Growth and characterization of a new metal-organic crystal: Potassium thiourea iodide

Single crystals of potassium thiourea iodide (PTI), a semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal, have been grown from low temperature solution growth method by a slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction pattern and FTIR spectrum analysis has confirmed the formation of the new crystal. PTI has good optical transmission in the entire visible region, which is an essential requirement for a nonlinear crystal.     

Growth by SR method and characterization of hippuric acid single crystals

The potential organic nonlinear optical material of hippuric acid (HA) has been grown by novel unidirectional solution growth method using dimethyl formamide (DMF) as the solvent. The crystal system has been identified and lattice dimensions have been measured from the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystalline perfection has been evaluated by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) technique and found that the crystal quality is reasonably good. However, it contains a low angle structural grain boundary. The relative second harmonic generation (SHG) has been tested using Kurtz powder technique and found to be 1.54 times higher than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystal. Its optical character has been assessed by UV-Vis. analysis and found that there is no absorption in the entire visible region.     

Materials synthesis,crystal growth and third nonlinear optical properties of semiorganic crystal: 4-dimethylaminopyridine lithium nitrate (DMAPLN) crystal

4-dimethylaminopyridine lithium nitrate crystal (4-DMAPLN) was synthesized by the slow evaporation solution growth technique. The titular crystal was subjected to various studies to recognize its physicochemical properties. The crystalline nature and orthorhombic crystal system were revealed by single crystal and powder XRD. FTIR spectroscopy study confirms the various modes of vibrations available in the titular crystal. Linear optical studies show the lower cut-off wavelength of 280 nm with an optical bandgap value (E_g) of 4.3 eV. The electrical behavior of the 4-DMAPLN crystal was studied using dielectric studies. The mechanical behavior of the grown crystal was analyzed using the Vicker’s microhardness study, revealing that the grown crystal belongs to the hard category. The second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior of 4-DMAPLN crystal was measured using Kurtz–Perry powder techniques and it was found to be 1.17 times higher than reference KDP. Z-scan analysis reveals 4-DMAPLN is a suitable candidate for optical limiting applications.

     

Growth and characterization of a new metal-organic crystal: potassium thiourea bromide

The growth and characterization of a new nonlinear metal-organic crystal, potassium thiourea bromide (PTB) is reported. The growth of single crystals of PTB was accomplished by slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were characterized by EDAX, X-ray powder diffraction and IR techniques. PTB crystallizes in tetragonal system and the complex formation is established by metal–sulfur bonds. PTB has good optical transmission in the entire visible region, which is an essential requirement for a nonlinear crystal.     

Real-time edge-enhanced optical correlation with a cerium-doped potassium sodium strontium barium niobate photorefractive crystal

The nonlinear diffraction property of a volume grating written by two-wave mixing in a cerium-doped potassium sodium strontium barium niobate crystal is applied in a coherent image processing system to obtain real-time image edge enhancement as well as edge-enhanced optical correlation. The theoretical analysis of the correlator is given, and the experimental results of optical correlation are presented, which are compared with the computer-simulated results.     

Synthesis, growth and characterization analysis of nickel mercury thiocyanate crystal (NMTC)

The nonlinear optical single crystal of NiHg(SCN)₄ has been successfully synthesized and good quality single crystal has been grown by slow cooling solution growth technique. The grown single crystals have been analyzed by different characterization analyses in order to know its suitability for various applications. The functional groups have been identified from the FTIR analysis. The TG/DTA analysis reveals the thermal behavior of NMTC. The optical behaviour was assessed by UV–Vis analysis and was found with no absorption in the entire visible region and it may be useful for second harmonic and other relevant applications. The relative second harmonic generation efficiency was evaluated by Kurtz powder technique and was found to be good in comparison with the standard inorganic potassium dihydrogen phosphate.     

Studies on synthesis,growth and characterization of a novel third order nonlinear optical 4-Dimethylaminopyridinium p-Toluenesulfonate single crystal

Good quality single crystals of 4-Dimethylaminopyridinium p-Toluenesulfonate (4DMAPPTS) possessing third order nonlinearity were grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that 4DMAPPTS belongs to monoclinic crystal system with centrosymmetric space group P2₁/n. FT-IR spectral studies were carried out to identify the functional groups present in 4DMAPPTS. NMR spectral study confirms the molecular structure of the grown crystal. Dielectric measurements were made over a wide range of frequencies for different temperatures. The grown crystal was subjected to Vickers microhardness test to study the mechanical property. The etching studies reveal the growth pattern and dislocations present in the grown title crystal. The important optical parameters such as absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index and optical band gap were estimated from UV–Visible spectral analysis. The negative third order nonlinear optical parameters like refractive index (n₂), absorption coefficient (β) and susceptibility (χ⁽³⁾) were estimated by Z-scan studies.     

Growth and characterization of l-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate single crystals

A novel semi-organic material of l-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate (l-PCCM) has been successfully synthesized and single crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The grown single crystals have been characterized by different instrumentation techniques like XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis-NIR and TG/DTA measurements. Its nonlinear optical property has been tested by Kurtz powder method. The mechanical properties of grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Its relative SHG efficiency is two times higher than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystal.     

Influence of defects on the quality and optical studies of sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate, a nonlinear optical material

Nonlinear optical material of sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate was synthesized by employing the technique of controlled evaporation and the effect of temperature on growth morphology was investigated. Single crystal XRD analysis confirms that the crystals with different morphologies have the same lattice parameters. The high-resolution X-ray diffraction curves recorded by a multicrystal X-ray diffractometer revealed the presence of very low angle tilt boundaries. The green emission band at 524 nm is due to the existence of defects on the crystal which corroborated with HRXRD studies. The wide band gap of the SPND crystals confirms the large transmittance in the visible region.     

Crystal growth and characterization of new nonlinear optical single crystals of l-alaninium fumarate

Amino acid based crystals exhibit excellent nonlinear and electro optical properties. A new nonlinear optical single crystal l-alaninium fumarate (LAF) belonging to the amino acid group was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study showed that LAF belongs to orthorhombic crystal system. The UV-Vis-NIR spectrum of LAF showed very good transparency in the region from 300 nm to 1100 nm. Fourier transform infrared is used to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown crystal. Thermal properties of the LAF crystal were carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques, which indicate that the material does not decompose before melting. The melting point of grown crystal was observed as 267.5 °C by melting point apparatus. The existence of nonlinear optical (NLO) property of LAF was confirmed by second harmonic generation test using Nd:YAG laser fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm.     

A novel growth method for organic nonlinear optical crystals

A novel crystal growth method called seed-orientated undercooled melt growth is proposed for growth of organic nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals. The main advantage of this method is that organic NLO crystals can be grown along a given direction and the optional crystal faces (h k l) may be grown directly in a crystallizer. The grown crystals with determinate crystal faces are possible to apply as nonlinear optical devices regardless of subsequent cutting and polishing. Using this method, the different crystal faces of benzophenone crystals were successfully grown in a quartz crystallizer, and the orientation of the grown crystal faces were measured by an X-ray angular instrument.     

Influence of Metallic Substitutions on the Optical and Mechanical Properties of NLO Benzoyl Glycine Crystals

Benzoyl glycine （BG） is a promising organic nonlinear optical （NLO） crystal, whose second harmonic generation （SHG） efficiency is much higher than that of KDP （potassium dihydrogen phosphate）. Single crystals of pure, Cu2＋ and Cd2＋ doped BG were grown by slow evaporation technique. Optically transparent and defect free single crystals of size up to 10 mm×15 mm×10 mm were harvested in a period of 40-60 days. The growth conditions of pure and doped crystals of BG were optimized and the grown crystals were confirmed by single crystal XRD （X-ray diffraction）. The grown crystals were characterized by FTIR （Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy）, optical absorption and microhardness studies. The microhardness studies confirm that BG has a moderate VHN （Vickers hardness number） value in comparison to the.other organic NLO crystals. The efficiency of frequency doubling was measured for the using Nd：YAG laser and the results were discussed.     

Crystal growth of 2, 4, 5-Trimethoxy-4′-chlorochalcone and its characterization

An organic second-order nonlinear optical single crystal 2, 4, 5-Trimethoxy-4′-chlorochalcone was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The crystal was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction, and UV-Vis-NIR analysis. The second harmonic generation of the crystal was confirmed by using the Kurtz powder technique.     

Organic nonlinear optical crystal 4-hydroxy-N-methyl 4-stilbazolium besylate synthesis and characterization

Novel organic nonlinear optical material 4-hydroxy-N-methyl 4-stilbazolium besylate has been synthesized and 7 mm × 5 mm × 3 mm size crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystal lattice is monoclinic. From powder X-ray diffraction analysis the diffraction planes have been indexed. Fourier transform infrared spectrum for our sample confirms the presence of functional groups in the grown crystal. Second harmonic efficiency was determined using Kurtz powder method in comparison with urea to confirm the nonlinearity of the material. The results are discussed in detail.     

Growth and characterization of hexamethylenetetramine crystals grown from solution

Organic nonlinear optical single crystals of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT; 10 × 10 × 5 mm³) were prepared by crystallization from methanol solution. The grown crystals were subjected to various characterization techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, UV-Vis and electrical studies. Single crystal XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the grown crystals. Their crystalline nature was also confirmed by powder XRD technique. The optical transmittance property was identified from UV-Vis spectrum. Dielectric measurements were performed as a function of frequency at different temperatures. DC conductivity and photoconductivity studies were also carried out for the crystal. The powder second harmonic generation efficiency (SHG) of the crystal was measured using Nd:YAG laser and the efficiency was found to be two times greater than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).     

Impact of nickel doping on structural,optical, electrical,and third-order NLO behavior of piperazinium L-tartrate single crystals

Slow evaporation technique was used to grow single crystals of pure and nickel (Ni)-doped piperazinium L-tartrate (PPLT). Powder crystal X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the structural properties of the grown crystals. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the functional groups. In the visible band, both pure and Ni-doped PPLT crystals have low absorbance, indicating their utility in nonlinear optical (NLO) applications. PPLT crystals, both pure and Ni doped, have bandgap energies that indicate their insulating nature, indicating their utility in electronic applications. The growth pattern and dislocation density of the crystal are revealed by etching analysis. The electric field response of generated single crystals was investigated in terms of dielectric constant and dielectric loss as a function of the frequency and temperature, with the findings described. The efficiency of nickel-doped PPLT crystal is 2.86 times larger than potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), whereas the efficiency of pure PPLT is 1.38 times greater than KDP, according to NLO testing measured by Kurtz powder method. Because metal ions were incorporated into the crystal lattice, the SHG efficiency of nickel-doped PPLT was somewhat improved.

     

Synthesis, spectral and thermal studies of new nonlinear optical crystal: l-valinium fumarate

An organic nonlinear optical material, l-valinium fumarate (abbreviated as LVF) has been successfully synthesized and good quality single crystals have been grown by low temperature solution growth method. The purified form of LVF is achieved by repeated crystallization. The cell parameters of LVF have been determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction technique and the crystal system is found as monoclinic. From the UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectrum, the good transparency is revealed from 300 nm to 1100 nm. The mode of vibration of different molecular groups present in LVF was identified by FT-IR spectral analysis. The thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) studies show the thermal behavior and crystal was thermally stable up to 266 °C. Second harmonic generation (SHG) conversion test was made to explore the nonlinear optical behavior of this material using Kurtz and Perry method.     

Nd:Gd_xY_(1-x)Ca_4O(BO_3)_3晶体的生长及其光谱性能研究

利用熔体提拉法生长了大尺寸,高质量的新型激光自信频晶体Ｎｄ：ＧｄｘＹ１－ｘＣａ４Ｏ（ＢＯ３）３简称Ｎｄ：ＧｄＹＣＯＢ）．对Ｎｄ：ＧｄＹＣＯＢ晶体的ＸＲＤ衍射图进行指标化,得到它的晶胞参数为α＝８．０８０Ａ; ｂ＝１６．０１６Ａ; ｃ＝３．５３８Ａ; β＝１０１．１８°;μ＝４９１．１Ａ３．对取自不同部位的晶体粉末进行ＩＣＰ原子发射光谱分析表明晶体整体组份均匀一致,根据熔体和晶体粉末的ＩＣＰ数据计算,Ｎｄ：ＧｄＹＣＯＢ晶体中Ｎｄ３＋的分凝系数为０．６３．首次报道了 Ｎｄ：ＧｄＹＣＯＢ晶体２００～３０００ｎｍ室温透过光谱和室温荧光光谱及荧光寿命．室温透过光谱表明Ｎｄ：ＧｄＹＣＯＢ晶体的紫外吸收边在～２２０ｎｍ,具有很宽的透光波段（～２２０～２７００ｎｍ）; Ｎｄ：ＧｄＹＣＯＢ晶体在８００ｎｍ附近存在很强的吸收,适合于ＬＤ泵浦．荧光光谱表明Ｎｄ：ＧｄＹＣＯＢ晶体是一种很有潜力的ＲＧＢ（ｒｅｄ;ｇｒｅｅｎ, ｂｌｕｅ）激光自信频晶体．掺杂 ４％、 ５％ Ｎｄ：ＧｄＹＣＯＢ晶体的荧光寿命分别为 １０５μｓ和１００μｓ．     

Investigation on growth and characterization of a new inorganic NLO material: Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4:7H2O) doped with Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4:7H2O)

Single crystal of Zinc sulphate doped with Magnesium sulphate, a nonlinear material, was grown from aqua solution by slow evaporation method at room temperature. Good quality single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique (four weeks) and the crystals subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction and FT-IR analyses to confirm the formulation of new crystals. The TGA and DTA reveal that the material has good thermal stability. The UV-Vis spectrum confirms that the material has wide optical transparency and the existence of the second harmonic generation has also been ascertained by Kurtz powder method.     

Studies on the nonlinear optical single crystal: Ammonium d,l-tartrate (C4H9NO6)

The organic nonlinear optical material ammonium d,l-tartrate single crystal has been successfully grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal XRD and the lattice parameters have been confirmed. The structural perfection of the grown crystal was analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurement. The optical transmittance spectrum shows that the material has a good optical transparency in the entire visible region with the UV cut-off wavelength at 234 nm. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric measurements were performed to study the thermal properties of the grown crystal. Chemical etching studies were attempted to determine the dislocation density of the grown crystal. Mechanical behavior was assessed using Vickers hardness testing carried out on (0 0 1) crystallographic plane. The Kurtz–Perry powder SHG technique confirms the NLO property of the grown crystal and the efficiency of AMT crystal was found to be 1.3 times that of standard KDP crystal.