflectance model for dielectric cylinders with rough surfaces such as human hair fibers. Our model is energy conserving and can evaluate arbitrarily many orders of internal reflection. Accounting for compression and contraction of specular cones produces a new longitudinal scattering function which is non‐Gaussian and includes an off‐specular peak. Accounting for roughness in the azimuthal direction leads to an integral across the hair fiber which is efficiently evaluated using a Gaussian quadrature. Solving cubic equations is avoided, caustics are included in the model in a consistent fashion, and more accurate colors are predicted by considering many internal pathways.     

Facet-based simulator for bistatic scattering of the maritime scene with electrically large ships: Slope Summation Facet Model

This article developed a bistatic facetized sea scattering model, in which the sea surface is envisaged as a profile that is locally approximated by planar facets. The radar return from each local facet is associated to a so-called semi-deterministic scheme, which is established by combining the geometric optics limit of the Kirchhoff approximation with the Bragg components of the Bass–Fuks' two-scale model. In order to evaluate the complex reflective function of the facetized sea surface, a Slope Summation Facet Model is presented by simply associating the facet phase with its relative path delay. Significant computational efficiency and good agreement with experimental data are observed, which make the proposed facet model well suited for application to fast estimation on sea scattering, as well as further simulations on synthetic aperture radar imagery and the composite pattern of ship–sea scattering.     

Ray Differentials and Multiresolution Geometry Caching for Distribution Ray Tracing in Complex Scenes

When rendering only directly visible objects, ray tracing a few levels of specular reflection from large, low‐curvaturesurfaces, and ray tracing shadows from point‐like light sources, the accessed geometry is coherentand a geometry cache performs well. But in many other cases, the accessed geometry is incoherent and a standardgeometry cache performs poorly: ray tracing of specular reflection from highly curved surfaces, tracing rays thatare many reflection levels deep, and distribution ray tracing for wide glossy reflection, global illumination, widesoft shadows, and ambient occlusion. Fortunately, less geometric accuracy is necessary in the incoherent cases.This observation can be formalized by looking at the ray differentials for different types of scattering: coherentrays have small differentials, while incoherent rays have large differentials. We utilize this observation to obtainefficient multiresolution caching of geometry and textures (including displacement maps) for classic and distributionray tracing in complex scenes. We use an existing multiresolution caching scheme (originally developed forscanline rendering) for textures and displacement maps, and introduce a multiresolution geometry caching schemefor tessellated surfaces. The multiresolution geometry caching scheme makes it possible to efficiently render scenesthat, if fully tessellated, would use 100 times more memory than the geometry cache size.     

抗高光的光场深度估计方法

目的 光场相机一次成像可以同时获取场景中光线的空间和角度信息,为深度估计提供了条件。然而,光场图像场景中出现高光现象使得深度估计变得困难。为了提高算法处理高光问题的可靠性,本文提出了一种基于光场图像多视角上下文信息的抗高光深度估计方法。方法 本文利用光场子孔径图像的多视角特性,创建多视角输入支路,获取不同视角下图像的特征信息;利用空洞卷积增大网络感受野,获取更大范围的图像上下文信息,通过同一深度平面未发生高光的区域的深度信息,进而恢复高光区域深度信息。同时,本文设计了一种新型的多尺度特征融合方法,串联多膨胀率空洞卷积特征与多卷积核普通卷积特征,进一步提高了估计结果的精度和平滑度。结果 实验在3个数据集上与最新的4种方法进行了比较。实验结果表明,本文方法整体深度估计性能较好,在4D light field benchmark合成数据集上,相比于性能第2的模型,均方误差（mean square error,MSE）降低了20.24%,坏像素率（bad pixel,BP）降低了2.62%,峰值信噪比（peak signal-to-noise ratio,PSNR）提高了4.96%。同时,通过对CVIA （computer vision and image analysis） Konstanz specular dataset合成数据集和Lytro Illum拍摄的真实场景数据集的定性分析,验证了本文算法的有效性和可靠性。消融实验结果表明多尺度特征融合方法改善了深度估计在高光区域的效果。结论 本文提出的深度估计模型能够有效估计图像深度信息。特别地,高光区域深度信息恢复精度高、物体边缘区域平滑,能够较好地保存图像细节信息。     

An approximate model for the microwave brightness temperature of the sea

Abstract

A modified two-scale model is proposed for scattering and emissivity calculations for certain classes of random rough surfaces. It is based on an approach by Burrows and by Brown, but it has been extended to bistatic scattering by lossy dielectric surfaces, and it incorporates modified Fresnel reflection coefficients and a simple correction for multiple-scattering effects. The method is shown to be applicable to the ocean surface for light and moderate winds. A contracted form of the radiative-transfer equation is proposed and the included Wentz correction for surface scattering is discussed. This could lead to a method that could be both simple and accurate enough for real-time inversion algorithms in microwave remote sensing.     

基于多次散射目标模型的雷达成像研究

合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR）作为一种主动微波传感器,被广泛应用于遥感对地观测。然而,传统上的雷达散射模型是基于几何光学近似的,忽略了地物目标之间的相互作用,即多次散射效应。为了充分挖掘和利用毫米波雷达影像中目标电磁散射特性信息,亟需对典型目标的多次散射效应进行建模仿真和验证。基于矩量法（Method of Moments, MoM）分析了球体、二面角等目标表面等效电流分布与分段成像结果的对应关系,并利用后向投影（Back-Projection, BP）算法进行电磁仿真成像,总结了单/双基地雷达模式对成像中散射机制的影响。结果表明：目标表面等效电流分布以及分段等效合成孔径张角会随入射角度发生改变,其中分段等效合成孔径张角会影响方位向分辨率;双基地雷达成像结果中包含更丰富的电磁散射信息。本研究可为SAR系统设计和验证、典型目标回波特性数据收集以及如何基于高解析度SAR影像进行目标识别等研究提供借鉴与参考。     

双基地海底散射SSA模型角度特性仿真研究

由海底散射引起的混响是影响双基地声纳性能的重要因素之一,为了通过合理配置双基地声纳各角度来减小海底散射对双基地声纳的影响,基于小斜度近似(SSA)理论,建立了双基地海底散射强度模型.给出了散射强度与双基地声纳各角度之间的关系式.仿真结果表明.海底散射强度与双基地声纳各角度配置关系复杂,随着各角度配置的不同,散射强度会有很大的变化,但在镜反射方向上取得最大值.小斜度近似在整个入射角范围内较为准确,是一种处理粗糙面声散射问题的好方法.     

Separation of diffuse and specular components of surface reflection by use of polarization and statistical analysis of images

The image of an opaque object is created by observing the reflection of the light incident on its surface. The dichromatic reflection model describes the surface reflection as the sum of two components, diffuse and specular terms. The specular reflection component is usually strong in its intensity and polarized significantly compared to the diffuse components. On the other hand, the intensity of the diffuse component is weak and it tends to be unpolarized except near occluding contours. Thus, the observation of an object through a rotating polarizer approximately yields images containing constant diffuse component and specular component of different intensity. In this paper, we show that diffuse and specular components of surface reflection can be separated as two independent components when we apply independent component analysis to the images observed through a polarizer of different orientations. We give a separation simulation of artificial data and also give some separation results of real scenes.     

具有一维带限Weierstrass分形特征实际路面电磁散射FDTD研究

一般的实际路面系统是由沥青混凝土面层、水泥碎石联结层、水泥稳定碎石基层和路基层等构成的多层介质,可以看作是具有一维带限Weierstrass分形特征的水泥混凝土路面系统。运用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)研究了这种实际的水泥混凝土路面系统电磁散射,具体计算了3层路面系统电磁散射的双站散射系数,得出了散射系数随散射角和入射波频率变化的曲线。分析了散射系数随路面分维数、入射波频率、入射角、路面材料介电常数、面层厚度、基层厚度等参数变化的规律,讨论了面层存在圆柱形空洞时,空洞内填充物变化对散射系数的影响,得到了具有一维带限Weierstrass分形特征的实际路面系统电磁散射的特性。数值计算结果表明:路面分维数、入射波频率、入射角、路面材料介电常数、面层厚度、基层厚度、面层存在的空洞对散射系数的影响是非常复杂的。     

Influence of soil surface roughness on soil bidirectional reflectance

The non-Lambertian behaviour of soil surfaces depends on its roughness at micro-scale and larger scales, as well as on the incident angle of the direct solar beam on the surface. A geometrical model, taking into account the diffuse as well as the specular component of energy leaving soil surfaces in the visible and near-infrared, is used in the paper to describe the influence of soil surface roughness, caused by soil aggregates or soil clods, on the soil bidirectional reflectance distribution. A rough soil surface in the model is simulated by equalsized opaque spheroids lying on a horizontal surface. The model was tested in outdoor conditions on artificially formed soil surfaces made of two spectrally different soil materials: a mineral loam, and a loam with high organic matter content. The spectral data were measured by a field radiometer in the three SPOT (HRV) bands. The model predicts that at specific illumination conditions, soils surfaces with the highest roughness, expressed by the minimum distances between soil aggregates, can show lower variation of reflectance in the view zenith angle function than soil surfaces of a lower roughness.     

Scattering and Doppler analysis for electrically large nonlinear sea surfaces: a field-based semi-deterministic model

This paper presents a semi-deterministic facet model based on the combination of the two-scale theory and the small slope approximation (SSA). Based on the model, normalized radar cross section (NRCS) and the Doppler spectra from electrically large nonlinear ocean scenes are analysed at moderate and large incidence angles. The analytic scattering amplitude of small-scale capillary waves based on the local configuration angles is conducted. Different from the conventional two-scale model (TSM), the model is a field-based rather than RCS-based model, which considerably widens its potential applications. In order to take into account the influence of nonlinear hydrodynamics on echo characteristics, the choppy wave model (CWM) is adopted to simulate nonlinear surfaces. Several examples of bistatic NRCS and Doppler spectra are given with comparison and analysis, which validate the rationality of the model at moderate and large incidence angles. In addition, the running time and memory consumption comparisons can indicate the model is more efficient than the SSA.