处理电镀废水的耐铜功能菌的筛选及吸附性能

针对表面加工工业园区来水量不定、水质复杂及物化预处理单元对重金属处理不完全,导致其污水处理厂的生物处理单元受到重金属影响的问题,以电镀废水中常见的Cu~(2+)为研究对象,从电镀废水活性污泥中分离得到两株对铜离子耐受能力较强的菌株,分别命名为L2和L3.考察吸附时间、p H、温度和初始Cu~(2+)质量浓度对耐铜功能菌吸附去除Cu~(2+)的影响.结果表明,在LB培养基和电镀废水培养基中,L2和L3均有较高的Cu~(2+)最小抑制浓度,且可在短时间内实现吸附平衡,最佳p H和温度均为6和28℃.在此环境条件下,Cu~(2+)最大吸附量分别为34.15和45.68 mg/g,可实现快速高效地去除废水中的重金属.     

铁铜微电解处理Cu2+-EDTA溶液及其机理研究

电镀废水中常含有EDTA等络合剂,部分重金属呈现络合态,这给重金属的去除带来了极大的挑战.微电解法处理络合废水破络效果好,成本低廉.为此,采用铁铜微电解法处理EDTA络合铜溶液,通过微电解过程的金属离子变化及沉淀物红外光谱分析可知,在微电解过程中主要变化为铁屑溶解、Fe2+和Fe3+质量浓度升高、Cu~(2+)质量浓度降低,并伴随EDTA质量浓度略微下降和Fe(OH)3沉淀生成;采用MINTEQ软件模拟Cu~(2+)、Fe2+和Fe3+与EDTA的络合形态分布,发现加入Fe3+能使EDTA与Cu~(2+)解络,Fe3+与Cu~(2+)摩尔比越大,p H越低,解络效果越好;在碱性条件下加入Fe2+能使EDTA与铜解络.Fe2+与Cu~(2+)摩尔比越大,p H越高,解络效果越好.结合实验和模拟结果可以明确Fe3+在酸性条件下的解络作用和铁屑对游离态Cu~(2+)的还原作用是微电解去除Cu~(2+)-EDTA的主要原因.     

膜生物反应器处理有机废水污泥特性

目的 研究不同污泥性状在膜生物反应器中对有机污染物去除率的影响.方法 试验以自配的高质量浓度有机废水(COD,500～1 100 mg/L)为研究对象,间歇曝气连续运行,检测不同条件下反应器中污泥浓度,污泥沉降比,对废水中有机物去除和膜性能的影响.结果 试验表明,污泥浓度随进水COD的升高快速增长,当进水COD在1 100 mg/L时,污泥质量浓度可高达1 300 mg/L,出水COD值在55 mg/L以下;MBR中污泥负荷低,但容积负荷高;轻微的污泥膨胀使膜表面形成了一层生物膜,提高了出水水质;试验过程中,当污泥容积指数保持在80mg/L以下时.MBR运行稳定.结论 利用膜生物反应器处理高浓度有机废水,出水水质可达工业回用水标准;MBR中污泥负荷与容积负荷互不影响;短期的轻微污泥膨胀会使膜表面形成生物膜,使膜具有接触氧化特性,提高MBR对废水处理效率;低污泥容积指数可使MBR运行稳定.膜使用周期延长.     

缺/好氧环境中Cu2+对活性污泥沉降性及脱氮性能的影响

为研究Cu~(2+)在缺氧和好氧不同环境中对活性污泥沉降性及脱氮性能的影响,在3个完全相同以缺氧/好氧方式运行的序批式反应器(SBR)中,采用以乙酸钠为唯一碳源的合成废水,待系统的硝化反硝化过程运行稳定后,SBR 1#作为对照试验,每周期分别在SBR 2#的缺氧段和SBR 3#的好氧段投加Cu SO4溶液,每次按反应器内5mg/L Cu~(2+)投加.研究结果表明:在缺氧段投加Cu~(2+)能引发污泥膨胀,而在好氧段投加Cu~(2+)并未引起污泥沉降性的恶化;在缺好氧环境中Cu~(2+)都未引起丝状菌的大量增殖;Cu~(2+)能刺激微生物分泌更多的胞外聚合物抵御Cu~(2+)的毒害作用,抑制微生物贮存聚-β-羟基烷酸酯(PHA)的能力;在SBR 2#的缺氧段投加Cu~(2+)有利于短程硝化反硝化的形成,但长期投加并不能维持短程硝化,而在SBR 3#的好氧段投加Cu~(2+)后,系统迅速丧失脱氮性能.     

PVDF/AFMS杂化膜的制备及对Cu~(2+)的吸附

为提高膜对水溶液中铜离子的吸附效果,采用共缩聚法制备了氨基功能化介孔二氧化硅(AFMS)微球,然后将AFMS微球与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)以不同质量比共混,通过浸没沉淀相转化法制备了PVDF/AFMS杂化膜.采用SEM、FTIR对膜结构进行表征,并考察PVDF/AFMS杂化膜对水溶液中Cu~(2+)(初始质量浓度为300 mg/L)的吸附效果.结果表明:AFMS成功嵌入PVDF膜中;随着AFMS质量分数、pH(7.0)、Cu~(2+)溶液体积和接触时间的增加,杂化膜对Cu~(2+)的吸附量逐渐增大,直至达到吸附平衡;当AFMS在铸膜液固含量中所占质量分数为40%、pH值为6.0、Cu~(2+)溶液体积为20 mL、接触时间为120 min时,PVDF/AFMS杂化膜对Cu~(2+)的吸附量高达57.3 mg/g;经过5次吸附-脱附实验,该杂化膜对Cu~(2+)的吸附量为54.6 mg/g,为初始吸附量的95%以上.说明该杂化膜具有良好的吸附性能和再生性能,且操作简便.     

重金属捕集剂TDDP的合成及性能研究

以二并哌嗪和二硫化碳为原料合成了一种四基配位重金属捕集剂N,N,N,N-4(二硫代羧基)二并哌嗪(TDDP),并考察了其在不同条件下对含铜锌铅废水处理效果.实验结果表明,处理10 mg/L的含Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)废水,pH值为4～11,n(TDDP)/n(重金属离子)=0.6,反应时间5 min,废水中重金属离子剩余浓度分别为0.35、0.39、0.89 mg/L,达到国家工业污染物排放标准(GB 25466—2010).在混合离子溶液中,酸性条件下TDDP对重金属螯合能力大小排序为:Cu~(2+)Pb~(2+)Cd~(2+)Zn~(2+).     

膜生物反应器处理纺丝废水的实验研究

采用厌氧一缺氧-MBR工艺处理纺丝废水,并考察该工艺的处理效果．结果表明,纺丝废水进水CODcr质量浓度在6730mg/L左右,出水CODcr最低平均质量浓度为466mg／L,CODcr去除率达到90％．实验同时表明,按照实验中设定的控制条件系统能够稳定运行．但由于废水含有大量氮元素以及反应器内菌群的抑制作用,实验产水氨氮浓度较高,平均质量浓度为294mg／L．     

兼性厌氧生物反应器对偶氮染料废水水解机制的试验

目的探索兼性厌氧生物反应器对活性艳红X-3B废水的水解机制,提高染料废水的可生化性.方法采用水解酸化-MBR法处理活性艳红X-3B废水.结果经水解酸化后,废水活性艳红X-3B的质量浓度平均降低43.64%,CODCr和NH3-N质量浓度均呈升高趋势.原水和水解酸化出水的紫外-可见光光谱图表明,水中活性艳红X-3B的分子结构被破坏,生成了易于生物降解的成分.结论兼性厌氧生物通过水解酸化作用将废水中活性艳红X-3B降解为可生化的有机物,从而降低水中染料含量.当水中易生物降解有机物成分较多时,兼氧微生物同时也大量分解易生物降解有机物.     

铁炭微电解+UASB+MBR组合工艺处理DHA废水

以铁炭微电解作为预处理,采用升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)和膜生物反应器(MBR)串联的方式降解二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)合成所产生的高浓度有机废水。通过单因素试验和正交试验获得了铁炭微电解反应的最佳工况：pH为3,反应时间为4 h,铁炭比为3∶1,搅拌强度为250 r/min。在最佳工况下,铁炭微电解可降低DHA原水中45%的化学需氧量(COD),且BOD₅/COD值由0.10提升至0.31,改善了废水的可生化性。UASB反应器的最大容积负荷可达8 kgCOD/(m³·d),出水COD浓度稳定在1 500 mg/L,COD去除率高于80%。UASB反应器出水直接通入MBR,MBR容积负荷为1.5 kgCOD/(m³·d),出水COD浓度为80 mg/L左右,氨氮浓度低于5 mg/L,满足《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》(CJ 343-2010)标准。     

用于Pb2+、Hg2+离子选择性固相萃取的微流控芯片

为实现微流控芯片对重金属Pb~(2+)、Hg~(2+)离子的选择性固相萃取,首先采用3-氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷和5-甲基苯并三氮唑对纳米二氧化硅进行硅烷偶联改性,随后以改性纳米二氧化硅为基础,设计并制备了可更换吸附剂的一体化填充式固相萃取芯片.测试结果表明:改性后不仅吸附剂的团聚现象得到明显改善,且当pH=5时,对Pb~(2+)的吸附率可达99.1%,对Hg~(2+)的吸附率可达98.9%,而对Cr~(3+)的吸附率为20.4%,对Mn~(2+)的吸附率仅为13.2%.即使样品中混有干扰离子(K~+、Na~+或Mn~(2+))时,对Pb~(2+)、Hg~(2+)离子的吸附率仍均可达97%以上.当进样流速≤1.5 mL/min时,微流控芯片对Pb~(2+)或Hg~(2+)的吸附率可达98%以上;以0.5 mol/L的盐酸和2%的硫代尿素为洗脱液,控制流速在0.20.3 mL/min范围内时,芯片对Pb~(2+)或Hg~(2+)的洗脱率均达到92%以上.用于Pb~(2+)、Hg~(2+)离子的选择性固相萃取芯片的成功制备,有助于微流控技术在重金属污染监测领域的应用和推广.     

A2/O+MBBR系统的快速启动及反硝化除磷特性

本研究针对A2/O +移动床生物膜反应器 (A2/O + MBBR) 双污泥系统,考察启动过程的污泥特性和反硝化除磷特性,建立系统的快速启动策略。研究结果表明：启动过程21 d完成,污泥结构稳定且具有较好的污泥沉降性和生物活性;SVI值在95 mL/gMLSS以下,反硝化聚磷菌(DNPAOs)占聚磷菌(PAOs)的百分比从接种污泥时的10.87%增加到25.46%。在平均进水C/N为3.44的运行条件下,A2/O + MBBR系统可实现有机物、氮、磷等污染物的同步高效去除,稳定运行阶段出水COD、NH4+-N、TN和PO43--P浓度分别为38.5,1.15,14.2,0.15 mg/L,COD、TN和PO43--P去除率分别为82.23%,74.72%和96.80%。DO、pH和ORP等实时控制参数的联合调控有利于促进系统的快速启动和稳定运行。     

Cu2+对温州软粘土电阻率特性影响的试验研究

温州制革、电镀等轻工业发达,废水中Cu²⁺含量较高,多处地下水和土壤受到污染。选取典型温州软黏土,将土样重塑,加入不同浓度的Cu²⁺和适量水泥进行固化,通过测试不同土样电阻率来研究Cu²⁺对土体性能的影响。电阻率测试在改装的一维压缩固结试验中进行,压缩中部分土样电阻率变化不显著,但可量测到压缩过程中电阻率的变化规律。试验结果表明：电阻率可以很好地评估加入水泥之后土体性质的改变,在实际工程中可以用来反映土体的污染程度;土体在Cu²⁺含量和含水量很高时,不宜采用电阻率法评估土体污染压缩的过程。     

膨润土对废水中Cu2+的吸附性能研究

研究了钙基膨润土和钠基膨润土对废水中铜离子的吸附特性.结果表明,钠基膨润土和钙基膨润土的吸附行为都依赖于溶液的pH值,初始离子浓度和吸附剂用量.在低pH值时主要是H+与Cu2+竞争吸附位.pH值在3到7时基本的吸附机制是离子交换的过程.在高pH值(＞8.3)时,在膨润土颗粒表面形成氢氧化铜的吸附或沉淀.随初始金属离子浓...     

Removal of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ by adsorption on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills

Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ in leachate were adsorbed on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills with equilibrium experiment. The cation exchange capacity was determined with ammonium acetate. And the concentration of heavy metal cations in leachate was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Their equilibrium isotherms were measured, and the experimental isotherm data were analyzed by using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results show that the adsorption capacities of the heavy metal cations are closely related to the compositions of clay-solidified grouting curtain, and the maximum adsorption appears at the ratio of cement to clay of 2 ： 4 in the experimental conditions. At their maximum adsorption and pH 5.0, the adsorption capacities of Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋ are 16.19 mg/g and 1.21 mg/g. The competitive adsorption coefficients indicate that the adsorption of clay-solidified grouting curtain for Pb^2＋ is stronger than that for Cd^2＋. The adsorption process conforms to Freundlich＇s model with related coefficient higher than 0. 996.     

Synthesis and characteristics of a novel heavy metal ions chelator

Polyacrylamide-urea-sulfanilamide(PUS) was prepared as a novel heavy metal ions chelator and successfully used to simultaneously remove heavy metals from wastewater effluents.The effects of reaction parameters(sodium hydroxide,material ratio,temprature and contact time) were monitored to specify the best synthesis conditions.PUS was chemically characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis).The simultaneous chelation performance of PUS towards selected heavy metals ions,Ni2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+,Cd2+ was discussed,showing that Ni2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+ could be better chelated.It is indicated that the synthesized PUS is a potential remediation material when used for the treatment of wastewater containing metal ions.     

剩余污泥吸附Cu2+、Cd2+试验

为研究剩余污泥的有效利用,通过实验室静态吸附试验,研究剩余污泥对Cu2+、Cd2+溶液的吸附特性及影响因素.结果表明,吸附过程中pH值、污泥量、吸附时间和初始溶液质量浓度对吸附效率均有影响,pH值是吸附过程的最重要因素,增加投泥量和提高pH值可以明显提高吸附量,而温度对污泥吸附的影响并不显著.吸附热力学数据表明,污泥对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,最大吸附容量分别为32.4mg/g和30.2mg/g.剩余污泥能够作为重金属离子的吸附剂.     

Retention of clay-solidified grouting curtain to Cd^2＋ , Pb^2＋ and Hg^2＋ in landfill of municipal solid waste

The effects of components and their ratio of groups on anti-seepage capability of clay-solidified grouting curtain and its permeability of heavy metal cations were investigated by permeating experiments, using reactive solute transport model to study the permeation of heavy metals (Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺). The study of permeating for different mixture ratios of cement and clay indicates that hydraulic conductivity of clay-solidified groupting curtain with different ratios of solid to liquid or with the same ratio of solid to liquid but with different ratios of cement to clay is changed. The laboratory simulation test results also show that precipitates produced in heavy metal cation migration process in curtain block up water flowing passage which makes the hydraulic conductivity of the solution-permeated curtain decrease with the leakage time. The permeation velocities for different heavy metal cations vary with ionic concentration, exchange capacity and ion radius etc. The test results indicate that the permeation rapidity order of heavy metals cations in clay-solidified grouting curtain is Hg²⁺ > Pb²⁺ in the same experimental circumstance. In addition, permeability for different mixture ratios and antisepsis capabilities of clay-solidified grouting curtain were studied in tests. Foundation item: Project (2000-65) supported by the Fund for University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Education of China     

Study on the separation of Co2+ from Zn2+, Cd2+ by anion-exchange chromatography

The separation of Co²⁺ from Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ by anion-exchange chromatography was discussed. The chromatographic column containing anion resin 201 × 7 which was saturated with a solution of ammonium chloride. The effects of the eluant acidity and eluant composition on the separation were investigated. The results indicate that this anion-exchange chromatography is suitable to the separation of Co²⁺ from Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and the condition of separation is simple and convenient. When the column is saturated with NH₄Cl solution (2.0 mol/L, pH=4.0), the separation can be completed effectively. Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ can also be separated when different eluants are used and the pure solution with high concentration of Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ respectively can be obtained easily. Biography of the first author: WANG Xin-yan, born in Dec. 1975, majoring in extraction chemistry.